空间间接探测暗物质粒子

正在过去的几十年间,人类对于整个宇宙的认识有了飞跃式的发展,取得了辉煌的成就。基于近年天文观测的结果,一个暗物质暗能量暴涨的宇宙学标准模型被建立起来。我们的宇宙组成,如图1所示:已知的基本粒子只占整个宇宙的5%左右,而27%左右是不发光的暗物质,68%左右是类似真空能的暗能量。寻找暗物质粒子,研究暗能量的本质等,结合微观世界和宇观世界,结合粒子物理和宇宙学的研究已成为21世纪物理学和天文学的一     

纷繁隐秘的暗世界

 暗物质的由来 暗物质的最佳候选者--弱作用大质量粒子（WIMPs） WIMP 粒子是暗物质的唯一候选者吗？ 暗作用力,隐藏的世界 暗物质和暗能量之间的联系     

第三讲宇宙中的暗物质和暗能量

文章对暗物质粒子的候选者和宇宙中暗能量的研究现状作一简单介绍．     

超越爱因斯坦,从大爆炸到黑洞

据美国双月刊《Mercury》报道：由众多宇宙学家、理论工作者和天体物理学家在2004年5月12～15日于美国斯坦福大学校园举行的学术会议讨论了黑洞、暗能量、暗物质、空间的额外维数和弦论等问题．     

暗物质候选者大观园

理论物理学家李政道把暗物质研究视为当代四大科学问题之一[1].在<暗物质与暗能量>一文[2]中曾简述了三个主要类别的暗物质候选者,本文除对这三类物质做必要的引申叙述外,还介绍多年来,一些理论工作者提出的各种形式的暗物质候选者,总称之为暗物质候选者大观园.     

大尺度有效引力的E(2)规范理论模型

微波背景辐射的低l极矩的各向异性可能不能用微波背景辐射静止系boost到本动参考系来解释,我们推断boost对称性在宇宙学尺度上缺失,又由于单纯结合广义相对论和物质结构的标准模型不能解释星系以上尺度的引力现象,需要引入暗物质和暗能量.而迄今为止所有寻找暗物质粒子的实验给出的都是否定结果,暗能量的本质更是一个谜.因此,我们假设洛伦兹对称性是从星系以上尺度开始部分破缺,以非常狭义相对论对称群E(2)为例,用E(2)规范理论来构造大尺度有效引力理论,并分析了此规范理论的自洽性.从这些讨论中发现,当物质源即使为普通标量物质时,contortion也一般非零,非零contortion的存在会贡献一个等效能量动量张量的分布,它可能对暗物质效应给出至少部分的贡献.我们从对称性出发修改引力,有别于其他的修改引力理论.     

WIMPs 暗物质

 暗物质是21 世纪宇宙学和粒子物理研究的热点问题。WIMPs 是一种流行的暗物质粒子候选者,即weakly interacting massive particles 的缩写,译为“弱作用重粒子”。目前我国计划中的暗物质粒子探测实验项目都是围绕着WIMPs 暗物质开展的。本文将详细地阐述与WIMPs 暗物质相关的基本问题,并力图澄清一些易于误解的概念。     

暗能量研究进展

1998年,美国两个超新星观测团队发现,今天的宇宙是在加速膨胀的,而推动宇宙加速膨胀的是一种不为当时人们所知的物质组分——暗能量。暗能量的存在是近年来粒子宇宙学研究领域最重要的发现之一,并为随后一系列的天文观测实验所支持。暗能量的物理性质已经成为当今宇宙学的一个研究热点,近年来已经取得了巨大的进展。本文将会回顾一下近些年来国内外在暗能量研究方面,特别是在利用天文观测数据限制暗能量性质方面所取得的进展,并展望未来的天文观测实验研究暗能量性质的可行性。     

暗能量研究进展

1998年,美国两个超新星观测团队发现,今天的宇宙是在加速膨胀的,而推动宇宙加速膨胀的是一种不为当时人们所知的物质组分——暗能量。暗能量的存在是近年来粒子宇宙学研究领域最重要的发现之一,并为随后一系列的天文观测实验所支持。暗能量的物理性质已经成为当今宇宙学的一个研究热点,近年来已经取得了巨大的进展。本文将会回顾一下近些年来国内外在暗能量研究方面,特别是在利用天文观测数据限制暗能量性质方面所取得的进展,并展望未来的天文观测实验研究暗能量性质的可行性。     

解读宇宙的起源——2006年诺贝尔物理学奖简介

 2006年度诺贝尔物理奖授予了在宇宙学研究领域取得杰出成果的美国科学家约翰·马瑟和乔治·斯穆特。他们发现的宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体谱和各向异性强烈地支持了大爆炸宇宙学模型并开启了“精确宇宙学”时代的大门。COBE之后宇宙学研究取得了一系列重大的进展。近年WMAP、SDSS等天文观测更加坚实有力地支持了大爆炸宇宙学模型，并对物理学提出了一些重大的、尖锐的挑战，诸如什么是暗物质？暗能量的物理本质是什么？     

Effects of dark energy interacting with massive neutrinos and dark matter on universe evolution

In this paper we investigate the evolution of the cosmology model with dark energy interacting with massive neutrinos and dark matter. Using the numerical method to investigate the dynamical system, we find that the stronger the interaction between dark energy and dark matter, the lower the ratio of dark matter in the universe is; also, the stronger the interaction between dark energy and massive neutrinos, the lower the ratio of massive neutrinos in the universe is. On the other hand, the interaction between dark energy and dark matter or massive neutrinos has an effect on disturbing the universe's acceleration; we also find that our universe is still accelerating.     

