Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic potential of hydrazonato-vanadium(V) model complexes with [VO]3+ and [VO2]+ cores

Reaction between [VO(acac)2] and H2L (H2L are the hydrazones H2sal-nah I or H2sal-fah II; sal = salicylaldehyde, nah = nicotinic acid hydrazide and fah = 2-furoic acid hydrazide) in methanol leads to the formation of oxovanadium(IV) complexes [VOL.H2O](H2L = I: 1, H2L = II: 4). Aerial oxidation of the methanolic solutions of 1 and 4 yields the dinuclear oxo-bridged monooxovanadium(V) complexes [{VOL}2mu-O](H2L = I: 2, H2L = II: 5). These dinuclear complexes slowly convert, in excess methanol, to [VO(OMe)(MeOH)L](H(2)L = I: 9, H(2)L = II: 10), the crystal and molecular structures of which have been determined, confirming the ONO binding mode of the dianionic ligands in their enolate form. Reaction of aqueous K[VO3] with the ligands at pH ca. 7.5 results in the formation of [K(H2O)][VO2L](H2L = I: 3, H2L = II: 6). Treatment of 3 and 6 with H2O2 yields (unstable) oxoperoxovanadium(v) complexes K[VO(O2)L], the formation of which has been monitored spectrophotometrically. Acidification of methanolic solutions of 3 and 6 with HCl affords oxohydroxo complexes, while the neutral complexes [VO2(Hsal-nah)] 7 and [VO2(Hsal-fah)] 8 were isolated on treatment of aqueous solutions of 3 and 6 with HClO4. These complexes slowly transform into 9 and 10 in methanol, as confirmed by 1H, 13C and 51V NMR. The anionic complexes 3 and 6 catalyse the oxidative bromination of salicylaldehyde in water in the presence of H2O2/KBr to 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and 3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde, a reaction similar to that exhibited by vanadate-dependent haloperoxidases. They are also catalytically active for the oxidation of benzene to phenol and phenol to catechol and p-hydroquinone.     

Structural and dynamical aspects of alkylammonium salts of a silicodecatungstate as heterogeneous epoxidation catalysts

The structural and dynamical aspects of alkylammonium salts of a silicodecatungstate [(CH(3))(4)N](4)[γ-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)] [C1], [(n-C(3)H(7))(4)N](4)[γ-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)] [C3], [(n-C(4)H(9))(4)N](4)[γ-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)] [C4], and [(n-C(5)H(11))(4)N](4)[γ-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)] [C5] were investigated. The results of sorption isotherms, XRD analyses, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy show that facile sorption of solvent molecules, flexibility of structures, and high mobility of alkylammonium cations are crucial to the uniform distribution of reactant and oxidant molecules throughout the bulk solid, which are related to the high catalytic activities for epoxidation of alkenes.     

Variable coordination mode of chloranilic acid. Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of some osmium complexes

Reaction of chloranilic acid (H2ca) with [Os(bpy)2 Br2] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) affords a dinuclear complex of type [{Os(bpy)2}2 (ca)]2+, isolated as the perchlorate salt. A similar reaction of H2ca with [Os(PPh3)2 (pap)Br2] (pap = 2-(phenylazo)pyridine) affords a dinuclear complex of type [{Os(PPh3)2 (pap)}2 (ca)]2+ (isolated as the perchlorate salt) and a mononuclear complex of type [Os(PPh3)2 (pap)(ca)]. Reaction of H2ca with [Os(PPh3)2(CO)2(HCOO)2] gives a dinuclear complex of type [{Os(PPh3)2(CO)2}2 (r-ca)], where r-ca is the two electron reduced form of the chloranilate ligand. The structures of the [{Os(PPh3)2 (pap)}2 (ca)](ClO4)2, [Os(PPh3)2 (pap)(ca)], and [{Os(PPh3)2(CO)2}2 (r-ca)] complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. In the [{Os(bpy)2}2 (ca)]2+ and [{Os(PPh3)2 (pap)}2 (ca)]2+ complexes, the chloranilate dianion is serving as a tetradentate bridging ligand. In the [Os(PPh3)2 (pap)(ca)] complex, the chloranilate dianion is serving as a bidentate chelating ligand. In the [{Os(PPh3)2(CO)2}2 (r-ca)] complex, the reduced form of the chloranilate ligand (r-ca(4-)) is serving as a tetradentate bridging ligand. All the four complexes are diamagnetic and show intense metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions in the visible region. The [Os(PPh3)2 (pap)(ca)] complex shows an Os(II)-Os(III) oxidation, followed by an Os(III)-Os(IV) oxidation on the positive side of a standard calomel electrode. The three dinuclear complexes show two successive oxidations on the positive side of SCE. The mixed-valent Os(II)-Os(III) species have been generated in the case of the two chloranilate-bridged complexes by coulometric oxidation of the homovalent Os(II)-Os(II) species. The mixed-valent Os(II)-Os(III) species show intense intervalence charge-transfer transitions in the near-IR region.     

