激波/边界层相互作用诱导的激波风洞气体污染问题

应用多组分NS方程和频散可控耗散格式(DCD)计算了爆轰驱动激波风洞中反射激波/ 边界层/接触面的相互作用过程,分析了驱动气体与试验气体在壁面射流作用下的掺混机制及 其对风洞试验时间的影响. 为了延长风洞的试验时间,提出在风洞贮室内增设环形隔板, 以隔离壁面射流,延长风洞试验时间的方法. 计算结果表明：环形隔板确实可以限制驱动气 体与试验气体的过早掺混,显著增加激波风洞的有效试验时间.     

Simulation of a complete reflected shock tunnel showing a vortex mechanism for flow contamination

Simulations of a complete reflected shock tunnel facility have been performed with the aim of providing a better understanding of the flow through these facilities. In particular, the analysis is focused on the premature contamination of the test flow with the driver gas. The axisymmetric simulations model the full geometry of the shock tunnel and incorporate an iris-based model of the primary diaphragm rupture mechanics, an ideal secondary diaphragm and account for turbulence in the shock tube boundary layer with the Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model. Two operating conditions were examined: one resulting in an over-tailored mode of operation and the other resulting in approximately tailored operation. The accuracy of the simulations is assessed through comparison with experimental measurements of static pressure, pitot pressure and stagnation temperature. It is shown that the widely-accepted driver gas contamination mechanism in which driver gas ‘jets’ along the walls through action of the bifurcated foot of the reflected shock, does not directly transport the driver gas to the nozzle at these conditions. Instead, driver gas laden vortices are generated by the bifurcated reflected shock. These vortices prevent jetting of the driver gas along the walls and convect driver gas away from the shock tube wall and downstream into the nozzle. Additional vorticity generated by the interaction of the reflected shock and the contact surface enhances the process in the over-tailored case. However, the basic mechanism appears to operate in a similar way for both the over-tailored and the approximately tailored conditions.Communicated by R. R. Boyce     

Oxyhydrogen combustion and detonation driven shock tube

The performance of combustion driver ignited by multi-spark plugs distributed along axial direction has been analysed and tested. An improved ignition method with three circumferential equidistributed ignitors at main diaphragm has been presented, by which the produced incident shock waves have higher repeatability, and better steadiness in the pressure, temperature and velocity fields of flow behind the incidence shock, and thus meets the requirements of aerodynamic experiment. The attachment of a damping section at the end of the driver can eliminate the high reflection pressure produced by detonation wave, and the backward detonation driver can be employed to generate high enthalpy and high density test flow. The incident shock wave produced by this method is well repeated and with weak attenuation. The reflection wave caused by the contracted section at the main diaphragm will weaken the unfavorable effect of rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave, which indicates that the forward detonation driver can be applied in the practice. For incident shock wave of identical strength, the initial pressure of the forward detonation driver is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of backward detonation. The project supported by State Science and Technology Committee, National Natural Foundation of Science of China (19082012), Chinese Academy of Sciences and Project of National High Technology of China. In memory of academician Kuo Yonghuai's 90th anniversary.     

Performance of a detonation driven shock tunnel

A detonation driven shock tunnel is useful as a ground test facility for hypersonic flow research. By attaching a convergent section ahead of the primary diaphragm in the driver section, the downstream operation mode became available to generate a high-enthalpy test flow. A 100 mm diameter shock tunnel was for the first time installed in the Laboratory of High-Temperature-Gas Dynamics (LHD), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and after its continuous refitments, a high performance detonation driven shock tunnel was achieved to generate high-enthalpy and high-Reynolds number test flows. A new method to burst a metal diaphragm with the downstream operation mode is discussed.Received: 13 December 2003, Accepted: 26 August 2004, Published online: 26 November 2004[/PUBLISHED]W. Zhao: Correspondence to     

