多功能性聚吡咯复合膜

聚吡咯具有较高的电导率与良好的环境稳定性,被视为继聚苯胺之后最有工业化应用前景的导电高分子材料之一。聚吡咯与常规聚合物基体如聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯等形成的复合膜不仅可以综合聚吡咯奇异的多功能性与常规聚合物的易成膜性和低成本性于一体,而且可望发挥两者的协同效应,从而大大拓宽其应用领域。该研究已经成为导电聚合物研究领域中的又一新热点。作者系统论述了制备这类功能复合膜的两种典型制备方法,并在分析各自特点的基础上提出了改进与发展方向,指出聚吡咯复合膜具有广泛可调的电导率、快速的电学响应性以及稳定的电致变色性等多种功能,在透明导电膜、化学传感器、生物分离膜、电致变色膜领域具有诱人的应用前景。     

聚吡咯及其复合热电材料研究进展

聚吡咯(PPy)以其环境稳定性好、低毒、可调的导电性等优点,在热电材料研究方面日益受到人们的关注。采用纳米结构导电聚合物或将有机导电聚合物材料与高导电性的碳纳米粒子进行复合制备聚合物/碳纳米粒子复合材料,可以有效地改善其热电性能。本文结合该领域近年来的研究进展,重点讨论了PPy及其复合热电材料的研究结果,对一维纳米结构PPy的制备也进行了论述。     

导电聚吡咯的研究

介绍了1995年获国家自然科学二等奖项目“导电聚吡咯的研究”（主要完成人：钱人元、李永舫、毕先同、裴启兵、鄢宝珍）的主要研究成果以及获奖后的研究新进展,涉及的研究内容包括导电聚吡咯的电化学聚合过程和机理、导电聚吡咯的结构、稳定性、电化学性质以及导电聚吡咯复合材料的制备等。     

聚吡咯/硫化镉核壳纳米线的制备及整流特性

以无机多孔氧化铝膜为模板,利用气相沉积和原位电化学沉积方法成功地制备了有机-无机杂化聚吡咯/硫化镉核壳纳米线;采用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析了聚吡咯/硫化镉核壳纳米线的表面形貌和微结构.结果表明,内部的聚吡咯纳米线紧紧依附在外部的硫化镉纳米管中,并且硫化镉纳米管被聚吡咯全部填充.与此同时,在聚吡咯/硫化镉核壳纳米线中,外部硫化镉壳与内部聚吡咯核之间存在电荷转移;聚吡咯和硫化镉之间形成有机-无机杂化的P-N界面,从而导致单根聚吡咯/硫化镉核壳纳米线显示出不同于外部壳和内部核的整流特性.     

纳米石墨薄片/聚吡咯复合材料的制备及导电性能

膨胀石墨经过超声处理制备了纳米石墨薄片。以其为导电填料，对甲苯磺酸为掺杂剂，FeCl₃·6H₂O为氧化剂，引发吡咯单体发生原位聚合，制备出纳米石墨薄片/聚吡咯(NanoGs/PPy)复合材料。利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)表征了材料的组成和结构。结果表明，石墨薄片被聚吡咯完全包覆；并且以纳米级尺寸分散在聚吡咯基体中。热失重(TG)分析和电导率测试结果表明，复合材料的耐热性能和导电性能较纯聚吡咯有所提高。     

导电聚合物的电化学制备和电化学性质研究--中国科学院有机固体重点实验室导电聚合物电化学研究工作简介(Ⅰ)

简要介绍本研究组自上世纪80年代以来在导电聚合物的电化学制备和电化学性质研究中取得的一些主要成果,包括吡咯电化学聚合条件的影响、电化学聚合反应机理及其反应动力学、导电聚吡咯的两种掺杂结构及其两步电化学氧化还原过程和电化学过氧化的机理、导电聚苯胺的电化学性质、导电聚合物稳定性的电化学解释等等．     

