Quadrature phase-shifting interferometer using spatial carrier

We propose a high-speed phase measurement using a phase calculation algorithm in a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer (QPI), which is applied to tilted fringes. Although the spatial carrier method is useful for a high-speed measurement with a single imaging sensor, the spatial resolution in conventional phase calculation algorithms is reduced owing to the use of three or more phase-shifted data at different sample points. Phases in the QPI method can be calculated with only two quadarture phase-shifted data extracted from the tilted fringes before and after a phase change of the interferometer. Thus, the proposed method can suppress the reduction of the spatial resolution compared with that in conventional methods, and makes it possible to measure a phase at high-speed. The principle and experimental results of this technique are presented.     

Polarization phase-shifting interferometer by rotating azo-polymer film with photo-induced optical anisotropy

A new type of phase-shifting interferometer was presented by rotating an azo-polymer film with photo-induced optical anisotropy in the light path of orthogonal polarization interferometry. By changing the angle of the optical axis of the azo-polymer film, four phase-shifted fringe patterns were obtained, from which phase difference between orthogonal polarized light could be calculated. The polarization states and the formation of the interferograms were analyzed theoretically using Jones matrix calculations and the experimental verification of the proposed method was also given. This method has a simple optical configuration which utilizes commercially available polarization devices and anisotropic azo-polymer film of low cost. The phase-shifting interferometer also demonstrates a new application of azo-polymer film.     

Simulation study on the quantitative phase retrieval method under two-step phase-shifting technique

Based on two-step phase-shifting technique, we present a new derivative method for phase information extraction in quantitative phase imaging (QPI). By acquiring two phase-shifted interferograms and numerically calculating their 1st order derivatives, one can directly obtain the quantitative phase information. We demonstrate the proposed method by comparing our simulated results with the experimental results of the red blood cell and the HeLa cell, respectively. It shows that our method can be generally applied to any QPI, such as on-axis and off-axis interferometry, especially for slightly off-axis interferometry, and it has the feature of efficient utility of camera spatial bandwidth and the ability of fast data processing.     

Phase-coded aperture for optical imaging

For the optical spectrum region, we describe a novel phase-coded aperture imaging system that can be used in a computational imaging camera. The optical design includes a phase-only screen followed by a detector array. A specific diffraction pattern forms at the detector array when the wavefront from a point source object passes through the phase screen. Since diffraction effects cannot be ignored in the optical regime, an iterative phase retrieval method is used to calculate the phase coded screen. Correlation type processing can be applied for the image recovery. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the excellent imaging performance of this camera.     

基于相移结构光照明的浮雕成像技术研究

详细介绍了一种基于相移结构光照明的浮雕成像技术,对该成像技术的原理和成像特性进行了实验研究,并采用相移结构光照明的方法实现彩色浮雕成像。实验中,将多幅相移正弦条纹光场斜投射到被拍摄物体上,数码相机依次拍摄被照明的物体,再利用拍摄到的多幅相移图像,通过计算的方法重建出所需要的图像。理论分析和实验结果表明,相移结构光照明成像技术能有效地消去环境不均匀光照的影响,获取的反射率分布图像只与结构光照明有关,突显了斜投射照明所形成的阴影,图像的明暗变化反映出物体表面的法线变化,因而在视觉上形成了明显的浮雕效果。     

A single-shot pixellated phase-shifting interferometer utilizing a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator

We introduce a novel phase-shifting pixellated interferometer based on a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator and simulate the expected performance. The phase-shifted frames are captured simultaneously, which reduces problems arising from vibrations and air turbulence. The liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is flexible and can be configured to provide a large number of phase-shift levels and geometries to reduce measurement error.     

相位型宽频带激光测振仪的研究

在理论上详细描述了一种新型的激光偏振移相干涉测振系统.通过计算机对两路正交干涉光电信号的接收和正弦逼近法数字处理,在1Hz～10KHz宽频带内测量振动台的振幅和初相位,从而实现加速度传感器复合灵敏度的绝对校准.运用琼斯矩阵证明干涉系统中通过偏振片调整可保证两信号的正交性.     

Two-dimensional birefringence measurement system with a polarization modulator and a rotating analyzer

The measuring system of two-dimensional birefringence distribution with a polarization modulator and a rotating analyzer using a rotating analyzer method is presented. The system simply consists of a laser diode, two polarizers, two quarter wave plates and a CCD camera. Thanks to an imaging system, the mechanism to scan a sample is unnecessary and two-dimensional measurement is possible and easy. The birefringence of retardation and orientation of the optic axis can be determined by the azimuth angle of an elliptically polarized light passing through a sample. The azimuth angle is obtained by applying the phase shifting algorithm to measure the polarization properties; by improving the calculation algorithm, wide range measurement is accomplished. The measurement procedure and a number of results are described.     

