SO4^2/MxOy型固体超强酸在有机合成中的应用

SO4^2/MxOy（M=Ti，Zr，Fe）是一新型的固体超强酸催化剂。综述了近年来 SO4^2/MxOy型经剂在有机合成中的应用，并对其今后的发展趋势作了预测。     

低温陈化法制备SO2-4/WO3-TiO2固体超强酸及性能研究

0引言 固体超强酸的研制是近20年来催化领域中的热点研究课题之一.起初,人们所研制的SO2-4/MxOy型固体超强酸中,MxOy多为ZrO2.近年来,研究者们为得到高酸强度和高催化活性的固体超强酸催化剂,以ZrO2为主体,引入第二组分、第三组分组成复合型催化剂,这方面的研究者颇多[1-4],也取得了一定的成果.     

SO2-4/TiO2-SiO2固体超强酸的结构及其光催化性能

自从Arata等[1]首次报道无卤素型SO2-4/MxOy固体超强酸体系以来, 对该类催化剂的研究引起了人们的广泛重视. 大量研究工作表明, 固体超强酸催化剂对丁烷异构化、苯衍生物烷基化、链烷烃裂解和乙烯二聚等诸多酸催化的反应表现出极高的反应活性[2]. 最近, 我们把SO2-4/TiO2型固体超强酸应用于有机物的光催化氧化反应, 研究发现TiO2光催化剂经H2SO4浸渍处理形成固体超强酸后, 催化剂的光催化活性大大提高, 并具有很好的反应活性、稳定性和抗湿性能[3];     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2-La3+催化合成尿囊素

尿囊素(1-脲基间二氮杂茂烷二酮-(2,4),allantoin)是一种两性化合物,可作为医药、化妆品、农业等化工原料中间体.通常用硝酸或过氧化氢氧化乙二醛生成乙醛酸后,再在酸催化下由乙醛酸与尿素缩合而成.但采用浓H2SO4、HNO3等作催化剂,产率偏低(＜50%),选择性差,产品质量不好,同时设备腐蚀严重,污染环境.用SO2-4/MxOy型固体超强酸催化剂催化合成尿囊素[2-3],仍有产率偏低等不足之处.我们用La3+掺杂改性SO2-4/TiO2体系,合成了稀土固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4/TiO2-La3+,考察了合成尿囊素缩合反应的催化条件,在最适宜的反应条件下,催化合成尿囊素的产率可提高至74.5%,且工艺简单,易回收并可多次重复使用.     

低温陈化法制备SO_4~(2-)/WO_3-TiO_2固体超强酸及性能研究

0引言固体超强酸的研制是近20年来催化领域中的热点研究课题之一。起初,人们所研制的SO42-/MxOy型固体超强酸中,MxOy多为ZrO2。近年来,研究者们为得到高酸强度和高催化活性的固体超强酸催化剂,以ZrO2为主体,引入第二组分、第三组分组成复合型催化剂,这方面的研究者颇多[1~4],也     

低温陈化法制备SO42-/WO3-TiO2固体超强酸及性能研究

固体超强酸的研制是近20年来催化领域中的热点研究课题之一。起初，人们所研制的SO4^2-/MxOy型固体超强酸中，MxOy多为ZrO2。近年来，研究者们为得到高酸强度和高催化活性的固体超强酸催化剂，以ZrO2为主体，引入第二组分、第三组分组成复合型催化剂，这方面的研究者颇多，也取得了一     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-La~(3+)催化合成尿囊素

尿囊素(1 脲基间二氮杂茂烷二酮—(2,4),allantoin)是一种两性化合物,可作为医药、化妆品、农业等化工原料中间体。通常用硝酸或过氧化氢氧化乙二醛生成乙醛酸后,再在酸催化下由乙醛酸与尿素缩合而成。但采用浓H2SO4、HNO3等作催化剂,产率偏低(<50%),选择性差,产品质量不好,同时设备腐蚀严重,污染环境。用SO2-4/MxOy型固体超强酸催化剂催化合成尿囊素[2 3],仍有产率偏低等不足之处。我们用La3+掺杂改性SO2-4/TiO2体系,合成了稀土固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4/TiO2 La3+,考察了合成尿囊素缩合反应的催化条件,在最适宜的反应条件下,催化…     

水热合成超细晶粒A-/MxOy固体超强酸

 A-/MxOy是一种新的固体超强酸催化材料,由单价酸根负载于金属氧化物上组成,它不同于传统的固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2. 在水热合成的条件下金属盐和碱沉淀剂发生均匀的水解沉淀反应,生成A-/MxOy固体超强酸,这种合成方法被称作“均匀沉淀法”. 采用“均匀沉淀法”可以一步直接合成具有小于10 nm超细晶粒的A-/MxOy固体超强酸催化材料. 对“均匀沉淀法”合成A-/MxOy固体超强酸的影响因素和规律性进行了详细的考察.     

