低温区CsI掺杂的12CaO·7Al2O3型发射材料负离子的发射特性

本文利用潮湿浸渍法将碘化铯(CsI)掺杂至12CaO·7Al2O3(C12A7)型负离子存储发射材料的表面并对其的结构与存储特性进行了X射线衍射和电子顺磁共振的表征,与此同时还对该材料的发射特性、离子发射分支比以及温度对发射强度的影响等方面进行了研究和分析。将实验和表征结果与未掺杂的C12A7进行对比后发现,C12A7表面上CsI的掺入很大程度上改善了该材料的发射特性。掺杂CsI后,在800 V·cm-1的引出场下,发射温度由570℃降低至470℃,与此同时,在同样的发射条件下,其发射强度也明显增强。低温区(<500℃)氧负离子O-的发射纯度接近100%。以上结果表明掺杂CsI至C12A7表面是一种在低温下获得氧负离子O-源的有效途径。     

Ce掺杂Mn3O4及其电化学电容行为

用溶胶-凝胶方法合成了Mn₃O₄和Ce掺杂Mn₃O₄. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其结构和形貌进行了表征. 采用循环伏安、电化学交流阻抗和恒流充放电技术对其电化学性能进行了测试. 研究结果表明, Ce掺杂对Mn₃O₄的形貌和电化学性能均有显著影响. 当Ce离子占金属离子总量的3%时, 掺杂Mn₃O₄的单电极比电容高达477 F·g^-1, 比未掺杂的提高了43.7%, 并且表现出更好的循环稳定性.     

Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12纳米线的可见光催化性能

研究了用一步水热法制备的掺镧钛酸铋(Bi_3.25La_0.75Ti₃O₁₂, BLT)纳米线的光学和可见光催化性能, 并对其晶体结构和微观结构用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段进行了表征. 结果表明, 制备的纳米线为纯相的Bi_3.25La_0.75Ti₃O₁₂, 平均直径约为25 nm. 室温光致发光谱(PL)显示BLT纳米线在433和565 nm附近有较强的发射峰, 分别对应激子发射和表面缺陷发光. 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)表明BLT样品的带隙能约为2.07 eV. 利用可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下的甲基橙降解实验评价了BLT样品的光催化性能. 结果表明, BLT的光催化活性比商用TiO₂催化剂P25、掺氮TiO₂和纯相钛酸铋(Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, BIT)高得多. BLT光催化剂具有更高催化活性的原因是La³⁺离子掺杂拓展了BIT对可见光的吸收范围, 同时抑制了BIT的光生电子-空穴的复合.     

溶胶-凝胶法合成Li1-xNaxMn2O4及其作为水系锂离子电池正极材料的电化学性能

用溶胶凝胶法合成了Na⁺离子掺杂的Li_1-xNa_xMn₂O₄(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)。X射线衍射图表明Na⁺取代Li⁺进入Li_1-xNa_x Mn₂O₄晶格中,扫描电镜图看出产物是粒径为100~300 nm的颗粒。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄在2C倍率下循环100圈后放电容量保持率比未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄从51.2%提升到84.1%。循环伏安测试表明Na⁺离子掺杂降低了材料极化且增大了锂离子扩散系数。10C倍率下Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄仍有79.0 mAh·g^-1的放电容量,高于未掺杂样品的52.1 mAh·g^-1。Na⁺离子掺杂可以稳定材料结构并提高锂离子扩散系数,从而提高LiMn₂O₄的电化学性能,是一种可行的改性方法。     

Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2-Co/rGO磁性光催化剂的合成及其光催化活性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和水热法（HTM）合成了Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TiO₂-Co/rGO复合纳米粒子（磁性光催化剂）,通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及其能量分散光谱和UV-vis漫反射光谱对产物进行了表征分析.研究了Co掺杂量、溶液pH值、亚甲基蓝（MB）溶液初始浓度以及干扰离子（例如Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-）等因素对MB降解的影响,并对磁性光催化剂的可重复使用性进行了分析.正常实验条件下（pH=7,[MB]=10 mg/L,磁性光催化剂用量=0.1 g/50 mL）,150 min内MB最大去除率达到98.24%.干扰离子影响MB降解次序为CO₃^2- < Cl^- < SO₄^2-,磁性光催化剂重复使用7次MB光降解率仅下降7.07%,新型磁性光催化剂具有良好的MB降解性能和较高的重复使用性能.     