Mechanism of [gamma-H2SiV2W10O40](4-)-catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide

The mechanism of [gamma-H2SiV2W10O40]4--catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile/tert-butyl alcohol was investigated. The negative Hammett rho+ (-0.88) for the competitive oxidation of p-substituted styrenes and the low XSO (XSO = (nucleophilic oxidation)/(total oxidation)) value of <0.01 for the [gamma-H2SiV2W10O40]4--catalyzed oxidation of thianthrene-5-oxide reveal that the strong electrophilic oxidant species is formed on [gamma-H2SiV2W10O40]4- (I). The preferable formation of trans-epoxide for the epoxidation of 3-substituted cyclohexenes shows the steric constraints of the active oxidant on I. The 51V NMR, 183W NMR, and CSI-MS spectroscopy show that the reaction of I with hydrogen peroxide leads to the reversible formation of a hydroperoxo species [gamma-HSiV2W10O39OOH]4- (II). The successive dehydration of II forms III, which possibly has an active oxygen species of a mu-eta2:eta2-peroxo group. The kinetic and spectroscopic studies show that the present epoxidation proceeds via III. The energy diagram of the epoxidation with density functional theory (DFT) supports the idea.     

Exo-metal coordination by a tricyclic [(P(mu-N-2-NC5H4))2(mu-O)]2 dimer in [(P(mu-N-2-NC5H4))2(mu-O)]2(CuCl x (C5H5N)2)4 (2-NC5H4 = 2-pyridyl, C5H5N = pyridine)

The in situ reaction of the phosphazane dimer [CIP(mu-N-2-NC5H4)]2 (2) with CuCl in the presence of CsH5N/H2O gives the title complex [(P(mu-N-2-NC5H4))2(mu-O)]2(CuCl x (C5H5N)2)4 (1), containing a tricyclic [(P(mu-N-2-NC5H4))2(mu-O)]2 ligand which is isoelectronic with species of the type [(P(mu-NR))2NR]2.     

A novel cationic heteropolyoxovanadium(IV) cluster functionalized with organic ligands: synthesis and characterization of the fully reduced species [Mn(II)V(IV)6O6[(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)]6]Cl2

The solvothermal reaction of (HOCH2CH2)3N with [(n-C4H9)4N]3[H3V10O28] and MnCl2 x 4H2O in CH3CN and CH3OH yields a novel cationic heteropolyoxovanadium(IV) cluster, [Mn(II)V(IV)6O6[(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)]6]2+, containing a fully reduced new cyclic [MnV6N6O18] core with the Anderson structure.     

