考虑非局部效应和记忆依赖微分的广义热弹问题

现有的广义热弹理论主要适用于求解时间尺度极短但空间尺度仍属宏观尺度的广义热弹问题的动态响应,而当所研究的弹性体的特征几何尺寸也属微尺度时,弹性体的力学响应将呈现出强烈的尺寸相关性,现有的广义热弹理论不再适用. 本文基于通过非局部效应和记记依赖微分修正的广义热弹性理论,研究了两端固定、受移动热源作用的有限长热弹杆的动态响应. 建立了问题的控制方程,给出了问题的初始条件及边界条件,运用拉普拉斯变换及其数值反变换,对方程进行了求解. 数值计算中,首先考察了时间延迟因子对模型所预测各物理量分布的影响;然后对比了模型中的时间延迟因子在两种不同类别核函数下(通过归一化条件修正和未修正形式)对各物理量分布的影响效应;最后考察了考虑新的可以描述尺寸效应的非局部因子对无量纲温度、位移及应力的影响,并用图形进行了示例. 结果表明, 时间延迟因子增大,各物理量的峰值变大,传播距离变小,且时间延迟因子在归一化条件修正过的核函数下影响更加显著;非局部参数几乎不影响无量纲温度的分布,轻微影响无量纲位移的分布,但对无量纲应力的峰值的影响显著.      

Thermoelastic damping in micro-beam resonators

Thermoelastic damping is recognized as a significant loss mechanism at room temperature in micro-scale beam resonators. In this paper, the governing equations of coupled thermoelastic problems are established based on the generalized thermoelastic theory with one relaxation time. The thermoelastic damping of micro-beam resonators is analyzed by using both the finite sine Fourier transformation method combined with Laplace transformation and the normal mode analysis. The vibration responses of deflection and thermal moment are obtained for the micro-beams with simply supported and isothermal boundary conditions. The vibration frequency is analyzed for three boundary condition cases, i.e., the clamped and isothermal, the simply supported and isothermal, and the simply supported and adiabatic. The analytic results show that the amplitude of deflection and thermal moment are attenuated and the vibration frequency is increased with thermoelastic coupling effect being considered. In addition, it can be found from both the analytic results and the numerical calculations that these properties are size-dependent. When the thickness of the micro-beam is larger than its characteristic size, the effect of thermoelastic damping weakens as the beam thickness increases. The size-effect induced by thermoelastic coupling would disappear when the thickness of the micro-beam is over a critical value that depends on the material properties and the boundary conditions.     

A modified fractional-order thermo-viscoelastic model and its application to a polymer micro-rod heated by a moving heat source

Classical thermo-viscoelastic models may be challenged to predict the precise thermo-mechanical behavior of viscoelastic materials without considering the memorydependent effect. Meanwhile, with the miniaturization of devices, the size-dependent effect on elastic deformation is becoming more and more important. To capture the memory-dependent effect and the size-dependent effect, the present study aims at developing a modified fractional-order thermo-viscoelastic coupling model at the microscale...     

Thermoelastic contact instability of a functionally graded layer and a homogeneous half-plane

The conductive heat transfer between two elastic bodies in the static contact can cause the system to be unstable due to the interaction between the thermoelastic distortion and pressure-dependent thermal contact resistance. This paper investigates the thermoelastic contact instability of a functionally graded material (FGM) layer and a homogeneous half-plane using the perturbation method. The FGM layer and half-plane are exposed to a uniform heat flux and are pressed together by a uniform pressure. The material properties of the FGM layer vary exponentially along the thickness direction. The characteristic equation governing the thermoelastic stability behavior is obtained to determine the stability boundary. The effects of the gradient index, layer thickness and material combination on the critical heat flux are discussed in detail through a parametric study. Results indicate that the thermoelastic stability behavior can be modified by adjusting the gradient index of the FGM layer.     

Size-dependent thermoelasticity of a finite bi-layered nanoscale plate based on nonlocal dual-phase-lag heat conduction and Eringen's nonlocal elasticity

The size effects on heat conduction and elastic deformation are becoming significant along with the miniaturization of the device and wide application of ultrafast lasers.In this work,to better describe the transient responses of nanostructures,a size-dependent thermoelastic model is established based on nonlocal dual-phase-lag(N-DPL)heat conduction and Eringen's nonlocal elasticity,which is applied to the one-dimensional analysis of a finite bi-layered nanoscale plate under a sudden thermal shock.In the numerical part,a semi-analytical solution is obtained by using the Laplace transform method,upon which the effects of size-dependent characteristic lengths and material properties of each layer on the transient responses are discussed systematically.The results show that the introduction of the elastic nonlocal parameter of Medium 1 reduces the displacement and compressive stress,while the thermal nonlocal parameter of Medium 1 increases the deformation and compressive stress.These findings may be beneficial to the design of nano-sized and multi-layered devices.     