二元铜族团簇负离子催化CO氧化反应机理

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了二元铜族团簇负离子AuAg^-, AuCu^-和AgCu^-催化CO氧化反应的详细机理. 计算结果表明: CO在混合团簇中的吸附位顺序为Cu>Au>Ag; O₂也优先吸附到Cu上, 其次为Ag, 最难的为Au; 另外, O₂分子较CO分子易于吸附到混合团簇上. CO氧化反应有三条反应通道, 在热力学和动力学上均容易进行. AuAg-团簇催化CO氧化反应的最优反应通道为CO插入AuAgO₂^-中的Ag―O键形成中间体[Au―AgC(O―O)O]^-, 然后直接分解形成CO₂和AuAgO^-, 或另一个CO分子进攻中间体[Au―AgC(O―O)O]^-形成两分子的CO₂和AuAg^-. 而AuCu^-和AgCu^-催化CO氧化反应的最优反应通道为CO和O₂共吸附到团簇上,然后形成四元环中间体,最后四元环中间体分解形成产物或另一个CO分子进攻四元环中间体从而形成产物. 第二个CO分子的协同效应不明显. AuAg^-和AuCu^-对CO氧化反应催化活性强于Au₂^-团簇, 因此, Ag和Cu掺杂可以提高金团簇的催化活性, 与之前实验研究结果一致.     

MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1荧光探针的设计、 合成及对痕量Cr2O72-、 S2O82-离子的识别

采用5-((4-吡啶基)甲氧基)-异烟酸(H₂PLIA)、1,3,5-三(1-咪唑基)-苯(TIB)合成了金属有机骨架[Cd(PLIA)(TIB)]_n (MOF-1),MOF-1是具有理想一维孔道的二维结构化合物,其一维孔道由柔性三角形PLIA^2-配体和刚性三角形TIB配体间隔形成。利用MOF-1 易掺杂的优势,采用后修饰合成策略制备了Tb@MOF-1。对MOF-1 和Tb@MOF-1 进行了基本表征及荧光探针性能研究。2种探针材料具有相同的结构。MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1分别对水溶液中的Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-离子具有较强荧光识别能力,均有响应时间快,稳定性、选择性、灵敏度高的特点。研究了MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1对Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-的荧光识别机理,其不同可能与Tb³⁺离子掺杂有关。     

电荷补偿对Ba2ZnGe2O7∶Bi3+荧光粉发光性质的影响

采用高温固相法制备了2个系列的荧光粉样品：Ba_2-xZnGe₂O₇∶xBi³⁺(系列Ⅰ)和Ba_1.994-yK_yZnGe₂O₇∶0.006Bi³⁺(系列Ⅱ)。X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明,少量Bi³⁺、K⁺的掺杂不会明显改变材料的物相结构。样品的荧光光谱测试结果表明,虽然2个系列样品的发光光谱都随组成成分变化有少量变化,但发光颜色基本上均为黄绿色。在358 nm的激发下,荧光粉的发射光谱呈现一个峰值在 500 nm 的宽发射带,归属于 ³P₁→^1S₀能级跃迁。在 500 nm 监测下,荧光粉的最强激发峰位于 358 nm,归属于¹S₀→³P₁能级跃迁,此外还有一个位于320 nm的肩峰归属于O^2--Bi³⁺电荷转移带。系列Ⅰ样品的光谱数据结果指出,Bi³⁺的最佳掺杂量x为0.006。在该基质中,Bi³⁺掺杂取代Ba²⁺属于不等价取代,会在晶格中产生Ba²⁺空位或间隙O^2-,对材料的发光强度产生负面影响。对此,采用K⁺与Bi³⁺协同掺杂起到电荷补偿的作用,填补Ba²⁺空位或捕获间隙O^2-缺陷。空位被填补或间隙被捕获均减少了晶格畸变,从而使发光强度明显提高。系列Ⅱ样品的光谱数据表明,完全电荷补偿的荧光粉样品相比于没有掺K⁺的样品,其发光强度提高了约2.5倍。     

MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1荧光探针的设计、合成及对痕量Cr2O72-、S2O82-离子的识别

采用5-（（4-吡啶基）甲氧基）-异烟酸（H₂PLIA）、1,3,5-三（1-咪唑基）-苯（TIB）合成了金属有机骨架[Cd （PLIA）（TIB）]_n （MOF-1）。MOF-1是具有理想一维孔道的二维结构化合物,其一维孔道由柔性三角形PLIA^2-配体和刚性三角形TIB配体间隔形成。利用MOF-1易掺杂的优势,采用后修饰合成策略制备了Tb@MOF-1。对MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1进行了基本表征及荧光探针性能研究。2种探针材料具有相同的结构。MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1分别对水溶液中的Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-离子具有较强荧光识别能力,均有响应时间快,稳定性、选择性、灵敏度高的特点。研究了MOF-1和Tb@MOF-1对Cr₂O₇^2-和S₂O₈^2-的荧光识别机理,其不同可能与Tb³⁺离子掺杂有关。     

纳米Fe3O4及Ni2 掺杂Fe3O4的制备、表征及吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的特性

采用一种改进的共沉淀法制备了纳米磁铁矿(Fe₃O₄)及Ni²⁺掺杂磁铁矿(Ni_xFe_3-xO₄,x=0.1,0.3,0.6),用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、氮气物理性吸附、酸碱滴定等手段对产物进行了表征,用平衡吸附法研究了4种样品对Pb(Ⅱ)离子的吸附容量及吸附模型。结果表明,Fe₃O₄和3种Ni_xFe_3-xO₄均为近似球形的单相晶质纳米颗粒;与Fe₃O₄比较,Ni_xFe_3-xO₄的颗粒尺寸变小、表面电荷零点和pH＝5.0时的表面正电荷量降低;样品的孔体积、比表面积和表面分形度以及表面羟基含量都随产物中Ni²⁺掺杂量的增加而升高。4种样品对Pb(Ⅱ)的等温吸附数据均适合用Langmuir模型拟合(R²=0.9942~0.9858),其相关系数的大小表现为：Fe₃O₄>Ni_0.1Fe_2.9O₄>Ni_0.3Fe_2.7O₄=Ni_0.6Fe_2.4O₄;Freundlich模型对样品等温吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的实验数据拟合度较低(R²=0.981 3~0.947 7),4种样品的Freundlich相关系数的大小关系与Langmuir相关系数相反。初始pH=5.0时,Fe₃O₄,Ni_0.1Fe_2.9O₄,Ni_0.3Fe_2.7O₄和Ni_0.6Fe_2.4O₄对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量分别为6.02,6.68,7.29和8.34 mg·g^-1。可见,Ni_xFe_3-xO₄(尤其是Ni²⁺掺杂量较高的产物)对水环境中重金属Pb(Ⅱ)的去除能力明显高于Fe₃O₄。     

微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-的表面氯负离子发射性能和机理

利用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)观测到氯负离子从合成的微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-(11CaO·7Al2O3·CaCl2)表面发射出来, 详细研究了C12A7-Cl-的发射特性, 包括发射强度分支比、温度效应、电场效应和表观活化能. 在我们的检测范围内从C12A7-Cl-表面发射的离子中绝大部分是氯负离子(最大强度分支比为98%), 此外还有弱的氧负离子和电子发射. 各种离子的绝对发射电流强度都随着表面温度升高或引出电场强度的增加而显著增强, 随着引出电场强度从200增加到1200 V·cm-1, 氯负离子发射的表观活化能从180.9 kJ·mol-1减小到110.0 kJ·mol-1. 氯负离子和C12A7-Cl-表面之间的结合能大约是228 kJ·mol-1. 研究了氯负离子的发射稳定性, 并且应用一种电化学注入法, 以获得持续的氯负离子发射. 基于上述实验还讨论了氯负离子的形成和发射机理. 目前的方法可望被用于发展氯负离子储存/发生器.     