A surprisingly stable macrochelate formed from the reaction of cis dinuclear platinum antitumor compounds with reduced glutathione

The structurally unique macrochelate [{Pt(en)}2-mu-{H2N(CH2)6 NH2}-mu-(SG)] (I) is the principal product of the reaction of the dinuclear compound [{PtCl(en)}2-mu-{H2N(CH2)6 NH2}]Cl2 (1) with reduced glutathione (GSH) in a stoichiometric 1:1 ratio in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.35). The macrochelate is formed through simultaneous bridging of the hexanediamine linker and glutathione thiolate. This represents a novel structure for glutathione adducts of platinum. At higher (1:4) ratios of Pt complex to GSH, an interesting interchange between bridged Pt-(SG)-Pt and terminal Pt-SG species is observed with the diamine linker still remaining intact in all cases. The integrity of I is further evident when reaction ratios are increased to 1:4 (Pt complex/GSH), and additional minor products are identified as [{Pt(en)SG}2-mu-{NH2(CH2)6 NH2}] (II), which transforms to [{Pt{NH2(CH2)2 NH2}(SG)}2-mu-{H2N(CH2)6 NH2}-mu-(SG)] (III), where the chelate ring is broken to produce a dangling monodentate ethylenediamine. The chemical shifts of the Pt-NH2 linker in all compounds are explained by consideration of the enhanced rigidity of the macrochelate (I) leading to shielding in comparison to the "open" monodentate structures (II, III). The remarkable stability of I is discussed in terms of possible biological implications.     

Preparation and characterization of oxorhenium(V) complexes with 2,2'-biimidazole: the strong affinity of coordinated biimidazole for chloride ions via N-H...Cl- hydrogen bonding

N,N'-Dimethylbiimidazole and bipyridine (N-N) react with ReOCl3(OPPh3)(Me2S) to give mer-ReOCl3(N-N) compounds. Nonmethylated biimidazole forms a trans-O,O [ReOCl2(OPPh3)(biimH2)]+ cation, which is tightly associated with the Cl- counterion via N-H...Cl- hydrogen bonding. Hydrolysis of ReOCl3(biimMe2) in wet acetone (5% water) leads to the linear oxo-bridged dinuclear species [(OReCl2(biimMe2)2(mu-O)] containing chelated biimMe2. Acetone solutions containing only 1% water yield the bent oxo-bridged dinuclear species [(OReCl2)2(mu-O)(mu-biimMe2)2], where each Re center retains the ReO2Cl2N2 coordination but the biimMe2 ligands are bridging. The linear oxo-bridged [(OReCl2(biimH2)2(mu-O)] complex obtained with nonmethylated biimidazole includes two Cl- ions held via N-H...Cl- hydrogen bonds, leading to a dianionic [(OReCl2(biimH2...Cl)2(mu-O)]2- unit in the crystals of the PPh4+ salt. The compounds are characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies, and the structures of [ReOCl2(OPPh3)(biimH2)]Cl, [(OReCl2(biimH2)2(mu-O)](PPh4Cl)(2).2H2O, and [(OReCl2)2(mu-O)(mu-biimMe2)2].acetone are determined by X-ray diffraction.     

Oxovanadium(V) tetrathiacalix[4]arene complexes and their activity as oxidation catalysts

With the aim of modeling reactive moieties and relevant intermediates on the surfaces of vanadium oxide based catalysts during oxygenation/dehydrogenation of organic substrates, mono- and dinuclear vanadium oxo complexes of doubly deprotonated p-tert-butylated tetrathiacalix[4]arene (H4TC) have been synthesized and characterized: PPh4[(H2TC)VOCl(2)] (1) and (PPh4)2[{(H2TC)V(O)(mu-O)}2] (2). According to the NMR spectra of the dissolved complexes they both retain the structures adopted in the crystalline state, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested as catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols with O(2) at 80 degrees C. Both 1 and 2 efficiently catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, crotyl alcohol, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, and fluorenol, and in most cases dinuclear complex 2 is more active than mononuclear complex 1. Moreover, the two thiacalixarene complexes 1 and 2 are in many instances more active than oxovanadium(V) complexes containing "classical" calixarene ligands tested previously. Complexes 1 and 2 also show significant activity in the oxidation of dihydroanthracene. Further investigations led to the conclusion that 1 acts as precatalyst that is converted to the active species PPh4[(TC)V==O] (3) at 80 degrees C by double intramolecular HCl elimination. For complex 2, the results of mechanistic investigations indicated that the oxidation chemistry takes place at the bridging oxo ligands and that the two vanadium centers cooperate during the process. The intermediate (PPh4)2[{H2TCV(O)}2(mu-OH)(mu-OC13H9)] (4) was isolated and characterized, also with respect to its reactivity, and the results afforded a mechanistic proposal for a reasonable catalytic cycle. The implications which these findings gathered in solution may have for oxidation mechanisms on the surfaces of V-based heterogeneous catalysts are discussed.     