氢氧燃烧及爆轰驱动激波管

分析并观察了沿驱动段轴向分布多火塞燃烧驱动段的性能．提出主膜处同一管截面均匀分布三火花塞引燃的点火方法．用这种点火方法驱动产生的入射激波强度重复性较高,激波后气流速度、温度和压力的定常性亦大大改善,可满足气动试验实际要求．提出在驱动段尾端串接卸爆段来消除爆轰波反射高压,从而可使反向爆轰驱动段用来产生高焓高密度试验气流．这种反向爆轰驱动产生的入射激波重复性高,激波衰减弱．在主膜处的收缩段产生的反射波可缓解爆轰波后跟随的稀疏波的不利影响,从而使前向爆轰驱动具有实用性．在产生的入射激波强度相同条件下,前向爆轰驱动所需的爆轰驱动段可爆混合气初始压力可较反向爆轰低近一个量级．     

Experimental study on the flow field behind a backward-facing step using a detonation-driven shock tunnel

The supersonic combustion RAM jet (SCRAM jet) engine is expected to be used in next-generation space planes and hypersonic airliners. To develop the engine, stabilized combustion in a supersonic flow field must be attained even though the residence time of flow is extremely short. A mixing process for breathed air and fuel injected into the supersonic flow field is therefore one of the most important design problems. Because the flow inside the SCRAM jet engine has high enthalpy, an experimental facility is required to produce the high-enthalpy flow field. In this study, a detonation-driven shock tunnel was built to produce a high-enthalpy flow, and a model SCRAM jet engine equipped with a backward-facing step was installed in the test section of the facility to visualize flow fields using a color schlieren technique and high-speed video camera. The fuel was injected perpendicularly to a Mach 3 flow behind the backward-facing step. The height of the step, the injection distance and injection pressure were varied to investigate the effects of the step on air/fuel mixing characteristics. The results show that the recirculation region increases as the fuel injection pressure increases. For injection behind the backward-facing step, mixing efficiency is much higher than with a flat plate. Also, the injection position has a significant influence on the size of the recirculation region generated behind the backward-facing step. The schlieren photograph and pressure histories measured on the bottom wall of the SCRAM jet engine model show that the fuel was ignited behind the step.Communicated by K. Takayama PACS 47.40.Ki     

用于爆轰驱动的射流起爆实验研究

爆轰驱动激波风洞的自由来流模拟范围与驱动气体的爆轰极限密切相关,爆轰极限越宽则模拟范围越大。驱动气体一般是通过点火管进行起爆的,提高点火管的起爆能力可以拓宽爆轰极限。为了提高点火管起爆能力,就点火管口径、点火气体爆轰敏感性和单/双点火管3种因素的影响进行了实验研究。在不同的点火管初始条件下,对驱动段波速进行了测量。结论如下:(1)提高点火管口径可以显著提升起爆能力;(2)点火气体爆轰敏感性对起爆能力有影响,点火管为缩径内型面时,低敏感性气体起爆能力更强,点火管为等径内型面时则低敏感性气体和高敏感性气体的起爆能力大体持平;(3)在保证射流同步的前提下,双点火管能够提高起爆能力,为保证射流同步性需使用化学恰当比的氢氧混气等爆轰敏感性强的点火气体。     

一种新的运动激波--非定常边界层相互干扰现象

本文探讨了一种新的激波－非定常边界层相互干扰现象，这种激波－边界层干扰现象既不同于定常激波－边界层干扰现象，又不同于激波在端面反射后与该激波所诱导的边界层之间的干扰现象，而是运动激波与稀疏波和第一激波所诱导的非这常边界层之间的干扰现象，本文对这种现象用微波动力学理论进行分析，并把这种干扰现象看成激波的绕射现象，同时在稀疏波破膜的双驱动激波管中进行实验观察，最后把理论分析与实验观察进行了比较。     

高超声速激波风洞研究进展

回顾了高超声速激波风洞的研制与发展,并依据高超声速实验研究对地面实验模拟技术的要求,分别介绍了应用轻气体、自由活塞和爆轰驱动技术研制的主要激波风洞的性能、特点和存在问题.重点介绍了爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的3种主要运行模式:反向、正向爆轰驱动与双爆轰驱动. 根据这些运行模式的工作原理,分析了应用这些驱动技术产生的高温、高压气源的特点,探讨了不同驱动技术可能影响激波风洞性能的关键问题与解决方法.目前发展的激波风洞已经能够用于开展马赫数3$\sim$30的高超声速流动的试验模拟研究,但是试验气流的品质还不能满足高超声速科技研究的需求.为了获得可靠的实验结果, 通过不断改进、完善、提高激波风洞的性能,尽可能复现高超声速飞行条件是今后主要的研究方向.      