Thermoelastic instability of functionally graded materials with interaction of frictional heat and contact resistance

Both of the frictional heat and thermal contact resistance have a grave responsibility for the localized high temperature (hot spots) at the contact region, which is known as one of the most dangerous appearances in the brakes systems. In this paper, we study the thermoelastic instability (TEI) of a functionally graded material (FGM) half-plane sliding against a homogeneous half-plane at the in-plane direction. The interaction of the frictional heat and thermal contact resistance is taken into account in the TEI analysis. The material properties of the FGM half-plane are supposed to follow the exponential function along the thickness direction. The coupled TEI problem of FGMs is solved by using the perturbation method. The frictionally excited TEI of FGMs is also considered by neglecting the effect of the thermal contact resistance. The results show that the thermal contact resistance, sliding speed and gradient index have significant influence on the TEI. It is found that the variation of the gradient index of FGMs can increase the critical sliding speed and critical heat flux, and therefore improve the TEI of the sliding system.     

A GENERALIZED THERMOELASTIC DIFFUSION PROBLEM OF THIN PLATE HEATED BY THE ULTRASHORT LASER PULSES 1)

由于超短激光脉冲具有功率密度高、持续时间短、加工精度高等优势, 近年来被广泛应用于超精细加工、光学储存和微电子器件制造等领域. 本文基于L-S型广义热弹扩散理论, 建立了考虑材料记忆依赖效应和空间非局部效应的记忆依赖型非局部广义热弹扩散耦合理论, 它能够准确预测几何尺寸与内部特征尺寸相近结构的热弹扩散瞬态响应. 推导了所建理论的控制方程, 并基于拉普拉斯积分变换获得了控制方程的解. 作为算例, 利用所建理论和求解方法研究了半无限大薄板受非高斯激光脉冲加热和化学冲击联合作用下的热弹扩散瞬态响应问题, 得到了薄板的温度、化学势、位移、应力和浓度等随非局部参数、热时间迟滞因子和扩散时间迟滞因子等参数变化的分布规律. 结果表明: 传热对传质影响显著, 传质对传热影响甚微; 非局部参数对位移、应力影响显著, 对温度、化学势和浓度几乎没有影响. 该理论及求解方法的建立, 旨在实现材料在机械、热、化学势等冲击作用下传热传质瞬态响应的准确预测.     

超短激光脉冲加热薄板的广义热弹扩散问题

由于超短激光脉冲具有功率密度高、持续时间短、加工精度高等优势, 近年来被广泛应用于超精细加工、光学储存和微电子器件制造等领域. 本文基于L-S型广义热弹扩散理论, 建立了考虑材料记忆依赖效应和空间非局部效应的记忆依赖型非局部广义热弹扩散耦合理论, 它能够准确预测几何尺寸与内部特征尺寸相近结构的热弹扩散瞬态响应. 推导了所建理论的控制方程, 并基于拉普拉斯积分变换获得了控制方程的解. 作为算例, 利用所建理论和求解方法研究了半无限大薄板受非高斯激光脉冲加热和化学冲击联合作用下的热弹扩散瞬态响应问题, 得到了薄板的温度、化学势、位移、应力和浓度等随非局部参数、热时间迟滞因子和扩散时间迟滞因子等参数变化的分布规律. 结果表明: 传热对传质影响显著, 传质对传热影响甚微; 非局部参数对位移、应力影响显著, 对温度、化学势和浓度几乎没有影响. 该理论及求解方法的建立, 旨在实现材料在机械、热、化学势等冲击作用下传热传质瞬态响应的准确预测.      