Steric control in the oligomerisation of phosphazane dimers; towards new phosphorus-nitrogen macrocycles

The reaction of [ClP(mu-NtBu)]2 (1) with H2O (1 : 2 equivalents) in the presence of excess Et3N gives the new chain compound [(mu-O)[P(mu-NtBu)2P(H)=O]2] (3), consisting of two P2N2 rings linked by a mu-O atom and terminating in P(V)(H)=O groups. A similar chain species is obtained from the reaction of the lithiate of [(tBuNH)P(mu-NtBu)2P(H)=O] (5) with [ClP(mu-NtBu)2P(NHtBu)] (2), the product being [(mu-O)[P(mu-NtBu)2P(NHtBu)]2] (6). Compounds 3 and 6 are the first examples of O-bridged chain phosphazanes and potential precursors to new phosphorus-nitrogen macrocycles. The syntheses and X-ray structures of 3, 5 and 6 are reported.     

[π-C5H5N（CH2）15CH3]3[PMoW3O24]／H2O2：高效的环境友好且可再生的烯烃环氧化磷钼钨杂多酸催化体系

研究了一种可循环并且环境友好的催化体系：[π-C5H5N（CH2）15CH3]3[PMoW3O24]／过氧化氢／乙酸乙酯／烯烃．此体系不仅可以催化烯烃的环氧化反应,而且避免了对含氯溶剂的使用．反应在过氧化氢／乙酸乙酯的两相体系中进行,可以将多种烯烃转化为相应的环氧化物,且产率较高．此催化剂具有反应控制相转移的特征,反应结束后可以回收再利用．采用Raman,IR,^31P MAS NMR和^31P NMR等手段对新鲜及重复使用过的催化剂进行表征．结果表明：新鲜催化剂[π-C5H5N（CH2）15CH3]3[PMoW3O24]是一种混合物,含有多种过氧磷钼钨酸盐,如{PO4[MoO（O2）2]4}^3-,[（PO4）{Mo3WO20}]^3-,[（PO4）{Mo2W2O20}]^3-,[（PO4）{MoW3O20}]^3-和{PO4[WO（O2）2]4}^3-．当过氧化氢被完全消耗后,这些小的活性物种就会聚合成具有混合多原子的Keggin型杂多阴离子,形成M-Ob—M（M=W或Mo）和M-Oc-M键．     

Highly selective, recyclable epoxidation of allylic alcohols with hydrogen peroxide in water catalyzed by dinuclear peroxotungstate

The highly chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective and stereospecific epoxidation of various allylic alcohols with only one equivalent of hydrogen peroxide in water can be efficiently catalyzed by the dinuclear peroxotungstate, K2[[W(=O)(O2)2(H2O)]2(mu-O)].2H2O (I). The catalyst is easily recycled while maintaining its catalytic performance. The catalytic reaction mechanism including the exchange of the water ligand to form the tungsten-alcoholate species followed by the insertion of oxygen to the carbon-carbon double bond, and the regeneration of the dinuclear peroxotungstate with hydrogen peroxide is proposed. The reaction rate shows first-order dependence on the concentrations of allylic alcohol and dinuclear peroxotungstate and zero-order dependence on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. These results, the kinetic data, the comparison of the catalytic rates with those for the stoichiometric reactions, and kinetic isotope effects indicate that the oxygen transfer from a dinuclear peroxotungstate to the double bond is the rate-limiting step for terminal allylic alcohols such as 2-propen-1-ol (1a).     