Features and mechanism of H- anion emission from 12 CaO x 7 Al2O3 surface

The hydrogen anion (H-) and other anionic species (O-, OH-, e-) in the gas phase, emitted from the synthesized crystal surface of 12 CaO x 7 Al2O3-H- (C12A7-H-), have been observed. The emission intensity of all the anionic species strongly depends on the sample surface temperature and the extraction field. H- has the highest emission branch ratio, and the extraction field can reduce its apparent activation energy. H- emission current at a microA/cm2-level has been achieved, which is about 4 orders of magnitude higher than that obtained from the thermal desorption process of CaH2. The observed anions of H- and OH- are attributed to their migration from the C12A7-H- cages onto the surface [i.e., Y-(cages) --> Y-(surface) --> Y-(gas phase) (Y = H, OH)]. The weak O- and electron emission would both arise from the dissociation of O2-: O2-(surface) --> O-(surface) + e-(surface) --> O-(gas phase) + e-(space).     

Microporous crystal 12CaO x 7Al(2)O(3) encaging abundant O(-) radicals

Extremely high concentrations (>1020 cm-3) of active oxygenic radicals, O- and O2-, have been created in the zeolitic crystal, 12CaO.7Al2O3 (C12A7), which can accommodate anions in its cavities. An increase in oxygen pressure and a decrease in water vapor pressure at high temperature enhance the formation of the radicals. The oxidation of Pt is observed on the surface of the material as a result of reaction with the active oxygens.     

C12A7-O-纳米材料的制备及抗菌活性

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了C12A7-O-{[Ca24Al28O64]4+·4(O-)}纳米材料. 采用X射线衍射、电子顺磁共振及透射电子显微镜等手段对制备的材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 在最佳焙烧条件(1150 ℃, 6 h)下制备的材料平均粒径为74 nm, 并具有晶胞参数为(1.199±0.004) nm的C12A7(Ca12Al14O33)笼状结构, 材料内包含浓度高达1.2×1020 cm-3的氧负离子(O-). 初步研究结果表明, 合成的C12A7-O-纳米材料具有良好的广谱抗菌作用.     

Photoluminescence of perovskite nanosheets prepared by exfoliation of layered oxides, K2Ln2Ti3O10, KLnNb2O7, and RbLnTa2O7 (Ln: lanthanide ion)

Luminescent perovskite nanosheets were prepared by exfoliation of single- or double-layered perovskite oxides, K2Ln2Ti3O10, KLnNb2O7, and RbLnTa2O7 (Ln: lanthanide ion). The thickness of the individual nanosheets corresponded to those of the perovskite block in the parent layered compounds. Intense red and green emissions were observed in aqueous solutions with Gd1.4Eu0.6Ti3O10- and La0.7Tb0.3Ta2O7-nanosheets, respectively, under UV illumination with energies greater than the corresponding host oxide band gap. The coincidence of the excitation spectrum and the band gap absorbance indicates that the visible emission results from energy transfer within the nanosheet. The red emission intensity of the Gd1.4Eu0.6Ti3O10-nanosheets was much stronger than that of the La0.90Eu0.05Nb2O7-nanosheets reported previously. The strong emission intensity is a result of a two-step energy transfer cascade within the nanosheet from the Ti-O network to Gd(3+) and then to Eu(3+). The emission intensities of the Gd1.4Eu0.6Ti3O10- and La0.7Tb0.3Ta2O7-nanosheets can be modulated by applying a magnetic field (1.3-1.4 T), which brings about a change in orientation of the nanosheets in solution. The emission intensities increased when the excitation light and the magnetic field directions were perpendicular to each other, and they decreased when the excitation and magnetic field were collinear and mutually perpendicular to the direction of detection of the emitted light.     

Formation and internal energy distribution of the CH(A2Δ) radical by electron-impact dissociation of methyl halides

The dissociative excitation of CH₃X (X = Cl, Br, I) producing CH(A²Δ) is investigated by low-energy electron impact. The onsets of the CH(AX) emission from CH₃Cl, CH₃Br and CH₃I are 11.8 ± 0.3, 11.4 ± 0.3 and 11.2 ± 0.3 eV, respectively. It can be concluded that CH₃X → CH(A) + H₂(X) + X (X = Cl, Br, I) is the predominant process for formation of CH(A) near its onset. The internal energy distributions of CH(A) evaluated by means of a simulation analysis of the CH(AX) band are nearly independent of the impact energy for impinging electrons above 19 eV.     