基于偏振阵列的偏振迈克耳孙风场探测干涉仪系统的理论研究

基于偏振阵列的偏振迈克耳孙风场探测干涉仪是一种新型的探测大气温度和风场速度的干涉仪.基于偏振干涉的原理,四个偏振方向分别相差45°的偏振片组成的偏振阵列紧贴于探测器前,由四面角锥棱镜出射的四束线偏振光分别经四个不同偏振方向的偏振片后,四个不同强度干涉图同时成像于探测器上,经过数据提取获得四个干涉强度值,进一步反演出大气温度和风场速度值.对以上干涉成像过程进行了模拟仿真,得到干涉图,经风速反演得到了与实际值一致的结果.具有结构简单稳定,测试精度高,利于快速变化的目标测试的优点.     

在随机和倾斜移相下光强归一化的迭代移相算法

由于存在振动和导向误差,干涉仪移相器在移相过程中产生随机的平移误差和倾斜误差,会给测量结果带来影响。因此高精度测量中对环境的稳定性和移相器的性能要求很苛刻。为了降低此种要求,针对随机和倾斜移相下干涉图背景光强和调制度的不均匀会影响移相平面计算的问题,对采集得到的干涉图做归一化处理,并利用迭代最小二乘法对归一化的干涉图做相位求解。迭代过程中,将干涉图分块来求解移相值,并对各移相值做平面拟合得到移相平面。仿真结果表明,该方法消除了背景光强和调制度的不均匀对倾斜系数计算的耦合作用,能够有效补偿倾斜移相误差对面形相位的影响,与其他方法相比,具有收敛速度快、求解精度高的特点。实验结果进一步验证了该方法的有效性。     

Modified Fourier-transform method for phase-shift calibration

A fast convergent algorithm to accurately measure phase-shift for phase shifter is proposed. In the presence of a spatial carrier frequency, an error function in the Fourier-domain is introduced and then the unknown phase-shift between two phase-shifted fringe patterns is determined by minimization of the error function with the help of a golden section search approach. Compared with the conventional Fourier-transform method, the modified method proposed in the paper is more immune to random noise and hence can give a more accurate result. The translation curve of a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is also experimentally calibrated.     

Common path interferometer based on the modified Michelson configuration using a reflective grating

A common-path interferometer using the modified Michelson system with a reflective grating is proposed for quantitative phase imaging. The frequency spectrum of the object beam is split into two beams using a beam splitter. One beam is diffracted into +1, 0, and −1 orders by the reflective grating to act as an object beam, and the other beam is low-filtered and diffracted by a pinhole mirror to act as a reference beam. Three phase-shifted interferograms can be simultaneously captured using the proposed interferometer, and the specimen phase can then be reconstructed from the three interferograms. Experiments are carried out to prove the precision, real-time ability, and stability of the proposed method.     

多角度偏振成像仪遥感图像太阳耀斑区的拖尾校正方法

为了有效校正星载偏振相机成像时太阳耀斑区产生的拖尾,以高分五号卫星多角度偏振成像仪为例,结合多角度偏振成像仪在轨成像特点,理论分析了图像获取过程中拖尾产生的机理.建立了光斑区不含饱和像元情况下能够有效对漏光拖尾进行校正的矩阵法与暗行法校正模型,以及光斑区全像元饱和情况下结合矩阵法与暗行法估计光斑区饱和像元强度的遗留拖尾校正模型,该算法充分考虑了强光饱和条件下太阳耀斑区产生的漏光拖尾与遗留拖尾.利用实验室积分球光源成像光斑模拟在轨运行时遥感图像太阳耀斑开展拖尾校正方法可行性验证实验.实验结果表明,该方法不仅能有效去除图像中的拖尾噪声,提高图像质量,而且能够对光斑饱和像元强度进行有效估计.最后,分析多角度偏振成像仪在轨成像图中耀斑区拖尾对其辐亮度测量精度的影响,分析结果表明,拖尾校正前后,灰度方差由202.69×10^6下降至2.32×10^6,平均梯度由5.08×10^-1下降至2.26×10^-1.     

Polarization modulation imaging ellipsometry for thin film thickness measurement

A polarization modulation (PM) imaging ellipsometer is proposed and setup in order to measure precisely the thickness of thin film. Five images are collected sequentially by CCD camera with respect to five pre-determined azimuth angles of a quarter wave plate (QWP) during measurement. Then two-dimensional (2-D) distributions of the ellipsometric parameters ψ and Δ over the full dynamic range are obtained. Conceptually, PM imaging ellipsometer integrates the features of phase shift interferometry with conventional photometric ellipsometry by rotating the QWP sequentially to produce polarization modulation that is able to measure the thickness of a thin film in two dimensions precisely and quickly. The basic principle of PM imaging ellipsometer is derived wherein features such as common path configuration, full dynamic range of measurement, and insensitive to non-uniform response of the CCD are analyzed. The experimental results verify the ability and performance of PM imaging ellipsometer on 2-D thin film thickness, while the errors regarding the ellipsometric parameters measurements are discussed.     