Alkylthio bridged 44 cve triangular platinum clusters: synthesis, oxidation, degradation, ligand substitution, and quantum chemical calculations

Acetylplatinum(II) complexes trans-[Pt(COMe)Cl(L)2] (L = PPh3, 2a; P(4-FC6H4)3, 2b) were found to react with dialkyldisulfides R2S2 (R = Me, Et, Pr, Bu; Pr = n-propyl, Bu = n-butyl), yielding trinuclear 44 cve (cluster valence electrons) platinum clusters [(PtL)3(mu-SR)3]Cl (4). The analogous reaction of 2a-b with Ph2S2 gave SPh bridged dinuclear complexes trans-[{PtCl(L)}2(mu-SPh)2] (5), whereas the addition of Bn2S2 (Bn = benzyl) to 2a ended up in the formation of [{Pt(PPh3)}3(mu3-S)(mu-SBn)3]Cl (6). Theoretical studies based on the AIM theory revealed that type 4 complexes must be regarded as triangular platinum clusters with Pt-Pt bonds whereas complex 6 must be treated as a sulfur capped 48 ve (valence electrons) trinuclear platinum(II) complex without Pt-Pt bonding interactions. Phosphine ligands with a lower donor capability in clusters 4 proved to be subject to substitution by stronger donating monodentate phosphine ligands (L' = PMePh2, PMe2Ph, PBu3) yielding clusters [(PtL')3(mu-SR)3]Cl (9). In case of the reaction of clusters 4 and 9 with PPh2CH2PPh2 (dppm), a fragmentation reaction occurred, and the complexes [(PtL)2(mu-SMe)(mu-dppm)]Cl (12) and [Pt(mu-SMe)2(dppm)] (13) were isolated. Furthermore, oxidation reactions of cluster [{Pt(PPh3)}3(mu-SMe)3]Cl (4a) using halogens (Br2, I2) gave dimeric platinum(II) complexes cis-[{PtX(PPh3)}2(mu-SMe)2] (14, X = Br, I) whereas oxidation reactions using sulfur and selenium afforded chalcogen capped trinuclear 48 ve complexes [{Pt(PPh3)}3(mu3-E)(mu-SMe)3] (15, E = S, Se). All compounds were fully characterized by means of NMR and IR spectroscopy, microanalyses, and ESI mass spectrometry. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analyses were performed for the triangular cluster 4a, the trinuclear complex 6, as well as for the dinuclear complexes trans-[{Pt(AsPh3)}2(mu-SPh)2] (5c), [{Pt(PPh3)}2(mu-SMe)(mu-dppm)]Cl (12a), and [{{PtBr(PPh3)}2(mu-SMe)2] (14a).     

Dioxo- and oxovanadium(V) complexes of thiohydrazone ONS donor ligands: synthesis, characterization, reactivity, and antiamoebic activity

As a contribution to the development of novel vanadium complexes with pharmacologically interesting properties, two neutral dioxovanadium(V) complexes [VO2(Hpydx-sbdt)] (1) and [VO2(Hpydx-smdt)] (3) [H2pydx-sbdt (I) and H2pydx-smdt (II) are the Schiff bases derived from pyridoxal and S-benzyl- or S-methyldithiocarbazate] have been synthesized by the reaction of [VO(acac)2] and the potassium salts of the ligands in methanol followed by aerial oxidation. Heating of the methanolic solutions of these complexes yields the oxo-bridged binuclear complexes [{VO(pydx-sbdt)}2mu-O] (2) and [{VO(pydx-smdt)}2mu-O] (4). The crystals and molecular structures of 1, 3 x 1.5H2O, and 4 x 2CH3OH have been determined, confirming the ONS binding mode of the dianionic ligands in their thioenolate form. The ring nitrogen of the pyridoxal moiety is protonated in complexes 1 and 3. Acidification of 1 and 3 with HCl dissolved in methanol afforded oxohydroxo complexes, while in a methanolic KOH solution, the corresponding dioxo species K[VO2(pydx-sbdt/smdt)] are formed. Treatment of 1 and 3 with H2O2 yields (unstable) oxoperoxovanadium(V) complexes, the formation of which has been established spectrophotometrically. In vitro antiamoebic activities (against HM1:1MSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica) were established for all of the dioxo- and oxovanadium(V) complexes. The complexes 1, 2, and 4 were more effective than metronidazole, a commonly used drug against amoebiasis, suggesting that oxovanadium(V) complexes derived from thiohydrazones may open a new dimension in the therapy of amoebiasis.     