MgO或Fe2O3掺杂Ce0.8Nd0.2O1.9固体电解质的结构和电性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成SiO2含量为0.05%(w,质量分数)的Ce0.8Nd0.2O1.9(NDC)粉体(NDCSi).分别将0-2.0%(x,摩尔分数)的MgO或FeO1.5添加到NDCSi粉体中,经10MPa压片后于1300°C烧结6h.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)光谱和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)对样品进行结构表征.采用交流(AC)阻抗谱测试样品导电性能.结果表明:所有样品均呈现单一立方萤石结构.MgO或Fe2O3掺杂于NDCSi体系,均可提高材料的致密度,降低烧结温度,提高材料的晶界电导率和总电导率.掺杂MgO或Fe2O3样品的相对密度(>93%)高于NDC或NDCSi(约86%),有效促进了样品致密化.掺杂Fe2O3或MgO的样品(NDCSi+0N.D5FCeSOi样1.5或品总ND电C导Si率+2(.10.M1×g1O0)-具3S有·c最m高-1)电的导5.7率和,525.60倍°C.M时g总O电或导Fe率2O分3掺别杂是于6.N3D×C10S-i3样或品2.对9×晶10界-3电S·导c率m-的1,是影响比晶粒电导率更明显.MgO或Fe2O3掺杂于NDCSi均具有烧结助剂和晶界清除剂的双重作用,但清除杂质SiO2的机制不同.     

Kinetics studies of aqueous phase reactions of Cl atoms and Cl2(-) radicals with organic sulfur compounds of atmospheric interest

A laser flash photolysis-long path UV-visible absorption technique has been employed to investigate the kinetics of aqueous phase reactions of chlorine atoms (Cl) and dichloride radicals (Cl2(-)) with four organic sulfur compounds of atmospheric interest, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; CH3S(O)CH3), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2; CH3(O)S(O)CH3), methanesulfinate (MSI; CH3S(O)O-), and methanesulfonate (MS; CH3(O)S(O)O-). Measured rate coefficients at T = 295 +/- 1 K (in units of M(-1) s(-1)) are as follows: Cl + DMSO, (6.3 +/- 0.6) x 10(9); Cl2(-) + DMSO, (1.6 +/- 0.8) x 10(7); Cl + DMSO2, (8.2 +/- 1.6) x 10(5); Cl2(-) + DMSO2, (8.2 +/- 5.5) x 10(3); Cl2(-) + MSI, (8.0 +/- 1.0) x 10(8); Cl + MS, (4.9 +/- 0.6) x 10(5); Cl2(-) + MS, (3.9 +/- 0.7) x 10(3). Reported uncertainties are estimates of accuracy at the 95% confidence level and the rate coefficients for MSI and MS reactions with Cl2(-) are corrected to the zero ionic strength limit. The absorption spectrum of the DMSO-Cl adduct is reported; peak absorbance is observed at 390 nm and the peak extinction coefficient is found to be 5760 M(-1) cm(-1) with a 2sigma uncertainty of +/-30%. Some implications of the new kinetics results for understanding the atmospheric sulfur cycle are discussed.     

The static polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of the water trimer anion: ab initio study

This work predicts the extraordinary hyperpolarizability of inorganic clusters: two water trimer anions. The first hyperpolarizabilities of (H2O-)(3) are considerable, beta(0)=1.715 x 10(7) a.u. for configuration A and beta(0)=1.129 x 10(7) a.u. for configuration B at MP2/d-aug-cc-pVDZ+x level. The first hyperpolarizabilities of (H2O-)(3) (configuration A) and related systems [(H2O)(3) and (H2O)(3)F-] are compared at the MP2/d-aug-cc-pVDZ+x level. These results are beta(0)=1.715 x 10(7) a.u. for (H2O-)(3), beta(0)=35 a.u. for (H2O)(3) [the neutral core of (H2O-)(3)], and beta(0)=46 a.u. for (H2O)(3)F-). Comparing the beta(0) values of related systems, we find that the dipole-bound excess electron is the key factor in the extraordinary first hyperpolarizability of (H2O-)(3) species. It will provide a future in the development of some materials with the excess electron (e.g., electrides) that exhibit large nonlinear optical response.