The nonlinear response of Cattaneo-type thermal loading of a laser pulse on a medium using the generalized thermoelastic model

The nonlinear thermoelastic responses of an elastic medium exposed to laser generated shortpulse heating are investigated in this article. The thermal wave propagation of generalized thermoelastic medium under the impact of thermal loading with energy dissipation is the focus of this research. To model the thermal boundary condition(in the form of thermal conduction),generalized Cattaneo model(GCM) is employed. In the reference configuration, a nonlinear coupled Lord-Shulman-type generalized thermoelasticity formulation using finite strain theory(FST) is developed and the temperature dependency of the thermal conductivity is considered to derive the equations. In order to solve the time-dependent and nonlinear equations, Newmark's numerical time integration technique and an updated finite element algorithm is applied and to ensure achieving accurate continuity of the results, the Hermitian elements are used instead of Lagrangian's. The numerical responses for different factors such as input heat flux and nonlinear terms are expressed graphically and their impacts on the system's reaction are discussed in detail.The results of the study are presented for Green–Lindsay model and the findings are compared with Lord-Shulman model especially with regards to heat wave propagation. It is shown that the nature of the laser's thermal shock and its geometry are particularly determinative in the final stage of deformation. The research also concluded that employing FST leads to achieving more accuracy in terms of elastic deformations; however, the thermally nonlinear analysis does not change the results markedly. For this reason, the nonlinear theory of deformation is required in laser related reviews, while it is reasonable to ignore the temperature changes compared to the reference temperature in deriving governing equations.     

EFFECT OF FRACTIONAL ORDER PARAMETER ON THERMOELASTIC BEHAVIORS OF ELASTIC MEDIUM WITH VARIABLE PROPERTIES

This paper is concerned with the thermoelastic behaviors of an elastic medium with variable thermal material properties. The problem is in the context of fractional order heat conduction. The governing equations with variable thermal properties were established by means of the fractional order calculus. The problem of a half-space formed of an elastic medium with variable thermal material properties was solved, and asymptotic solutions induced by a sudden temperature rise on the boundary were obtained by applying an asymptotic approach. The propagations of thermoelastic wave and thermal wave, as well as the distributions of displacement,temperature and stresses were obtained and plotted. Variations in the distributions with different values of fractional order parameter were discussed. The results were compared with those obtained from the case of constant material properties to evaluate the effects of variable material properties on thermoelastic behaviors.     

广义热弹模型的热力学基础与瞬态响应

微纳科技的快速发展与超短脉冲激光技术的广泛运用, 对描述微纳尺度超快热冲击的广义热传导及其热弹耦合理论提出迫切需求. 基于拓展热力学原理, 本文建立了考虑热传导双相滞后效应和高阶热流率的广义热弹耦合理论. 类比于力学领域黏弹性本构关系的串联、并联模型, 并受Green-Naghdi (GN)广义热传导模型启发, 本文提出了热学“弹性”单元和“黏性”单元模型, 并采用串联、并联方法实现了Cattaneo-Vernotte (CV)、GN、双相滞后(DPL)和Moore-Gibson-Thompson (MGT) 热传导模型的重构. 理论推导进一步表明, 本文新建模型对应于热学Burgers模型, 并得到了新模型中各相位滞后中松弛时间之间的比例关系. 运用拉普拉斯变换方法, 研究了一维结构受边界热冲击和移动热源作用下的瞬态响应, 计算结果表明: 新模型克服了热波速度无限大的悖论; 仅有边界热冲击载荷时, 新模型得到的响应结果均较大, 响应范围最小; 相比于无热源作用情形, 受移动热源作用时, 新模型会产生更大的峰值响应. 新模型与经典弹性理论耦合构建了广义热弹性理论, 运用该理论, 可以清晰观察到在热波和弹性波波前的应力突变. 理论方面, 本文推动了拓展热力学与连续介质力学的结合, 对于远离平衡态极端力学基础理论问题的研究具有启发意义; 应用方面, 本文研究结果可为激光等移动热源作用下材料的瞬态响应分析提供理论基础和数值方法.      