具有中孔结构的SO2-4/Zr-HMS型固体超强酸的合成和结构表征

用TEOS-Zr-HAD-H2O-Ethanol体系合成了Zr-HMS的中孔分子筛, 脱除模板剂后用0.5 mol/L硫酸处理和550 ℃高温焙烧3 h, 制得一种中孔SO2-4/Zr-HMS超强酸催化剂. 采用XRD对其结构进行表征. 用指示剂法、 TG和NH3-TPD对其酸性进行了表征. 结果表明, 经过一系列处理后制得的SO2-4/Zr-HMS催化剂具备HMS中孔分子筛的结构特征, 其酸强度可达H0=-13.75. 在锆及SO2-4含量远远低于SO2-4/ZrO2的条件下, SO2-4/Zr-HMS催化剂对于苯酐和正丁醇酯化反应的活性仍高于SO2-4/ZrO2催化剂.     

SO2-4对铁基催化剂上费托合成反应的影响

以FeCuK/SiO2为母体催化剂,用不同浓度的NH4HSO4水溶液进行等体积浸渍,制备了不同SO2-4含量的费托合成(FTS)铁基催化剂.采用原子发射光谱、低温N2吸附、 X射线光电子能谱、程序升温还原和穆斯堡尔谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并在H2/CO摩尔比0.67,WHSV=2 000 h-1,压力1.5 MPa和温度250 ℃条件下进行了浆态床FTS反应.结果表明,少量SO2-4能促进催化剂在H2中的还原;在合成气还原过程中,少量SO2-4对催化剂的碳化程度影响不大,但大量SO2-4严重抑制催化剂的碳化.在约500 h的运行实验中,各催化剂样品表现出的催化活性有所差异,但均呈现较好的稳定性.SO2-4可抑制水煤气变换反应活性,且随着SO2-4含量的增加,抑制作用愈加明显;同时,催化剂上浸渍少量SO2-4可有效抑制CH4的生成,提高低碳烯烃的选择性.     

Microstructure characterization of short-chain branching polyethylene with differential scanning calorimetry and successive selfnucleation/annealing thermal fractionation

A series of the copolymers of ethylene with 1-hexene(M1–M9) synthesized by metallocene catalyst Et[Ind]2ZrCl2/MAO was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and successive self-nucleation and annealing(SSA) thermal fractionation. The distribution of methylene sequence length(MSL) in the different copolymers was determined using the SSA method. The comonomer contents of samples M4 and M5 are 2.04 mol% and 2.78 mol%, respectively. Both M4 and M5 have low comonomer content and their MSL distribution profiles exhibit a monotonous increase trend with their MSL. The longest MSL of M5 is 167, and its corresponding molar percent is 43.95%, which is higher than that of M4. Moreover, the melting temperature(Tm) of M5 is also higher than that of M4. The comonomer contents of samples M7, M8, and M9 are 8.73 mol%, 14.18 mol% and 15.05 mol%, respectively. M7, M8, and M9 have high comonomer contents, and their MSL distribution profiles display unimodality. M7 has a lower peak value of 33 and a narrow MSL distribution, resulting in a Tm lower than that of M8 and M9. The MSL and its distribution are also key points that influence the melting behavior of copolymers. Sometimes, MSL and its distribution of copolymers have a greater impact on it than the total comonomer contents, which is different from traditional views.     

Metalmetal bonding trends in mixed-group,face-shared d3d3 bioctahedral dimer systems,M′M″Cl9 n−

The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations on a set of binuclear nonachloride complexes M′M″Cl₉ ⁴⁻ (M′=V, Nb, Ta; M″=Cr, Mo, W) and M′M″Cl₉ ²⁻ (M′=Cr, Mo, W; M″=Mn, Tc, Re), in which each metal possesses a nominal d³ valence electronic configuration, are reported. When compared with previous studies on same-group dimers (typified by the M′M″Cl₉ ³⁻ complexes of the chromium triad), the present results display an increased tendency for electron donation from M′ to M″. Structural trends evident for the M′M″Cl₉ ⁴⁻ and M′M″Cl₉ ²⁻ series of dimers are remarkably consistent: weak ferromagnetic coupling between M′ and M″ is the most favorable intermetallic interaction when M″ is a first-row transition metal, antiferromagnetic coupling dominates when M′ is first-row but M″ is second- or third-row, and metalmetal triple bond formation generally yields the lowest-energy structure when neither metal is first-row. These structural trends, and other characteristics of the dimers described here, can be satisfactorily rationalized in terms of the tendency for electron transfer from M′ to M″, coupled with effects due to spin polarization and ligand field splitting of the valence d orbitals on M′ and M″.     

