实验参数对激光诱导铝合金产生等离子体光谱的影响

利用Nd∶YAG脉冲激光诱导击穿2519A铝合金产生等离子体光谱,采用光谱仪检测和记录了Al和Cu的原子谱线,并研究了不同实验参数或条件对该谱线的影响。结果表明,透镜到样品表面距离、探测角度、激光脉冲能量、观测高度和环境气压大小对实验分析性能,如谱线强度、信背比和实验可重复性等均有较大的影响,通过设置适当的实验条件可以获得最佳的实验结果。     

激光诱导击穿光谱实验装置的参数优化研究

为了使激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)实验装置中的多个关键参数达到最优化设置,以便更好地服务于煤质分析,实验中对这些参数与煤粉等离子体中待测元素发射谱线信噪比间的关系进行了详细研究,并根据信噪比大小来进行最优化参数的选择.实验结果表明,对于本LIBS实验装置,其最优化参数设置是将激光脉冲能量设为120 mJ·Pulse-1...     

Detection of multiple elements in coal samples from Bangladesh by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to analyze the coal samples from the Barapukuria coal mine of Bangladesh and coal from eastern India. Besides the major elements carbon and silicon, a number of minor and trace elements, such as iron, titanium, aluminum, calcium, sodium, copper, zirconium, neodymium, ytterbium, cerium, samarium, dysprosium and gadolinium were identified. In earlier work some researchers identified the lines around 279 and 280 nm as due to Mg II rather than Yb III. The reasons for identifying these two lines as due to ytterbium in the present work are explained. The detection of multiple elements in one experiment in a commonly used fuel demonstrated the versatility and multi-elemental capability of LIBS.     

Characterization of inorganic species in coal by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using UV and IR radiations

In this work, the capability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for process control in a thermal power plant is presented through quantitative compositional characterization of the coal used for combustion. Laser-induced emission signal of seven samples with a range of concentrations was calibrated for quantification purposes. The eighth sample was subsequently analyzed five times as unknown in order to determine the precision and accuracy of the measurements. Two modes of operation, dynamic and static and two laser wavelengths, 1064 nm and 355 nm were employed in this study for comparison. The results revealed that UV wavelength provided better results than IR radiation in terms of accuracy for the quantification of inorganic species in coal after the comparison with conventional atomic absorption spectrometry characterization.     

自由定标激光诱导击穿光谱技术在炉渣成分定量分析中的应用

采用自由定标激光诱导光谱技术(CF-LIBS)对炉渣中几种主要成分(CaO,SiO2,Al2O3,MgO)进行了定量分析.利用Nd:YAG激光脉冲在空气中烧蚀炉渣样品产生等离子体,等离子体光谱由中阶梯光栅光谱仪记录.通过几种主要元素的原子谱线和离子谱线的玻尔兹曼图,计算了等离子体的温度.利用Ca的一条谱线Stark展宽...     

Spectroscopic characterization of aluminum plasma using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A detailed investigation of aluminum plasma induced by a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in air was performed. The emission of spectral lines arising from Al I transition at 396.07 nm, Al II transition at 358.46 nm, Al III transition at 360.72 nm and Al IV transition at 363.05 nm were well-resolved. The plasma parameters including electron temperature and electron density were determined through the Boltzmann plot method using the emission line intensities of the same ionized stages of aluminum atoms and the Stark-broadening profiles of Al II emission line, respectively. The temporal evolutions of the spectral lines belonging to atomic and ionic aluminum elements and the plasma parameters were investigated at three different laser pulse energies. Moreover, the validity of local thermodynamic equilibrium was elucidated in our experimental condition.     

激光诱导击穿光谱在核分析实验教学中的应用

为了适应核物理与核分析实验教学的需要,本文将激光诱导激光光谱测量以创新实验的形式引入到核工程类专业实验中.通过将纳秒激光脉冲与不同靶材作用,测量样品中各类元素的LIBS谱线,结合理论分析提取激光等离子体的电子温度和等离子体密度.假设单一元素谱线获得的等离子体密度为混合样品等离子体密度,计算得到未知重元素Fe的原子谱线展宽参数.     

Determination of transition probabilities by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with curve-of-growth measurements

A method for the measurement of transition probabilities using laser-induced plasmas as spectroscopic sources is presented. To check its validity, the method is applied to 19 Ni II lines, most of them with known A_ki values. The method is based on the measurement of curves of growth using samples with varying concentrations of the element of interest (here, nickel-copper alloys with nickel contents in the range 0.11-27 at%). The plasma is characterized by a reduced set of parameters, obtained by usual techniques (Boltzmann plot and Stark shift) combined with the curve-of-growth methodology. The transition probabilities are determined by fitting experimental curves of growth to calculations based on the plasma parameters. The use of curves of growth allows eliminating the systematic error due to the self-absorption in the measurement of transition probabilities, and is applicable to intense as well as very weak lines.     