Modeling size-dependent thermo-mechanical behaviors of shape memory polymer Bernoulli-Euler microbeam

The objective of this paper is to model the size-dependent thermo-mechanical behaviors of a shape memory polymer(SMP) microbeam. Size-dependent constitutive equations, which can capture the size effect of the SMP, are proposed based on the modified couple stress theory(MCST). The deformation energy expression of the SMP microbeam is obtained by employing the proposed size-dependent constitutive equation and Bernoulli-Euler beam theory. An SMP microbeam model, which includes the formulations of deflection, strain, curvature, stress and couple stress, is developed by using the principle of minimum potential energy and the separation of variables together. The sizedependent thermo-mechanical and shape memory behaviors of the SMP microbeam and the influence of the Poisson ratio are numerically investigated according to the developed SMP microbeam model. Results show that the size effects of the SMP microbeam are significant when the dimensionless height is small enough. However, they are too slight to be necessarily considered when the dimensionless height is large enough. The bending flexibility and stress level of the SMP microbeam rise with the increasing dimensionless height, while the couple stress level declines with the increasing dimensionless height.The larger the dimensionless height is, the more obvious the viscous property and shape memory effect of the SMP microbeam are. The Poisson ratio has obvious influence on the size-dependent behaviors of the SMP microbeam. The paper provides a theoretical basis and a quantitatively analyzing tool for the design and analysis of SMP micro-structures in the field of biological medicine, microelectronic devices and micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) self-assembling.     

功能梯度材料明德林矩形微板的热弹性阻尼

功能梯度材料微板谐振器热弹性阻尼的建模和预测是此类新型谐振器热?弹耦合振动响应的新课题. 本文采用数学分析方法研究了四边简支功能梯度材料中厚度矩形微板的热弹性阻尼. 基于明德林中厚板理论和单向耦合热传导理论建立了材料性质沿着厚度连续变化的功能梯度微板热弹性自由振动控制微分方程. 在上下表面绝热边界条件下采用分层均匀化方法求解变系数热传导方程, 获得了用变形几何量表示的变温场的解析解. 从而将包含热弯曲内力的结构振动方程转化为只包含挠度振幅的偏微分方程. 然后,利用特征值问题在数学上的相似性,求得了四边简支条件下功能梯度材料明德林矩形微板的复频率解析解, 进而利用复频率法获得了反映谐振器热弹性阻尼水平的逆品质因子. 最后, 给出了材料性质沿板厚按幂函数变化的陶瓷?金属组分功能梯度矩形微板的热弹性阻尼数值结果. 定量地分析了横向剪切变形、材料梯度变化以及几何参数对热弹性阻尼的影响规律. 结果表明, 采用明德林板理论预测的热弹性阻尼值小于基尔霍夫板理论的预测结果, 而且两者的差别随着相对厚度的增大而变得显著.      

Generalized thermoelastic functionally graded solid with a periodically varying heat source

This paper deals with the problem of thermoelastic interactions in a functionally graded isotropic unbounded medium due to the presence of periodically varying heat sources in the context of the linear theory of generalized thermoelasticity without energy dissipation (TEWOED). The governing equations of generalized thermoelasticity without energy dissipation (GN model type II) for a functionally graded materials (FGM) (i.e. material with spatially varying material properties)are established. The governing equations are expressed in Laplace–Fourier double transform domain and solved in that domain. Now, the inversion of the Fourier transform is carried out by using residual calculus, where poles of the integrand is obtained numerically in complex domain by using Laguerre’s method and the inversion of Laplace transform is done numerically using a method based on Fourier series expansion technique. The numerical estimates of the displacement, temperature, stress and strain are obtained for a hypothetical material. The solution to the analogous problem for homogeneous isotropic material is obtained by taking nonhomogeneity parameter suitably. Finally the results obtained are presented graphically to show the effect of nonhomogeneity on displacement, temperature, stress and strain.     

Two-dimensional thermoelastic contact problem of functionally graded materials involving frictional heating

The two-dimensional thermoelastic sliding frictional contact of functionally graded material (FGM) coated half-plane under the plane strain deformation is investigated in this paper. A rigid punch is sliding over the surface of the FGM coating with a constant velocity. Frictional heating, with its value proportional to contact pressure, friction coefficient and sliding velocity, is generated at the interface between the punch and the FGM coating. The material properties of the coating vary exponentially along the thickness direction. In order to solve the heat conduction equation analytically, the homogeneous multi-layered model is adopted for treating the graded thermal diffusivity coefficient with other thermomechanical properties being kept as the given exponential forms. The transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique are employed to convert the problem into a Cauchy singular integral equation which is then solved numerically to obtain the unknown contact pressure and the in-plane component of the surface stresses. The effects of the gradient index, Peclet number and friction coefficient on the thermoelastic contact characteristics are discussed in detail. Numerical results show that the distribution of the contact stress can be altered and therefore the thermoelastic contact damage can be modified by adjusting the gradient index, Peclet number and friction coefficient.     