Direct detection of WIMP dark matter

The question of the nature of dark matter in the universe is perhaps the greatest problem facing cosmology and particle physics at present. New observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation and distant supernovae show that more that 90% of the mass in the universe is in the form of some unknown matter. Many lines of evidence from cosmology and particle physics suggest that the best candidate for this dark matter is a weakly interacting massive particle, or WIMP. Such particles are predicted by supersymmetry, a theory extending the Standard Model of particle physics, and many experiments around the world are now trying to directly detect these WIMPs. This article reviews the reasons for believing WIMPs to be the dark matter, and considers the challenges involved in detecting their rare low-energy interactions with normal matter. Current experimental searches are reviewed with regard to the claimed detection of WIMPs by the DAMA group. These experiments are just beginning to reach the sensitivity needed to detect, or rule out, supersymmetric WIMPs, and higher sensitivity future experiments are also discussed.     

暗物质的直接实验探测

暗物质研究是21世纪粒子物理、天体物理和宇宙学最重要的前沿科学课题之一.暗物质被天文学中的引力效应所观察到,但对它的存在和认识仍旧是个谜.文章主要论述了对弱作用大质量暗物质粒子(WIMP)直接探测的基本原理、各种直接探测技术、当前的实验进展和发展方向.最后给出了最近的实验物理结果.     

Phantom dark energy with varying-mass dark matter particles: Acceleration and cosmic coincidence problem

We investigate several varying-mass dark matter particle models in the framework of phantom cosmology. We examine whether there exist late-time cosmological solutions, corresponding to an accelerating universe and possessing dark energy and dark matter densities of the same order. Imposing exponential or power-law potentials and exponential or power-law mass dependence, we conclude that the coincidence problem cannot be solved or even alleviated. Thus, if dark energy is attributed to the phantom paradigm, varying-mass dark matter models cannot fulfill the basic requirement that led to their construction.     

Dynamical interactions of dark energy and dark matter:Yang-Mills condensate and QCD axions

We analyze a model of cold axion dark matter weakly coupled with a dark gluon condensate,reproducing dark energy.We first review how to recover the dark energy behavior using the functional renormalization group approach,and ground our study in the properties of the effective Lagrangian,to be determined non-perturbatively.Then,within the context of G_(SM)×SU(2)_D×U(1)_(P Q),we consider Yang-Mills condensate(YMC)interactions with QCD axions.We predict a transfer of dark energy density into dark matter density,that can be tested in the next generation of experiments dedicated to dark energy measurements.We obtain new bounds on the interactions between the Yang-Mills condensate and axion dark matter from Planck data:the new physics interaction scale related to the axion/gluon condensate mixing is constrained to be higher than the 10~6GeV energy scale.     

暗物质问题简介

暗物质的属性问题是当代物理学面临的一大挑战.文章简要回顾了暗物质的发现历史,已有的暗物质观测证据和粒子物理中的暗物质候选者以及暗物质丰度起源相关理论,还介绍了近年来暗物质的空间间接探测和地下直接探测及其在理论上研究的新进展.     

Galactic searches for dark matter

For nearly a century, more mass has been measured in galaxies than is contained in the luminous stars and gas. Through continual advances in observations and theory, it has become clear that the dark matter in galaxies is not comprised of known astronomical objects or baryonic matter, and that identification of it is certain to reveal a profound connection between astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. The best explanation for dark matter is that it is in the form of a yet undiscovered particle of nature, with experiments now gaining sensitivity to the most well-motivated particle dark matter candidates. In this article, I review measurements of dark matter in the Milky Way and its satellite galaxies and the status of Galactic searches for particle dark matter using a combination of terrestrial and space-based astroparticle detectors, and large scale astronomical surveys. I review the limits on the dark matter annihilation and scattering cross sections that can be extracted from both astroparticle experiments and astronomical observations, and explore the theoretical implications of these limits. I discuss methods to measure the properties of particle dark matter using future experiments, and conclude by highlighting the exciting potential for dark matter searches during the next decade, and beyond.     

Experimental search for dark matter in China

The nature of dark matter is one of the greatest mysteries in modern physics and astronomy. A wide variety of experiments have been carried out worldwide to search for the evidence of particle dark matter. Chinese physicists started experimental search for dark matter about ten years ago, and have produced results with high scientific impact. In this paper, we present an overview of the dark matter program in China, and discuss recent results and future directions.     

A survey of dark matter and related topics in cosmology

This article presents an extensive review of the status of the search of the dark matter. The first eight sections are devoted to topics in dark matter and its experimental searches, and the rest to selected topics in astrophysics and cosmology, which are intended to supply some of the needed background for students in particle physics. Sections 9 and 13 are introductory cosmology. The three astrophysical topics, Big Bang nucleosynthesis Section 10, Boltzmann transport equation and freeze out of massive particles Section 11, and CMB anisotropy Section 12 can all be studied in analytical approaches when reasonable approximations are made. Their original analytically forms, to which this article follows very closely, were given by particle physicists. Dark matter is an evolving subject requiring timely update to stay current. Hence a review of such a subject matter would undoubtedly have something wanting when it appears in print. It is hoped that this review can form a humble basis for those graduate students who would like to pursue the subject of dark matter. The reader can use the extensive table of contents to see in some details the materials covered in the article.