Gaseous detonation driver for a shock tunnel

The concept of a shock tunnel with gaseous detonation driver is discussed. A detonation driver presents an alternative to a free-piston driver because comparable values of high enthalpy can be attained, however, without the fast movement of a heavy piston. Wave diagrams, pressure and temperature distributions are presented. Finally, first experimental results are given.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Wind tunnel simulation of wind effect on a group of high Cooling towers

Aerodynamic interference between high cooling towers in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and uniform flow has been discussed. For the 1/1000 ABL model set up in the 2.25m low speed wind tunnel at Peking University, the similarity condition of the cooling tower in the ABL, the simulation results of a single tower and some typical tower groups have been provided. Experiments showed that the Circumferential pressure distributions were consistent between the smooth model tower and the prototype tower, and between the rough model tower and the prototype tower with ribs; the two dimensional characteristics in the circumferential pressure distribution were also noticeable around the middle 1/3 part of the tower after nondimensionalization by local dynamic pressure. Results demonstrate that, in the flow with strong turbulence the lift coefficient of the downstream cylinder approaches 0.4. In the flow with weak turbulence, the pressure distribution reflects a strong nonsymmetry, and the lift coefficient or stagnation pressure of the downstream cylinder switches alternately between 1 and 0, where a concentrated vortex rolls up and then sheds toward the front of the downstream cylinder and exerts a decisive influence on the aerodynamic properties of the downstream cylinder.     

激波的传播与干扰

激波的传播特性既取决于激波的产生条件,也与所处的传播环境密切相关。驱动条件、几何边界、介质的物理化学属性等发生变化时,都会引起激波传播特性的改变,而激波的变化反过来又会对其波及的流场产生影响。尽管激波传播及其干扰现象广泛存在于自然界和人类科技活动之中,其复杂机理的认识、规律的描述乃至应用潜力的挖掘仍有漫长的路要走。本文根据气体中激波传播和干扰现象以及与之相关的理论描述特征,在对激波传播以及反射、折射等基本现象进行简要阐述的基础上,重点围绕目前的热点问题,包括激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、激波与湍流作用、激波的聚焦与点火以及激波作用下气体界面不稳定性等研究进行了介绍和讨论,旨在对近年来该领域的进展及获得的成果做一个概述和归纳,期望对将来的深入研究有一个鉴借意义。     

Turbulent spots in boundary layers in a free-piston shock-tunnel flow

In this paper, experiments to detect turbulent spots in the transitional boundary layers, formed on a flat plate in a free-piston shock tunnel flow, are reported. Experiments indicate that thin-film heat-transfer gauges are suitable for identifying turbulent-spot activity and can be used to identify parameters such as the convection rate of spots and the intermittency of turbulence.     

Shock wave propagation and interactions

激波的传播特性既取决于激波的产生条件,也与所处的传播环境密切相关.驱动条件、几何边界、介质的物理化学属性等发生变化时,都会引起激波传播特性的改变,而激波的变化反过来又会对其波及的流场产生影响.尽管激波传播及其干扰现象广泛存在于自然界和人类科技活动之中,其复杂机理的认识、规律的描述乃至应用潜力的挖掘仍有漫长的路要走.本文根据气体中激波传播和干扰现象以及与之相关的理论描述特征,在对激波传播以及反射、折射等基本现象进行简要阐述的基础上,重点围绕目前的热点问题,包括激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、激波与湍流作用、激波的聚焦与点火以及激波作用下气体界面不稳定性等研究进行了介绍和讨论,旨在对近年来该领域的进展及获得的成果做一个概述和归纳,期望对将来的深入研究有一个鉴借意义.     