Titanium(IV) and zirconium(IV) sulfato complexes containing the Kläui tripodal ligand: molecular models of sulfated metal oxide surfaces

Treatment of titanyl sulfate in about 60 mM sulfuric acid with NaL(OEt) (L(OEt) (-)=[(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Co{P(O)(OEt)(2)}(3)](-)) afforded the mu-sulfato complex [(L(OEt)Ti)(2)(mu-O)(2)(mu-SO(4))] (2). In more concentrated sulfuric acid (>1 M), the same reaction yielded the di-mu-sulfato complex [(L(OEt)Ti)(2)(mu-O)(mu-SO(4))(2)] (3). Reaction of 2 with HOTf (OTf=triflate, CF(3)SO(3)) gave the tris(triflato) complex [L(OEt)Ti(OTf)(3)] (4), whereas treatment of 2 with Ag(OTf) in CH(2)Cl(2) afforded the sulfato-capped trinuclear complex [{(L(OEt))(3)Ti(3)(mu-O)(3)}(mu(3)-SO(4)){Ag(OTf)}][OTf] (5), in which the Ag(OTf) moiety binds to a mu-oxo group in the Ti(3)(mu-O)(3) core. Reaction of 2 in H(2)O with Ba(NO(3))(2) afforded the tetranuclear complex (L(OEt))(4)Ti(4)(mu-O)(6) (6). Treatment of 2 with [{Rh(cod)Cl}(2)] (cod=1,5-cyclooctadiene), [Re(CO)(5)Cl], and [Ru(tBu(2)bpy)(PPh(3))(2)Cl(2)] (tBu(2)bpy=4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridyl) in the presence of Ag(OTf) afforded the heterometallic complexes [(L(OEt))(2)Ti(2)(O)(2)(SO(4)){Rh(cod)}(2)][OTf](2) (7), [(L(OEt))(2)Ti(O)(2)(SO(4)){Re(CO)(3)}][OTf] (8), and [{(L(OEt))(2)Ti(2)(mu-O)}(mu(3)-SO(4))(mu-O)(2){Ru(PPh(3))(tBu(2)bpy)}][OTf](2) (9), respectively. Complex 9 is paramagnetic with a measured magnetic moment of about 2.4 mu(B). Treatment of zirconyl nitrate with NaL(OEt) in 3.5 M sulfuric acid afforded [(L(OEt))(2)Zr(NO(3))][L(OEt)Zr(SO(4))(NO(3))] (10). Reaction of ZrCl(4) in 1.8 M sulfuric acid with NaL(OEt) in the presence Na(2)SO(4) gave the mu-sulfato-bridged complex [L(OEt)Zr(SO(4))(H(2)O)](2)(mu-SO(4)) (11). Treatment of 11 with triflic acid afforded [(L(OEt))(2)Zr][OTf](2) (12), whereas reaction of 11 with Ag(OTf) afforded a mixture of 12 and trinuclear [{L(OEt)Zr(SO(4))(H(2)O)}(3)(mu(3)-SO(4))][OTf] (13). The Zr(IV) triflato complex [L(OEt)Zr(OTf)(3)] (14) was prepared by reaction of L(OEt)ZrF(3) with Me(3)SiOTf. Complexes 4 and 14 can catalyze the Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with acrolein in good selectivity. Complexes 2-5, 9-11, and 13 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.     