从导电聚吡咯到共轭聚合物光伏材料——我在中科院化学所30年共轭高分子研究历程

本文简要回顾了本人在中科院化学所30年的研究历程,重点介绍了在共轭高分子(包括导电聚吡咯电化学、聚合物发光电化学池(LEC)和共轭聚合物给体光伏材料)方面的研究成果。在导电聚吡咯电化学方面,对导电聚吡咯的电化学制备和电化学性质进行了深入研究,阐明了各种电化学聚合条件对制备的导电聚吡咯电导和力学强度等的影响,发现电解液溶剂给电子性(Donor number)对吡咯电化学聚合制备的导电聚吡咯电导的影响:溶剂Donor number越小制备的导电聚吡咯电导越高;使用非离子表面活性剂添加剂在水溶液中制备出表面非常光滑和高力学强度的导电聚吡咯薄膜;对于吡咯电化学聚合提出了电解液阴离子参与的阳离子自由基聚合机理,并推到出吡咯电化学聚合反应的动力学方程;发现在NaNO3水溶液中电化学聚合制备的导电聚吡咯除存在主链氧化、对阴离子掺杂结构外,还存在质子酸掺杂结构;阐明了导电聚吡咯在水溶液中电化学还原和再氧化的机理及其电化学过程的可逆性和稳定性,以及导电聚吡咯在有机电解液中特殊的第一次还原和再氧化的机理。在LEC方面,通过交流阻抗法确认了LEC的电化学掺杂机理和p-i-n结构,合成了多种适用于LEC的主链带离子导电单元的兼具离子导电性的发光嵌段共聚物,避免了LEC活性层中存在的发光聚合物和离子导电聚合物的分相问题;使用离子液体作为电解质制备了室温准冷冻p-i-n结LEC,改善了LEC的电致发光性能。在共轭聚合物给体光伏材料方面,我们提出了通过共轭侧链来拓宽聚合物吸收和提高空穴迁移率的分子设计思想,设计和合成了一系列带共轭侧链的二维共轭聚噻吩衍生物以及基于二噻吩取代苯并二噻吩的窄带隙高效二维共轭聚合物给体光伏材料。我们使用烷硫基取代进一步降低了这类二维共轭聚合物的HOMO能级从而进一步提高了其光伏性能。最后介绍了本组二维共轭聚合物给体光伏材料在非富勒烯聚合物太阳能电池方面的最新研究进展。     

超临界二氧化碳流体环境中导电聚吡咯复合材料的制备

以聚苯乙烯(PS)和锌盐中和的磺化聚苯乙烯(Zn-SPS)膜为基体, 在超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO₂)环境中用化学氧化法原位制备了聚吡咯(PPy)导电复合材料. 由于SC-CO₂对聚合物基体的强溶胀作用, 吡咯分子高效地扩散到基体内部进行聚合而形成导电通路, 得到比传统的水溶液法更高的电导率. 聚合物基体的性质对复合材料的导电性和形貌产生重要影响. 在相同条件下, Zn-SPS/PPy的电导率比PS/PPy高3~4个数量级, 而它们的体积逾渗阈值分别为2.7%和6.2%, 远远低于理论预测值(16%).     

聚吡咯微粒掺入的聚苯乙烯膜在电解质溶液中的介电弛豫谱及其解析

在40 Hz～11 MHz频率范围测量了聚苯乙烯膜以及混入聚吡咯粒子的聚苯乙烯膜和电解质溶液构成的体系的介电谱, 发现了特异的弛豫现象: 纯的和掺入导电性聚吡咯后的聚苯乙烯膜分别显示出单一弛豫和双弛豫的不同模式的介电谱. 在Maxwell-Wagner界面极化概念基础上解释了该弛豫机制: 高、低频弛豫分别由膜-液界面极化和膜相本身的不均一性引起的. 将体系进行了模型化, 并利用Hanai理论方法对谱进行了解析, 获得了内部电性质的诸多参数. 对不同聚吡咯掺入量的膜/溶液体系的介电测量和解析结果表明, 电解质溶液的种类、浓度以及膜中混入聚吡咯的量都影响着膜相的介电响应. 这些结论为利用加入导电粒子改善绝缘高分子聚合物的电性质的研究以及制备既具有导电功能又使基体的力学性能得到提高的高分子复合物提供了重要的线索.     