第十五届全国原子与分子物理学术会议: 用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量分析油漆中的有害重金属

很多轻工业产品需要用到油性油漆,其中的重金属元素的含量是否超标将会直接影响到产品质量及其安全性。因此发展轻工产品中重金属含量的快速检测技术,对促进国民经济的发展和保障消费者生命安全具有重要的意义。我们利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术实现了对油漆中有害重金属含量的快速定性和定量分析。通过观测激光等离子体中重金属原子辐射强度可以定性测量重金属含量的大体水平。然后,在相同检测条件下,将已知浓度的标准样品作为参考,制定出各元素的校正曲线,使用外标法,就能够实现定量分析。对Pb、Cr、Cd三种有害重金属元素,目前检出限分别达到9、3.5和23ppm的水平,分析相对误差小于10%,单次测量时间短于2分钟。汞的结果不太理想,检测灵敏度相对偏低,与其原子辐射寿命较短有关。我们将采取脉冲放电延长汞原子辐射弛豫时间的措施来改进汞元素的分析灵敏度,使其达到较高水平。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术对钢中Mn和Cr元素的定量分析

采用激光诱导击穿光谱分析技术对钢样中锰、铬两种微量元素的含量进行了测量.实验研究发现,最优取样的延迟时间为2.0μs,最佳激光光束聚焦位置和光谱收集探头分别位于样品表面以下3.5mm和表面以上1.5mm处.以Mn Ⅰ:403.07 nm和Cr Ⅰ:427.48 nm作为分析线,分别采用传统定量分析和内定标的方法对钢样中...     

用激光感生击穿光谱对大气进行定量分析

研究将激光感生击穿光谱技术用于元素定量分析的可行性。利用Nd∶YAG激光器发出的激光与一个大气压下的空气相互作用产生激光等离子体，等离子体的光经单色仪分光后转化为电信号进入计算机，存储了600～800nm的等离子体光谱数据。利用自由定标模型对等离子体进行了分析。在延迟时间8μs、采样门宽0.4μs时，利用二维波尔兹曼平面得到了大气等离子体处于局部热平衡时的温度（1.62×10K）。在假设空气全部由N和O组成的条件下由自由定标模型得到了空气中氧的含量（20.75%）和氮的含量（79.25%）。试验结果与实际吻合得很好。实验证实了用激光感生击穿光谱对大气进行定量分析是可行的，为大气污染监测研究和试验工作奠定了基础。     

激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析中的分析线自动选择方法

为了实现激光诱导击穿光谱分析中的分析线自动选择,定义了元素发射谱线的相对强度比(RDTIR)、波长偏差(WDDT)两个参数,并据此对检测谱线进行筛选,通过设定合理的阈值,剔除自吸收和干扰严重的谱线。通过对高合金钢(GBW01605)实验数据的分析,分别选定了样品中主要元素铁、铬、镍、锰、铜的分析线,选线结果符合谱线的选取原则。     

A review of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement

A review of the methods of signal enhancement in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. Conventional LIBS suffers from disadvantages of low sensitivity and high limits of detection compared with other analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. During the last two decades, various methods have been applied to LIBS in order to realize highly quantitative and qualitative analysis. Current approaches include double-pulse excitation, spatial or magnetic confinement, spark discharge, etc. Different configurations of experimental setups and conditions are suggested for the realization of these improved techniques, while various parameters influence significantly on the enhancement effect. With the aim to study the laser ablation process and characterize the effectiveness of each method, several parameters such as plasma volume and emission intensity are reviewed. Several suggestions are proposed to explain the mechanism of each enhancement method. These modified techniques have been applied on various materials and fields.     

Characteristics of solid aerosols produced by optical catapulting studied by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Optical catapulting (OC) constitutes an effective method to transport small amounts of different materials in the form of a solid aerosol. In this report, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used for the analysis of those aerosols produced by OC. For this purpose, materials were catapulted using a Q-switch Nd:YAG laser. A second Q-switch Nd:YAG laser was used for LIBS analysis of the ejected particles. Data processing of aerosols was conducted using conditional data analysis. Also, the standard deviation method was used for the qualitative identification of the ejected particles. Two modes of interaction in OC (OC with focused or defocused pulses) have been evaluated and discussed. LIBS demonstrates that the distribution (spreading) of the ejected particles along the propagation axis increased as a function of the interpulse delay time. The mass density and the thickness of the target also play an important role in OC-LIBS.     