Synthesis and reactivity of the methoxozirconium pentatungstate (nBu4N)6[{(mu-MeO)ZrW5O18}2]: insights into proton-transfer reactions, solution dynamics, and assembly of {ZrW5O18}2- building blocks

The methoxo-bridged, dimeric, ZrIV-substituted Lindqvist-type polyoxometalate (POM) (nBu4N)6[{(mu-MeO)ZrW5O18}2], (TBA)61, has been synthesized by stoichiometric hydrolysis of Zr(OnPr)4, [{Zr(OiPr)3(mu-OnPr)(iPrOH)}2], or [{Zr(OiPr)4(iPrOH)}2] and [{WO(OMe)4}2] in the presence of (nBu4N)2WO4, providing access to the systematic nonaqueous chemistry of ZrW5 POMs for the first time and an efficient route to 17O-enriched samples for 17O NMR studies. 1H NMR provided no evidence for dissociation of 1 in solution, although exchange with MeOH was shown to be slow by an EXSY study. Reactions with HX at elevated temperatures gave a range of anions [{XZrW5O18}n]3n- (X = OH, 3; OPh, 4; OC6H4Me-4, 5; OC6H4(CHO)-2, 6; acac, 7; OAc, 8), where n = 2 for 3 and n = 1 for 4-8, while 1H and 17O NMR studies of hydrolysis of 1 revealed the formation of an intermediate [(mu-MeO)(mu-HO)(ZrW5O18)2]6-. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of 1 and 3 illustrated the robust nature of the ZrW5O18 framework, and X-ray crystal structure determinations showed that steric interactions between ligands X and the ZrW5O18 surface are important. The coordination number of Zr is restricted to six in aryloxides 4 and 5, while seven-coordination is achieved in the chelate complexes 6-8. Given the inert nature of the methoxo bridges in 1, protonation of ZrOW sites is proposed as a possible step in reactions with HX. The diphenylphosphinate ligand in [(Ph2PO2)ZrW5O18]3- was found to be labile and upon attempted recrystallization the aggregate [(mu3-HO)2(ZrW5O18)3H]7- 9 was formed, which was found to be protonated at ZrOZr and ZrOW sites. This work demonstrates the flexibility of the {ZrW5O18}2- core as a molecular platform for modeling catalysis by tungstated zirconia surfaces.     

Olefin epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by lacunary polyoxometalate [gamma-SiW10O34H2O2]4-

The tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) salt of the divacant Keggin-type polyoxometalate [TBA](4)[gamma-SiW(10)O(34)(H(2)O)(2)] (I) catalyzes the oxygen-transfer reactions of olefins, allylic alcohols, and sulfides with 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The negative Hammett rho(+) (-0.99) for the competitive oxidation of p-substituted styrenes and the low value of (nucleophilic oxidation)/(total oxidation), X(SO)=0.04, for I-catalyzed oxidation of thianthrene 5-oxide (SSO) reveals that a strongly electrophilic oxidant species is formed on I. The preferential formation of trans-epoxide during epoxidation of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene demonstrates the steric constraints of the active site of I. The I-catalyzed epoxidation proceeds with an induction period that disappears upon treatment of I with hydrogen peroxide. (29)Si and (183)W NMR spectroscopy and CSI mass spectrometry show that reaction of I with excess hydrogen peroxide leads to fast formation of a diperoxo species, [TBA](4)[gamma-SiW(10)O(32)(O(2))(2)] (II), with retention of a gamma-Keggin type structure. Whereas the isolated compound II is inactive for stoichiometric epoxidation of cyclooctene, epoxidation with II does proceed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction of II with hydrogen peroxide would form a reactive species (III), and this step corresponds to the induction period observed in the catalytic epoxidation. The steric and electronic characters of III are the same as those for the catalytic epoxidation by I. Kinetic, spectroscopic, and mechanistic investigations show that the present epoxidation proceeds via III.     

Synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic performance of dititanium-substituted gamma-Keggin silicotungstate