Characterization of the metabolites of rosmarinic acid in human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic acid originally isolated from the herb medicine Rosmarinus officinalis. The purpose of this study was to identify the metabolites of RA. RA was incubated with human liver microsomes in the presence of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt and/or uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid using glutathione (GSH) as a trapping agent. After 60-min incubation, the samples were analyzed using high-resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Under the current conditions, 14 metabolites were detected and identified. Our data revealed that RA was metabolized through the following pathways: the first pathway is the oxidation of catechol to form ortho-quinone intermediates, which react with GSH to form mono-GSH adducts (M1, M2, and M3) and bis-GSH adducts (M4 and M5); the second pathway is conjugation with glucuronide to yield acylglucuronide (M7), which further reacts with GSH to form RA-S-acyl-GSH adduct (M9); the third pathway is hydroxylation to form M10, M11, and M12, which further react with GSH to form mono-GSH adducts (M13 and M14); the fourth pathway is conjugation with GSH through Michael addition (M6); the fifth pathway is conjugation with glucuronidation, forming M8, which is the major metabolic pathway of RA.     

THE TWO CONSECUTIVE M SUBSTATES IN THE PHOTOCYCLE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN ARE AFFECTED SPECIFICALLY BY THE D85N AND D96N RESIDUE REPLACEMENTS

The photocycle of the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin contains two consecutive intermediates in which the retinal Schiff base is unprotonated; the reaction between these states, termed M1 and M2, was suggested to be the switch in the proton transport which reorients the Schiff base from D85 on the extracellular side to D96 on the cytoplasmic side (Váró and Lanyi, Biochemistry 30, 5016-5022, 1991). At pH 10 the absorption maxima of both M1 and M2 could be determined in the recombinant D96N protein. We find that M1 absorbs at 411 nm as do M1 and M2 in wild-type bacteriorhodopsin, but M2 absorbs at 404 nm. Thus, in M2 but not M1 the unprotonated Schiff base is affected by the D96N residue replacement. The connectivity of the Schiff base to D96 in the detected M2 state, but not in M1, is thereby established. On the other hand, the photostationary state which develops during illumination of D85N bacteriorhodopsin contains an M state corresponding to M1 with an absorption maximum shifted to 400 nm, suggesting that this species in turn is affected by D85. These results are consistent with the suggestion that M1 and M2 are pre-switch and post-switch states, respectively.     

专用测定汽油中含氧化合物气相色谱仪的研制和开发

采用气相色谱分析技术,可快速、准确地测定清洁汽油中的含氧化合物含量.参照ASTM D4815及SH/T0663的要求,在上海市计算技术研究所自主研制生产的气相色谱仪上开发此专用分析方法,分析汽油中C1～C4醇、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、乙基叔丁基醚(ETBE)、叔戊基甲基醚(TAME)等组分,测试范围:醇,0.1%(M/M)～12.0%(M/M);醚,0.1%(M/M)～20.0%(M/M).再结合开发的专用色谱分析软件,力求给用户提供性价比更高、操作更加便捷的分析系统.     

Revealing the metabolic sites of atazanavir in human by parallel administrations of D‐atazanavir analogs

Atazanavir (Reyataz^®) is an important member of the HIV protease inhibitor class. Because of the complexity of its chemical structure, metabolite identification and structural elucidation face serious challenges. So far, only seven non‐conjugated metabolites in human plasma have been reported, and their structural elucidation is not complete, especially for the major metabolites produced by oxidations. To probe the exact sites of metabolism and to elucidate the relationship among in vivo metabolites of atazanavir, we designed and performed two sets of experiments. The first set of experiments was to determine atazanavir metabolites in human plasma by LC‐MS, from which more than a dozen metabolites were discovered, including seven new ones that have not been reported. The second set involved deuterium labeling on potential metabolic sites to generate D‐atazanavir analogs. D‐atazanavir analogs were dosed to human in parallel with atazanavir. Metabolites of D‐atazanavir were identified by the same LC‐MS method, and the results were compared with those of atazanavir. A metabolite structure can be readily elucidated by comparing the results of the analogs and the pathway by which the metabolite is formed can be proposed with confidence. Experimental results demonstrated that oxidation is the most common metabolic pathway of atazanavir, resulting in the formation of six metabolites of monooxidation (M1, M2, M7, M8, M13, and M14) and four of dioxidation (M15, M16, M17, and M18). The second metabolic pathway is hydrolysis, and the third is N‐dealkylation. Metabolites produced by hydrolysis include M3, M4, and M19. Metabolites formed by N‐dealkylation are M5, M6a, and M6b. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE INWARD H+ PATHWAY IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN: THE ROLE OF M412 AND P(N)560 INTERMEDIATES