Transient hyperbolic heat conduction in thick-walled FGM cylinders and spheres with exponentially-varying properties

This paper focuses on non-Fourier hyperbolic heat conduction analysis for heterogeneous hollow cylinders and spheres made of functionally graded material (FGM). All the material properties vary exponentially across the thickness, except for the thermal relaxation parameter which is taken to be constant. The cylinder and sphere are considered to be cylindrically and spherically symmetric, respectively, leading to one-dimensional heat conduction problems. The problems are solved analytically in the Laplace domain, and the results obtained are transformed to the real-time space using the modified Durbin’s numerical inversion method. The transient responses of temperature and heat flux are investigated for different inhomogeneity parameters and relative temperature change values. The comparisons of temperature distribution and heat flux between various time and material properties are presented in the form of graphs.     

Analysis for the thermoelastic bending of a functionally graded material cylindrical shell

An analytic study for thermoelastic bending of a functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell subjected to a uniform transverse mechanical load and non-uniform thermal loads is presented. Based on the classical linear shell theory, the equations with the radial deflection and horizontal displacement are derived out. An arbitrary material property of the FGM cylindrical shell is assumed to vary through the thickness of the cylindrical shell, and exact solution of the problem is obtained by using an analytic method. For the FGM cylindrical shell with fixed and simply supported boundary conditions, the effects of mechanical load, thermal load and the power law exponent on the deformation of the FGM cylindrical shell are analyzed and discussed.     

Effect of the speed,the rotation and the magnetic field on the Q-factor of an axially clamped gold micro-beam

In this paper, a study of the thermoelastic damping of a gold microbeam resonator in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time has been improved. An explicit formula of thermoelastic damping has been derived in general form includes the speed of the beam in the direction of its principal axis and without any external body force. Influences of the speed, the rotation, and the magnetic field have been studied. We discussed the effect of the speed of the beam, the rotation, and the magnetic field on the thermoelastic damping (Q-factor). The moving and the rotation of the microbeam have significant effects on the thermoelastic damping and the energy dissipation. The external magnetic field with tiny induced magnetic field acts on the microbeam has a significant effect on the thermoelastic damping and the energy dissipation. The energy dissipation of the microbeam decreases when the speed of the microbeam, the rotation angular speed, and the external magnetic field acts on the microbeam decrease.     

Laser-induced vibrations of micro-beams under different boundary conditions

In this study, the vibration phenomenon during pulsed laser heating of a micro-beam is investigated. The beam is made of silicon and is heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam with a pulse duration of 2 ps, which incites vibration due to the thermoelastic damping effect. The coupling between the temperature field and stress field induces energy dissipation and converts mechanical energy into heat energy, which is irreversible. An analytical–numerical technique based on the Laplace transform is used to calculate the vibration of the deflection and thermal moment. A general algorithm of the inverse Laplace transform is developed. The validation of this algorithm is obtained through comparison with numerical results obtained by the FEMLAB software package. The effect of laser pulse energy absorption depth is studied. The size effect and the effect of different boundary conditions are also analyzed. Finally, the damping ratio and resonant frequency shift ratio of beams due to the air damping effect and the thermoelastic damping effect are compared.     

A modified Green–Lindsay thermoelasticity with strain rate to eliminate the discontinuity

Probing the mechanism of ultrafast thermoelastic processes is becoming increasingly important with the development of laser-assisted micro/nano machining. Although thermoelastic models containing temperature rate have been historically proposed, the strain rate has not been considered yet. In this work, a generalized thermoelastic model is theoretically established by introducing the strain rate in Green–Lindsay (GL) thermoelastic model with the aid of extended thermodynamics. Numerically, a semi-infinite one-dimensional problem is considered with traction free at one end and subjected to a temperature rise. The problem is solved using the Laplace transform method, and the transient responses, i.e. displacement, temperature and stresses are graphically depicted. Interestingly, it is found that the strain rate may eliminate the discontinuity of the displacement at the elastic and thermal wave front. Also, the present model is compared with Green–Naghdi (GN) models. It is found that the thermal wave speed of the present model is faster than GN model without energy dissipation, and slower than GN model with energy dissipation. In addition, the thermoelastic responses from the present model are the largest. The present model based upon GL model is free of the jump of GL model in the displacement distribution, and is safer in engineering practices than GN model. The present work will benefit the theoretical modeling and numerical prediction of thermoelastic process, especially for those under extreme fast heating.