Classification of recyclables using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for waste management

With the ever-increasing amount of generated waste governments around the world are looking for, and implementing, ways to minimize waste output and maximize waste recovery. The main difficulties are sorting waste items, identifying the different types of plastics, and the time taken to sort them manually. Bioplastics such as polylactic acid and Novatein thermoplastic protein can be incorporated into the recycling stream to minimize waste. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra analyzed by k-nearest neighbor and soft independent modeling by class analogy were investigated as methods that can rapidly identify recyclables. Raw, peak normalized, and total intensity normalized spectra were used to identify which would improve classification. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra were generated by single laser shots to different locations on nine samples, glass (brown, green, and clear), tin, aluminum, polylactic acid, Novatein, polyethylene terephthalate, and high-density polyethylene. To prove that the system has the potential to be used on a waste sorting stream an autofocus unit was developed to move the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy beam into focus on the different sample geometries. Two classification methods were investigated, soft independent modeling by class analogy and the k-nearest neighbors algorithm. k-Nearest neighbors on raw spectra produced the best results. Discrimination between bioplastics and plastics were 100%. Glass samples could not be reliably distinguished from each other. Surface contamination produced three misclassifications from 450 spectra. Similar results were obtained when the spectral range was reduced from 182.26–908.07?nm to 313.20–495.12?nm.     

无机爆炸物及其主要成分的激光诱导击穿光谱实验研究

以一种常见的无机爆炸物——黑火药及其主要成分硝酸钾作为研究对象,硝酸钠样品作为参照物,使用1 064nm调Q激光器作为光源,进行实验研究。获得了不同环境气体(空气和氩气)中三种样品的击穿诱导等离子体光谱,在不同延迟条件下获得了三种样品的时间分辨谱,并分析了三种样品的O/N谱线强度比值随延时的变化,得出在延时596ns时,O/N比值达到最大值。     

Study on parameters influencing analytical performance of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Lens-to-sample distances, delay time, atmospheric condition, laser pulse energy, etc. had obvious effects on the analytical performance of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. In this paper, these parameters are investigated in greater detail and we will explain how they have influences on the analytical performance. The results show that the focal plane under the sample surface can improve precision and detection limit, and the delay time should be decided according to sensitivity and accuracy. Spectral line intensity is stronger in argon than helium, nitrogen and air gas environment. Pulse energy should exceed energy threshold (about 50 mJ) which can generate plasma, and the energy should not exceed about 300 mJ to avoid plasma shielding. Under optimum parameters, concentration relative standard deviation of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, and Cr for low-alloyed steel (sample number 11278) which were measured 11 times is 2.37%, 2.18%, 2.23%, 7.8%, 9.34%, 1.92%, and 2.13%, respectively. And the detection limit of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, and Cr for pure steel is 0.0045%, 0.0072%, 0.0069%, 0.0027%, 0.0024%, 0.0047%, and 0.0024%, respectively.     

The high dependence of polarization resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy on experimental conditions

It is shown that the continuum emission produced by an Al alloy ablated by femtosecond laser pulses is much more polarized than the characteristic lines of elements. A Glan-Thomson polarizer is used in the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy experiment to investigate the polarization effect. The use of the polarizer at its minimal transmission increases the signal-to-noise ratio. The effects of angle of detection, focal position, and pulse energy on the signal-to-noise ratio are also studied.     

Laser ablation of powdered samples and analysis by means of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The presented work proves the capacities of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a fast, universal, and versatile technique for analysis of complex materials as ceramics. This paper reports on the analysis of ceramic raw materials (brick clays and kaolin) submitted to laser ablation in the form of pressed pellets. Spectrographic study was provided by standard single-pulse LIBS technique and orthogonal reheating double-pulse LIBS. It was found that both methods are comparable in terms of analytical performance, if adequate experimental parameters and signal detection systems are used.     

不同物理形态复合肥的激光诱导击穿光谱特性分析

为深入了解激光诱导击穿光谱技术应用于复合肥成分的检测机制,选用不同物理形态(粉状和颗粒状)的复合肥样品,在不同压力下制得片状样品进行实验,以分析不同物理形态复合肥样品的激光诱导击穿光谱特性。实验分别对比了0,0.5,2,4,6MPa下粉末和颗粒的N,P,K的等离子体光谱特性。研究结果表明,在压力较小时,两种形态样品的光谱特性存在较大差别,且颗粒状样品的谱线强度明显高于粉末状样品。而随着压力的增加,两者的光谱特性的差别逐渐减小。对于同一形态样品,随着压力的增加,各主要元素的特征谱线强度均呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势。