电化聚合聚吡咯的角分布X射线光电子能谱研究

用角分布Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）测试和样品原位加热相结合的方法研究了阴离子是对甲苯磺酸根的电生导电聚吡咯的化学和聚集态结构．其结果表明聚吡咯表面约几个原子层内原子的相对浓度依下述次序递减：Ｃ＞Ｏ＞Ｓ＞Ｎ；导电聚吡咯中的氮原子至少有吡咯氮和氧化态氮两种；在２００℃加热以后聚合物链不受影响，但阴离子向表面迁移，同时氧化态氮大大减少．     

纳米图案化高分子凝胶的制备

A new method was proposed to prepare binary composite colloidal crystal hydrogels by interlocking the as-prepared polystyrene/sulfonated polystyrene core/shell colloidal crystal hydrogel with a second responsive gel. The shell thickness thus the core size were synchronously controlled by altering the sulfonation time and temperature. The proper monomers were radically polymerized forming the second gel within the first gel network. The composition and structure were confirmed. Nanopatterued hydrogel including porous bulk hydrogels and surface patterned hydrogels were derived by properly treating the binary composite hydrogels. Specially, some typical patterns such as arrays of “nano-bowls” ,arrays of “nano-ribbons” and “nano-mask” were achieved by changing the treatment method such as by immersion in the solvent, after solvent evaporation from the sample surface during high rate rotation. This work provides a method to prepare nanopatterued hydrogels.     

Uniform chitosan hollow microspheres prepared with the sulfonated polystyrene particles templates

Biodegradable chitosan hollow microspheres have been fabricated by employing uniform sulfonated polystyrene (PS) particles as templates. The chitosan was adsorbed onto the surface of the sulfonated polystyrene templates through the electrostatic interaction between the sulfonic acid groups on the templates and the amino groups on the chitosan. Subsequently, the adsorbed chitosan was crosslinked by adding glutaraldehyde. After the removal of the sulfonated polystyrene core, chitosan hollow microspheres were obtained. The longer the sulfonation time used, the smaller the size of the hollow particles and the thicker the chitosan wall obtained. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was used to characterize the component of the microspheres. The morphologies of the PS templates and the chitosan microspheres were observed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The controlled release behavior of the chitosan hollow microspheres was also primarily investigated.     

Hollow titania spheres with movable silica spheres inside

We demonstrate a flexible method for preparing hollow TiO2 nanospheres with movable silica nanoparticles inside (HTNMSNs). In this method, we used monodisperse silica--polystyrene core--shell nanospheres (SiO2-PS-CSNs) sulfonated as templates and prepared the composite shell consisting of TiO2 and sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) through adsorbing or depositing tetrabutyl titanate gel into the SPS shell. Finally the HTNMSNs were obtained after removal of all polymers in the composite nanospheres by dissolution or calcinations. We investigated the dependence of the morphologies of HTNMSNs on the thickness of PS shells and the size of SiO2 cores and prepared rare earth doped HTNMSNs by a sol-gel process.     

Fabrication of spindle Fe(2)O(3)@polypyrrole core/shell particles by surface-modified hematite templating and conversion to spindle polypyrrole capsules and carbon capsules

By using a surface-modified templating method, Fe(2)O(3)@polypyrrole (PPy) core/shell spindles have been successfully prepared in this paper. The Fe(2)O(3) particles with spindle morphology were initially fabricated as core materials. After the PVP modification, the Fe(2)O(3) spindles were subsequently coated with a tunable thickness layer of PPy by in situ deposition of the conducting polymer from aqueous solution. Hollow PPy spindles were produced by dissolution of the Fe(2)O(3) core from the core/shell particles. High-temperature treatment under vacuum condition covert the hollow PPy spindles into carbon capsules by carbonization of the PPy shell. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of the Fe(2)O(3)@PPy core/shell particles, PPy and carbon capsules with spindle morphology.     

A novel method for the fabrication of monodisperse hollow silica spheres

In this paper, we report a novel method for the fabrication of small monodisperse hollow silica spheres. In this approach, when silica shells were coated on polystyrene particles by the sol-gel method, the polystyrene cores were dissolved subsequently, even synchronously, in the same medium to form monodisperse hollow spheres. Neither additional dissolution nor a calcination process was needed to remove the polystyrene cores. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and porosity measurements were used to characterize the monodisperse hollow silica spheres.     

