一般力学中三类变量的广义变分原理

应用对合变换,将两类变量的广义变分原理的驻值条件变换为三类变量的基本方程.按照广义力和广义位移之间的对应关系,将各基本方程乘上相应的虚量,代数相加,然后积分,进而建立了完整系统的三类变量的广义变分原理.应用这种凑合法,建立了非完整系统的三类变量的广义变分原理.作为例子,将一般力学中的三类变量的广义变分原理和两类变量的广义变分原理推广应用于弹性动力学中.最后,讨论了有关的问题.     

含多个任意参数的广义变分原理及换元乘子法

弹性力学变分原理的泛函变换可分为三种格式:Ⅰ、放松格式,Ⅱ、增广格式,Ⅲ、等价格式. 根据格式Ⅲ,提出含多个任意参数的广义变分原理及其泛函表示式,其中包括:以位移u为一类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理;以位移u和应力σ为二类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理;以位移u和应变ε为二类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理;以位移u应变ε和应力σ为三类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理.由这些原理可得出等价泛函一系列新形式,此外,通过参数的合理选择,可构造出一系列有限元模型. 本文还讨论了拉氏乘子法“失效”问题,指出“失效”现象产生的原因,提出乘子法“恢复有效”的作法——换元乘子法.     

对偶变量块体混合元及其位移元的收敛性和精度分析

弹性力学Hamilton正则方程和Hamilton混合元的等效刚度系数矩阵,均具有直观的辛特性.基于H R变分原理和弹性力学保辛理论建立的对偶变量块体混合元,其等效刚度系数矩阵同样具有直观的辛特性.根据对偶变量块体混合元列式,可直接建立问题的控制方程,进行混合法求解.同时,通过对偶变量块体混合元列式可以导出对偶变量块体位移元列式,建立问题的控制方程后,可先求位移的解.数值实例表明:线性8结点对偶变量块体位移减缩积分元的各力学量的收敛速度均衡、收敛过程稳定、结果精度高,其应力变量的收敛速度与传统的20结点位移协调减缩积分元接近.对偶变量块体位移元具有普适性.     

非线性弹性动力学率型广义变分原理及子域原理

本文基于拖带坐标描述和S-R分解定理,建立了包含速度梯度、动量、速度、应力和应变率等五类独立场变量的非线性弹性动力学率型广义变分原理和广义子域混合杂交变分原理.     

纤维增韧材料的损伤理论

本文研究了单向纤维增强材料的损伤理论。我们考虑了基体中预先存在的微裂纹的张开、扩展及其附近双位移区的力学机制,即纤维脱胶、摩擦滑动等,建立了裂纹面上由纤维承受的应力所满足的积分方程。把双相区的厚度和裂纹尺寸作为两类不同的损伤变量,分别建立了演化方程。对基本积分方程给出了近似解,其结果与由Hankel变换给出的精确解吻合很好。在近似解的基础上给出了复合材料的有效应力强度因子和基体裂纹扩展条件,并给出了考虑损伤过程的完整应力应变关系。     

非线性自然弯扭闭口薄壁复合梁的广义变分原理

对复合材料自然弯扭闭口薄壁细长梁在小应变、大位移和大转动的情况作了研究,建立了两端边界均为完全约束的该梁大变形弹性理论的非完全广义变分原理的泛函。由泛函驻值条件可以导出所给问题的平衡方程及全部边界条件。上述方法可方便地推广到其它各种不完全约束边界的情况。此外,利用上述结果还可以得到该梁在小位移理论中的基本方程和有关公式。     

有限位移理论线弹性动力学二类和三类混合变量的最小势作用量原理和驻值余作用量原理及其应用

两个新的概念,即势作用量的概念和余作用量的概念被引入弹性动力学变分原理中.根据势作用量的概念,最小作用量原理（即Hamilton原理）被改称为最小势作用量原理.根据余作用量的概念,首次提出了驻值余作用量原理.考虑边界条件的变化并应用有限位移理论的功的互等定理,导出了以位移和应力为变分变量的二类混合变量的最小势作用量原理及驻值余作用量原理.应用应变势能密度与应力余能密度的关系式于上述二类混合变量作用量原理,导出了以位移、应力和应变为变分变量的三类混合变量的相关作用量原理.最后,应用拉氏乘子法给出了广义势作用量原理及广义余作用量原理,并且应用大挠度梁二类混合变量最小势作用量原理计算了一悬臂梁的受迫振动.     

引用复变量伪应力函数来解幂硬化材料平面应力问题

本文引用复变量伪应力函数将幂硬化材料平面应力问题的协调方程化为双调和方程,从而使此类有强化材料的弹塑性平面应力问题能像线弹性力学平面问题那样采用复变函数法进行求解.本文推导出了幂硬化材料平面应力问题的应力、应变及位移分量的复变函数表达式,可推广应用于满足全量理论的一股弹塑性平面应力问题.作为算例,文中给出了含圆孔幂硬化材料无限大板单向受拉问题的解答,并和有关文献用摄动法获得的同一问题的渐近解进行了比较.     