A novel titanium-substituted silicotungstate cluster of [{gamma-SiTi2W10O36(OH)2}2(mu-O)2]8- (1) is synthesized by the introduction of titanium(IV) ions into a divacant lacunary gamma-Keggin-type silicotungstate of [gamma-SiW10O36]8-. This titanium-substituted polyoxometalate, 1, exhibits a dimeric structure. One half of the gamma-Keggin fragment of 1 contains a dinuclear titanium center bridged by two hydroxo groups, and the resulting Ti2(mu-OH)2 core connects to the other Ti2(mu-OH)2 core of the paired gamma-Keggin subunit through Ti-O-Ti linkages. The Ti2(mu-OH)2 core of 1 reacts with MeOH to form the corresponding alkoxo derivative, [{gamma-SiTi2W10O36(OH)(OMe)}2(mu-O)2]8- (2). Two of four hydroxo groups of the Ti2(mu-OH)2 cores in 1 are replaced by methoxo groups to give the Ti2(mu-OH)(mu-OMe) core, and the Ti-O-Ti linkages connecting two gamma-Keggin subunits are maintained in 2. The gamma-Keggin dititanium-substituted silicotungstate 1 catalyzes mono-oxygenation reactions, such as the epoxidation of olefins and sulfoxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions, while the monotitanium-substituted silicotungstate, [alpha-SiTiW11O39]4- (3), and the fully occupied silicododecatungstate, [gamma-SiW12O40]4-, are inactive. The epoxidation with 1 is stereospecific; the configurations around the C=C double bonds of the cis- and trans-olefins are completely retained in the corresponding epoxides. For the competitive epoxidation of cis- and trans-2-octenes, the ratio of the formation rate of cis-2,3-epoxyoctane to that of the trans isomer (R(cis)/R(trans)) is relatively high (21.3) in comparison with those observed for the tungstate catalysts, including [gamma-SiW10O34(H2O)2]4-. The epoxidation of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene is highly diastereoselective and gives the corresponding epoxide with an anti configuration. The molecular structure of 1 is preserved during the catalysis because the 29Si and 183W NMR spectra of the catalyst recovered after completion of the oxidation are consistent with those of as-prepared compound 1. All these facts suggest the contribution of rigid nonradical oxidants generated on the multinuclear titanium center of 1.     

Naphthylimido-substituted hexamolybdate: preparation, crystal structures, solvent effects, and optical properties of three polymorphs

[(n-C4H9)4N]2[Mo6O18(N-1-C10H(6)-2-CH3)] (1) has been prepared by the reaction of 1-amino-2-methylnaphthalene hydrochloride with [(n-C4H9)4N]4[alpha-Mo8O26] in the presence of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Three solvent-free crystalline phases are isolated from the mixed solvents of acetone and acetic ether. The X-ray single-crystal structures of the three phases have been determined, showing the packing and supramolecular assembly characters (pseudohigher symmetry, helical chains, and pi-pi stacking) by which the effect of solvent polarity and crystallization speed on polymorphism in organic-inorganic hybrids has been demonstrated.     

Dinuclear and 1D iron(III) Schiff base complexes bridged by 4-salicylideneamino-1,2,4-triazolate: X-ray structures and magnetic properties

Four new iron(III) complexes were obtained by the reaction of 4-salicylideneamino-1,2,4-triazole (Hsaltrz) and selected dinuclear μ-oxo-bridged iron(III) Schiff base complexes [{FeL(4)}(2)(μ-O)], where L(4) represents a terminal tetradentate dianionic Schiff-base ligand. X-ray structural analysis revealed a novel bridging mode of κN,κO of the saltrz ligand to form dinuclear complexes [{Fe(salen)(μ-saltrz)}(2)]·CH(3)OH (1) (H(2)salen = N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylimine)) and [{Fe(salpn)(μ-saltrz)}(2)] (2) (H(2)salpn = N,N'-1,2-propylenbis(salicylimine)), whereas one-dimensional (1D) zig-zag chains were formed in the case of [{Fe(salch)(μ-saltrz)}·0.5CH(3)OH](n) (3) (H(2)salch = N,N'-cyclohexanebis(salicylimine)) and [Fe(salophen)(μ-saltrz)](n) (4) (H(2)salophen = N,N'-o-phenylenebis(salicylimine)). It was also shown that the rigidity of the terminal ligand L(4) can be considered as the key factor for the molecular dimensionality of the products. The thorough magnetic analysis based on SQUID experiments, including the isotropic exchange and the zero-field splitting of both temperature and field dependent data, was performed for dimeric (1 and 2) and also for polymeric compounds (3 and 4) and revealed weak antiferromagnetic exchange mediated by the saltrz anions with much larger D-parameter (|D|?|J|).