Experimental validation of closed-loop adaptive optics based on a self-referencing interferometer wavefront sensor and a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator

A closed-loop adaptive optics system based on a self-referencing interferometer wavefront sensor (SRI WFS) using phase-shifting point-diffraction technique and an electrically addressed phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC SLM) is built and validated experimentally. The wavefront aberration of incoming beam is directly measured by analyzing four frames phase-shifted interferograms captured by a single CCD camera in two camera shots, and then by loading the conjugate function onto the SLM the wavefront aberration is corrected. The proposed scheme does not rely on any complicated control algorithm or wavefront-reconstruction algorithm and can achieve high-resolution and high-accuracy correction. Closed-loop correction results of single order Zernike aberrations and a Kolmogorov turbulence phase screen show that considerable improvements in the Strehl ratio (of greater than 0.94) is achieved.     

转镜式高灵敏度干涉光谱成像仪ROSI的设计方法

介绍了转镜式高灵敏度干涉光谱成像仪(ROSI)的设计计算方法,包括系统基本参量计算、光程差与干涉仪结构参量和转镜角度的关系以及转镜转速与探测器采样帧频的关系等,同时,分析了像点位移与探测器采样之间的失配问题,并给出了最小采样频率公式.     

基于单一分光棱镜干涉仪的双通路定量相位显微术

仅仅使用一个单独的分光棱镜(BS),实现了一种用于生物细胞三维成像的双通路定量相位显微术.不同于传统的使用方法,将BS倾斜放置,使中央半反射层与入射光光轴之间存在一个非常小的角度.这样基于BS的分光特性,经过BS后的透射光束和反射光束将会叠加在一起并形成干涉.调节样品位置,利用相机拍摄同时获得了存在π相移的双通路干涉图.这种离轴干涉模式,只需要记录单幅干涉图就可以获得真实的相位信息,方法结构简单,易于操作,适用于微小透明样品的三维形貌测量.     

空域移相偏振点衍射波前检测技术

点衍射干涉仪结构简单、共光路、测量精度高, 空域移相干涉仪抗振性能优越, 两者在波前检测领域获得了广泛的应用. 本文采用激光打孔技术, 通过在金属纳米线栅偏振片上制备小孔, 制作了偏振点衍射板; 结合分光结构的空域移相技术, 搭建了空域移相偏振点衍射干涉仪, 并对一焦距为550 mm, F_#10的平行光管准直物镜透射波前进行测量, 与法国Phasics公司生产的商业化波前传感器SID4的测量结果相比较, 两者峰谷值相差0.09λ, 均方根值相差0.012λ ; 利用35项Zernike多项式拟合两者的测量结果, 将拟合得到的系数在同一坐标轴下绘制成两条曲线, 两者基本重合, 从而验证了所搭建的空域移相偏振点衍射波前检测装置的测试精度. 从而在传统点衍射干涉仪的基础上引入了空域移相技术, 实现了波前的高分辨率、高精度、实时检测, 并且提高了对振动、气流等环境因素的抗干扰能力.     

Image encryption with two-step-only quadrature phase-shifting digital holography

An image encryption method with two-step-only quadrature phase-shifting digital holography, based on the calculated intensity of reference wave is proposed. Compared with the presented image encryption method based on phase-shifting technique, the technique need only to record two quadrature-phase holograms on CCD camera, without reference-wave intensity or object-wave intensity measurement, and the encryption keys to perform image encryption on Mach-Zehnder interferometer. When the reference-wave intensity is acquired from 2D correlation coefficient method our presented, the clear retrieved image can be obtained at high speed by certain algorithm. Its feasibility and validity were verified by a series of computer simulations.     

基于正交调制的偏振光谱成像系统研究

为了同时获取目标的全偏振二维图像信息和其光谱信息,设计了一种基于正交调制的偏振光谱成像系统。该系统由光学接收模块、相位调制器、Wollaston棱镜、Savart偏光镜、检偏器以及成像模块组成。其可以将原始光信号分解成两束相互正交的偏振光,并且分别成像在CCD焦平面的上下两部分上,从而构成两幅偏振图像。两组图像的叠加可以将干涉条纹的数据相互抵消,从而获得目标的纯图像信息,两组图像的相减可以将目标灰度图像相互抵消,从而获得目标的纯干涉条纹。通过理论分析与计算得到了光强分布函数和光谱变化形式。实验在稳定的光源环境中采用高对比度目标与背景板,完成了全偏振图像的实时采集。经相位校正和切趾处理改善了干涉图像的畸变,又通过去低频滤波和阈值滤波抑制了图像中背景噪声的影响,从而实现了对目标图像的提取及偏振光谱的复原。该系统具有稳定性高、光谱分辨率可调、信噪比高、可识别能力强等特点,对在复杂背景中提取目标图像、光谱及偏振态信息具有重要意义。