任意厚度具有自由边叠层板的精确解析解

自由边问题一直是三维弹性力学中的难题,通常很难满足自由边上一个正应力和两个剪应力都等于0．基于三维弹性力学基本方程和状态空间方法,引入自由边界位移函数并考虑全部弹性常数,建立了正交异性具有自由边单层和叠层板的状态方程．对状态方程中的变量以级数形式展开,通过边界条件的满足精确求解任意厚度具有自由边叠层板的位移和应力,此解满足层间应力和位移的连续条件．算例计算表明,采用引入的位移函数形式,简化了计算过程并且采用较少的级数项可以获得收敛解．与有限元方法计算结果进行了对比,可以得到较高精度的数值结果．其解可以作为其它数值方法和半解析方法的参考解．     

压电压磁复合材料中一对平行裂纹对弹性波的散射

利用Schmidt方法对压电压磁复合材料中一对平行对称裂纹对反平面简谐波的散射问题进行了分析,借助富里叶变换得到了以裂纹面上的间断位移为未知变量的对偶积分方程．在求解对偶积分方程的过程中,裂纹面上的间断位移被展开成雅可比多项式的形式,最终获得了应力强度因子、电位移强度因子、磁通量强度因子三者之间的关系．结果表明,压电压磁复合材料中平行裂纹动态反平面断裂问题的应力奇异性与一般弹性材料中的动态反平面断裂问题的应力奇异性相同,同时讨论了裂纹间的屏蔽效应．     

A fully variational algorithmic formulation for wrinkling at finite strains

This contribution is concerned with an efficient novel algorithmic formulation for wrinkling at finite strains. In contrast to previously published numerical implementations, the advocated method is fully variational. More precisely, the parameters describing wrinkles or slacks, together with the unknown deformation mapping, are computed jointly by minimizing the potential energy of the considered mechanical system. Furthermore, the wrinkling criteria are naturally included within the presented variational framework. The presented approach allows to employ three–dimensional constitutive models directly, i.e., plane stress conditions characterizing membranes are variationally enforced by minimizing the potential energy with respect to the transversal strains. Since the proposed formulation for wrinkling in membranes is fully variational, it can be conveniently combined with other variational methods (based on energy minimization). As an example, a variationally consistent framework for finite strain plasticity theory is considered. More precisely, the minimization principle characterizing wrinkling in elastic membranes and that describing plasticity in inelastic solids are coupled leading to a novel variational approach for inelastic membranes. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Stress distribution near a reinforced elliptical hole in a spherical shell at the elastoplastic stage of deformation

On the basis of Lagrange's variational equation the authors obtained nonlinear resolvent equations and coefficients taking into account the effect of a reinforcing element (a rod) on the state of stress and strain of a spherical shell weakened by a curvilinear (elliptical) hole. The article explains the method of numerical investigation of the inelastic state of the shell based on the application of the variational difference method in combination with the method of elastic solutions. The inelastic state of a shell with a reinforced hole was numerically investigated.Kiev. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Prikladnaya Mekhanika, No. 21, pp. 80–83, 1990.     

Structural theory of elastomeric composites based on fiber systems — Invariant description

A three-dimensional theory of elastomeric composites with elastomeric matrices reinforced by systems of fibers is presented. The theory is based on a structural approach in which the matrix and the reinforcement of the composite are considered separately without reduction to a medium having continuously changing characteristics. The approach is based on the idea of a vector field of macroscopic displacements given by the positions of the axial lines of the fibers in the curret (deformed) configuration of the composite. The vector field determines the current macroscopic configuration, the tensor fields of the measures of macroscopic strain, and the field of the macroscopic stress tensor in the composite. The displacement, strain, and stress fields in the elastomeric matrix and the fibers of the reinforcing systems are regarded as derivatives of the field of macroscopic displacements of the medium. Relations are presented to describe the kinematics of the fibers in the current configuration of the composite, including the evolution of their orientation and the frequency of their planar and spatial distribution. Equations are obtained for the macroscopic motion of the fiber-reinforced matrix, and the dynamic variational principle that governs this motion is established. The elastic macroscopic potential of the matrix is found and related to the components of the macroscopic stress tensor. The procedure to be followed in constructing the constitutive equations of the composite is described. The proposed system of equations, relations, and algorithms is closed and can be used to solve problems involving the deformation of products made of fiber-reinforced elastomers and the creation of elastomeric composite products, based on fiber systems, that possess the requisite properties.     

非线性弹性体的弹性动力学变分原理

本文根据文献[1],对非线性应力应变关系的弹性体,导出了弹性动力学问题的变分原理和广义变分原理,提出了混合位移协调元和混合应力协调元的瞬时广义变分原理.     