Abstract
In purple bacteriorhodopsin sheets adsorbed onto the phospholipid-impregnated collodion film, electrogenic stages are identified correlating with decays of the M and N(P)-type intermediates. It is concluded that both M N and N bR transitions are electrogenic.
The M decay is shown to be of a complex kinetics. In purple sheets, the lower the light intensity, the higher the rate of "slow M" decay. Such a dependence, which is absent from monomeric bacteriorhodopsin in proteoliposomes and from Triton X-100-solubilized protein, may be explained by the inhibiting effect of a light-induced conformation change in a bacteriorhodopsin molecule upon the M decay in some other bacteriorhodopsin molecules within the same sheet.
The light intensity-independent "slow M" decay in solubilized bacteriorhodopsin is shown to correlate with the decay of the N intermediate and H⁺ uptake after the flash. In contrast to "fast M", "slow M" is pH dependent, closely resembling in this respect the N intermediate. It is suggested that there is a fast light-independent equilibration between M and N so that "slow M" represents the portion of the M pool that monitors the N concentration. The M N equilibrium is assumed to be involved in the effect of the light-induced electric field on the M decay. No direct effect of light on the equilibrium was found.     

THE INWARD H+ PATHWAY IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN: THE ROLE OF M412 AND P(N)560 INTERMEDIATES*

Abstract— In purple bacteriorhodopsin sheets adsorbed onto the phospholipid-impregnated collodion film, electrogenic stages are identified correlating with decays of the M and N(P)-type intermediates. It is concluded that both M → N and N → bR transitions are electrogenic.
The M decay is shown to be of a complex kinetics. In purple sheets, the lower the light intensity, the higher the rate of "slow M" decay. Such a dependence, which is absent from monomeric bacteriorhodopsin in proteoliposomes and from Triton X-100-solubilized protein, may be explained by the inhibiting effect of a light-induced conformation change in a bacteriorhodopsin molecule upon the M decay in some other bacteriorhodopsin molecules within the same sheet.
The light intensity-independent "slow M" decay in solubilized bacteriorhodopsin is shown to correlate with the decay of the N intermediate and H⁺ uptake after the flash. In contrast to "fast M", "slow M" is pH dependent, closely resembling in this respect the N intermediate. It is suggested that there is a fast light-independent equilibration between M and N so that "slow M" represents the portion of the M pool that monitors the N concentration. The M → N equilibrium is assumed to be involved in the effect of the light-induced electric field on the M decay. No direct effect of light on the equilibrium was found.     

Characterization of the metabolites of H3B-6545 in vitro and in vivo by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization linear ion trap-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry

H3B-6545 is a selective ERα covalent antagonist, which has been demonstrated to be effective in anti-tumor. To fully understand its mechanism of action, it is necessary to investigate the in vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles. For in vitro metabolism, H3B-6545 (50 μM) was incubated with the hepatocytes of rat and human for 2 h. For in vivo metabolism H3B-6545 was orally administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg/kg, and plasma, urine and fecal samples were then collected. All samples were analyzed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with linear ion trap-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) operated in positive ion mode. The structures of the metabolites were elucidated by comparing their MS and MS² spectra with those of parent drug. A total of 11 metabolites, including a GSH adduct, were detected and structurally identified. M2, M7 and M8 were further unambiguously identified by using reference standards. Among these metabolites, M1, M5, M7 and M10 were newly found and reported for the first time. The metabolic pathways of H3B-6545 included deamination (M8 and M9), dealkylation (M2, M3 and M10), N-hydroxylation (M6), hydroxylation (M1 and M4), formation of amide derivatives (M5 and M7) and GSH conjugation (G1).     

Synthesis and self-aggregation of cyclic alkynes containing helicene

[structure: see text]. All stereoisomers of a cyclic alkyne containing three helicene units, 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene, are synthesized using a building block. Isomeric [3 + 3]cycloalkynes aggregate in organic solvents. Vapor pressure osmometry reveals dimer formation of (M,M,M)-[3 + 3]cycloalkynes in chloroform and benzene at concentrations above 2 mM. No higher aggregation is observed. The chirality of helicenes plays an important role in self-aggregation, and diastereomeric (M,P,M)-[3 + 3]cycloalkyne forms a dimer only above 15 mM. Aggregation of racemic (M,M,M)-[3 + 3]cycloalkyne or (M,P,M)-[3 + 3]cycloalkyne is much weaker than that of a single enantiomer.