坑道内爆炸条件下水的消波效应研究

内爆炸对坑道内的人员、装备、结构都具有巨大的毁伤效应,内爆炸的防护技术已成为研究的热点。本文就炸药在坑道内爆炸情况下水的消波效应,开展了坑道模型爆炸试验、实际坑道爆炸试验、数值模拟研究,结果表明:坑道内爆炸条件下水具有显著的消波效应。文中还给出了不同置水工况下坑道空气冲击波超压的衰减率范围,并对水消波效应的机理进行了初步探讨。     

隧道峒口污染物扩散控制方案的研究

采用三维数值模拟的方法,对隧道峒口污染物的扩散情况进行了预测和分析,揭示了在不同风向条件下,隧道峒口废气的扩散特征,并根据计算结果提出了一种较为经济的控制污染物排放的方案,对工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Advances in detonation driving techniques for a shock tube/tunnel

Early works on the detonation driven shock tube are reviewed briefly. High initial pressure detonable mixture can be used in backward-detonation driver when the buffer tube is attached to the end of the driver for eliminating the excessive reflected peak pressure. Experimental data showed that an improvement on attenuation of the incident shock wave generated by the forward driver can be obtained, provided the diameter of the driver is larger than that of the driven section and an abrupt reduction of cross-section area is placed just beyond the diaphragm. Also, it is clearly verified by a numerical analysis. An additional backward-detonation driver is proposed to attach to the primary detonation driver and on condition that the ratios of initial pressure in the additional driver to that in the primary driver exceed the threshold value, the Taylor wave behind detonation wave in the primary detonation driver can be eliminated completely.     

高超声速飞行复现风洞理论与方法

针对高超声速飞行伴随的热化学反应流动,本文回顾了郭永怀先生的科研理念和学科布局,综述了他亲手成立的高温气动团队在高超声速飞行风洞实验模拟理论与方法方面的研究进展.高温气体的迅速产生与迅速应用是一种理想的风洞运行方法,而激波管就是这样一种实验装备.论文首先介绍了激波管技术的基本理论与方程,指出将其用于高超声速流动实验模拟时所具有的独特优势.然后讨论了应用激波风洞复现需要的高超声速飞行状态的可行性、基本方程和需要解决的关键问题.针对这些关键问题,进一步介绍了如何应用爆轰现象研发激波风洞驱动技术的理论,并给出了基于爆轰驱动方法的技术发展和工程应用验证.最后,论文介绍了爆轰驱动激波风洞的界面匹配条件,该条件奠定了长实验时间激波风洞运行基础,是其他驱动方法尝试解决而没能完全解决的难题.高温气动团队关于高超声速飞行复现风洞的理论与技术研究,实现了郭永怀先生的战略规划,成就了国际领先的高超声速热化学反应流动研究平台.      

抽吸激波管的性能分析与计算

为了减小由于反射激波和透射激波分叉引起的反射型激波风洞试验气体提前受到污染的现象,本文研究了一种新的具有抽吸的激波管流动,分析了抽吸缝的作用,给出了这种抽吸激波管性能参数的计算方法,同时还给出了反射激波与边界层相互作用引起的激波分叉的形状随抽吸量变化的计算公式。实验证实了边界层抽吸可以有效地减小激波与壁面边界层相互作用所产生的分离现象。计算与测量结果是一致的。     

超声速多喷流干扰流场特性研究

研究了旋成体上超声速来流与超声速横向多喷流相撞产生的层流干扰流场特性. 数 值方法针对三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程按二阶精度Roe格式进行离散,采用基于多区对 接网格技术的有限体积法. 数值模拟结果描述了多喷流干扰流场的空间结构以及激波/边界层 干扰引起的分离范围,探讨了沿流向等间距排列的喷口个数对表面和空间流场结构以及压力 分布的影响规律. 结果表明,第一喷口对多喷流干扰流场主要结构和喷口上游表面分离范围 起主导作用. 其中三喷流流场数值模拟的对称面激波结构与实验纹影结果进行对比,符合较 好.