Nonlinear models of suspension bridges

Nonlinear variational equations describing one type of suspension bridges are proposed and studied. The variational equations describe the behaviour of road bed, main cables and cable stays. The road bed is described by two functions connected with vertical and horizontal deformation of any cross section. The main cable is considered to be perfectly flexible and inextensible. The cable stays only resist tensile forces. The variational equations are derived from the principle of minimum potential energy. The existence of solution is based on the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem. The local uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data represented by gravitational forces acting on the road bed are studied. The local results are based on the Implicit Function Theorem for Banach spaces. A certain stability criterion for suspension bridges is formulated and this criterion indicates how to influence the stability of suspension bridges.     

A variational approach to optimal control problems for elastic body motions

The initial-boundary problem for the linear theory of elasticity is considered. Based on the method of integrodifferential relations a new dynamical variational principle in which displacement, stress, and momentum functions are varied is proposed and discussed. To minimize the nonnegative functional under initial, boundary, and partial differential constraints arising in this approach a regular algorithm for approximation of the unknown functions is worked out. The algorithm gives us the possibility to estimate explicitly the local and integral quality of obtained numerical solutions. An effective numerical method for the optimization problems of controlled motions of elastic bodies with quadratic objective functionals is developed. As example, the 3D problems of optimal longitudinal motions of a rectilinear elastic prism with a quadratic cross section are considered for the terminal total mechanical energy to be minimized. The numerical results and their error estimates are presented and discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modelling of the forced motions of an elastic beam using the method of integrodifferential relations

A variational approach to the numerical modelling of forced lateral motions of an Euler–Bernoulli elastic beam is developed for a number of linear boundary conditions using the method of integrodifferential relations. A class of linear boundary actions is considered. A family of quadratic functionals, connecting the displacement field of points of the beam with the bending-moment functions in the cross section and the momentum density is proposed. Variational formulations of the original initial-boundary value problem on the motion of the beam are given and the necessary conditions for the functionals introduced to be stationary are analysed. The integral and local quality characteristics of the admissible approximate solutions are determined. The relation between the variational problems, formulated for the beam model, with the classical Hamilton–Ostrogradskii variational principles is demonstrated. An algorithm for constructing approximate systems of ordinary differential equations is developed, the solution of which yields stationary (minimum) values of the functionals introduced on a specified set of displacement fields, moments and momenta. Examples of calculations of the displacements for an elastic beam and an analysis of the quality of the numerical solutions obtained are presented.     

Finite strain inelasticity for isotropy,a simple and efficient finite element formulation

We consider a formulation of associative isotropic J₂‐elastoplasticity at finite inelastic strains and aspects of its numerical implementation. The essential ingredients include the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in elastic and inelastic parts, the definition of a convex elastic domain in stress space and a material representation of the constitutive equations for general non‐Cartesian coordinate charts. On the numerical side we propose a stress update algorithm for elasto‐plastic response, including isotropic hardening. The finite element formulation is based on assumed strain and enhanced strain variational principles, for a complete outline see [3]. Remarkably the formulation is very similar to the case of infinitesimal plasticity: (i) The scheme of linear return mapping algorithm takes the form of standard return mapping of the infinitesimal theory for the case of isotropic elastic response. (ii) The algorithmic elastoplastic moduli have a similar structure as in the linear case. Together with an exact fulfillment of plastic incompressibility by means of a simple correction one achieves an advantageously efficient finite element formulation. Its performance is documented by a numerical example.     

具有对角线化的一致质量矩阵的动力有限元和弹塑性撞击计算

在EPIC[1、2]、NONSAP[3]等弹塑性撞击计算的有限元程序中,都有一些共同的弱点.所有这些程序,都采用静力学问题中常用的简单线性形状函数来描写各位移分量.在这样的有限元法中,应变和应力分量在每一有限元中都是常量.但在运动方程中,应力分量都是以它们的空间导数的形式出现的.于是,在采用了线性形状函数来表达的位移分量以后,应力分量对运动方程的贡献必恒等于零.克服这种困难的一般方法是通过虚位移原理,把运动方程化为能量关系的变分形式,从而建立既作用在结点上而又在每一有限元内自相平衡的人为内力平衡系统.把施加在某一结点上的所有相邻有限元的人为内力的作用叠加在一起,就能计算这一结点的加速度.但是从虚位移原理化为能量关系的变分形式时,要求位移和应力在积分域内处处连续.也就是说,要求位移和应力有限元都是协调的.我们很易看到,线性形状函数所描述的位移有限元是连续协调的,但其有关的应力分量在有限元界面上,则并不连续.所以,这样的有限元处理,是否收敛并无把握,即使从近似角度看,也是难以令人满意的.而且,为了计算结点的加速度,我们还应该有建立质量矩阵的计算规则.目前有两种计算方法:一种是集总(lumped)质量法,另一种是一致(consistent)质量法[4].