Synthesis of spherical microcapsules by photopolymerization in aerosols

 The preparation of polymer microcapsules of well defined size in the range of 10–50 μm with different shell thickness to core diameter ratios is described. An aerosol of monodisperse droplets of a homogeneous ternary liquid system which contained a hydrophobic component and a hydrophilic component dissolved in a high-volatile mutual solvent, was produced by dispersing with a vibrating-orifice aerosol generator. After the evaporation of the solvent in a nitrogen atmosphere the particles demix and form a two-phase droplet of core-shell type. These droplets were illuminated with UV light and polymerized to highly monodisperse microcapsules with a solid polymer shell and a liquid core. The properties of the resulting particles (size, size distribution, shell thickness, shape and surface characteristics) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy on single optically levitated particles, and confocal Raman micro spectroscopy. The microcapsules were highly monodisperse and have spherical shape. Received: 24 July 1996 Accepted: 29 August 1996     

A novel and facile preparation method of hollow silica spheres containing small SiO2 cores

This article presents a novel and facile preparation method of hollow silica spheres with loading small silica inside. In this approach, positively charged SiO₂/polystyrene core‐shell composite particles were synthesized first, when the silica shells from the sol‐gel process of tetraethoxysilane were then coated on the surfaces of composite particles via electrostatic interaction, the polystyrene was dissolved subsequently even synchronously in the same medium to form hollow silica spheres with small silica cores. TEM, SEM, and FTIR measurements were used to characterize these composite spheres. Based on this study, some inorganic or organic compounds could be loaded into these hollow silica spheres. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3431–3439, 2007     

Synthesis and utilization of monodisperse hollow polymeric particles in photonic crystals

We developed a process to fabricate 150-700 nm monodisperse polymer particles with 100-500 nm hollow cores. These hollow particles were fabricated via dispersion polymerization to synthesize a polymer shell around monodisperse SiO(2) particles. The SiO(2) cores were then removed by HF etching to produce monodisperse hollow polymeric particle shells. The hollow core size and the polymer shell thickness, can be easily varied over significant size ranges. These hollow polymeric particles are sufficiently monodisperse that upon centrifugation from ethanol they form well-ordered close-packed colloidal crystals that diffract light. After the surfaces are functionalized with sulfonates, these particles self-assemble into crystalline colloidal arrays in deionized water. This synthetic method can also be used to create monodisperse particles with complex and unusual morphologies. For example, we synthesized hollow particles containing two concentric-independent, spherical polymer shells, and hollow silica particles which contain a central spherical silica core. In addition, these hollow spheres can be used as template microreactors. For example, we were able to fabricate monodisperse polymer spheres containing high concentrations of magnetic nanospheres formed by direct precipitation within the hollow cores.     

A facile method for the preparation of monodisperse hollow silica spheres with controlled shell thickness

This article presents a facile, effective, mild synthesis process for well‐defined hollow spheres by using cationic polystyrene (PS) submicro‐particles as templates. In this approach, the cationic PS templates can be first prepared via emulsifier‐free polymerization by using the cationic monomer 2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethylammonium chloride as comonomer, then, the silica shells from the sol‐gel process of tetraethoxysilane were coated on the surfaces of template particles via electrostatic interaction, finally the PS was dissolved in situ by modification of the reaction conditions in the same medium to form monodisperse hollow silica spheres with controlled shell thickness. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscope measurements were used to characterize these hollow silica spheres. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1332–1338, 2010     

Preparation of raspberry-like silica microcapsules via sulfonated polystyrene template and aniline medium assembly method

Raspberry-like composite particles and microcapsules were prepared with anionic sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) particles as templates and cationic aniline monomer as assembly medium. With the help of the sulfonated microgel shells, aniline and silica particles could not only adsorbed onto template surfaces but also go inward shells and finally form microcapsules with varied silica shell thickness. The sulfonation extent of PSS particles first climbed up and then decreased with sulfonation time due to the competition of sulfonation reaction and PSS chain detachment. The silica content in composite particles and shell thickness of microcapsules followed similar trend with sulfonation extent. The choice of aniline as assembly medium was checked by comparing with methyl methacrylate and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride, and it was found that the cationic and water-insoluble properties of aniline are both important for the composite efficiency.