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所谓凝聚态,一般意义上是指液态和固态,而凝聚态化学,即是在固相和液相中的各种化学过程。在无机材料,特别是无机纳米与多孔材料的合成制备中,凝聚态化学过程贯穿其中,几乎无处不在。在固相材料合成过程中,通过液相中的各种化学反应以获得目标固体材料的所需组分和物相,也许就是无机材料合成中一个最基本的凝聚态化学问题;而多孔如微孔或介孔材料合成中,更涉及伴随组分和物相形成过程中的孔结构形成与调控;进一步,在制备面向实际应用如催化剂和药物载体时,则在以上的各项要求之外,还必须考虑材料的表面活性位、缺陷等关键因素,以及颗粒尺寸、分散性和形貌等几何和物理特性。本文以无机氧化物为对象,讨论了无机材料在凝聚态化学合成过程中的几个侧面,包括纳米颗粒和粉体的化学合成方法,多孔材料的合成和多孔复相结构的合成调控,以及多级孔结构沸石的合成制备与催化性能,以期能加深对材料合成中凝聚态化学过程的认识,并期待以凝聚态化学为指导,进一步推动无机材料特别是纳米多孔材料合成的发展。 相似文献
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纳米银的电化学合成 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
纳米颗粒因具有量子尺寸效应、表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应等不同于晶态体材料和单个分子的固有特性 ,显示出体材料不具备的导电特性、光电特性、光催化能力及随粒径变化的吸收或发射光谱 ,已被用于各种发光与显示装置[1] .其制备的化学方法主要有溶胶 -凝胶法、微乳法、化学沉淀法和醇解法等 [2 ] .近年来 ,新发展出一种电化学合成纳米粒子的方法 ,如 Braun等 [3]利用 DNA模板电化学合成了银纳米线 ,Yu等[4 ] 用电化学合成了金纳米棒 ,Zhu等[5] 利用超声电化学合成了半导体 Pb Se纳米粒子 ,Amigo等 [6 ]用电化学方法合成了 Fe-Sr氧化… 相似文献
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利用生物酶高反应活性、高区域及立体选择性和催化反应条件温和等优点,酶催化拆分技术已应用于多种重要的手性化合物单一对映体的制备中。化学合成与酶催化联合,二者优势互补,使得手性化合物的制备原料易得、工艺简捷高效且环境友好,获得的手性单一对映体的光学纯度高,因此化学-酶联合催化技术越来越受到人们的关注,不断地被开发并应用于传统化学法不易制备的手性化合物的合成体系中。本文总结和评述了近年来国内外化学-酶催化技术合成醇类、胺类和氨基酸类以及其他手性化合物的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
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The synthesis and chemistry of polycyclic of cage compounds have attracted considerable attention in recent years. The vast majority of the work reported in this area has dealt with carbocylic cage compounds. On the other hand, the synthesis and chemistry of heterocyclic cage compounds have received less attention. Recently, we envisioned that studies on the synthesis and chemistry of heterocyclic cage compounds can greatly expand the scopes and utilities of cage compounds.1 As part of a program that involves the synthesis, chemistry, and application of heterocyclic cage compounds, we report here the synthesis of new thia-oxa-cage compounds and the chemical nature of these thia-cages. 相似文献
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随着组合化学的迅速发展, 兼容固相合成和溶液相合成优点的液相合成方法已成为实现组合化学的一条重要途径. 综述了近年来聚乙二醇为可溶性聚合物载体支载的杂环化合物库的研究, 并展望了其今后的发展方向. 相似文献
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针对目前教学中存在的理论课程之间、实验课程与理论课程之间关联不够紧密等问题,探索了通过"知识关联"将有机化学基本知识运用到高分子材料合成创新实验中的教学思路。以新试剂合成及应用、荧光聚酯合成、聚酰胺合成、聚酯水解等为例,介绍了如何将有机化学新理论、新方法、新试剂应用于本科高分子化学和高分子材料实验教学,以及如何将有机化学的理论知识和实验手段应用于高分子材料合成教学中。实践表明:通过"知识关联",将有机化学基础理论知识和实验技能应用于高分子合成实验中可以提高学生对所学知识的理解和运用能力,增强学生的实验探索兴趣,有效改进了高分子材料合成实验教学的课堂气氛。 相似文献
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《印度化学会志》2021,98(11):100174
Quinoline and its derivatives have become significant compounds because of their variety of applications in medicine, synthetic chemistry, coordination chemistry, as well as in the field of industrial chemistry. This review will summarize the different conventional methods of synthesis of quinolines and also entrenching special technique approaches such as microwave-assisted synthesis, multicomponent reactions, solvent-free reaction conditions, ionic liquids, ultrasound promoted synthesis, phase-transfer catalyst, photocatalyst, heterogeneous, homogeneous, biocatalysis, etc. 相似文献
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Since its introduction, click chemistry has received a considerable amount of interest. In this contribution, the term click chemistry and the reactions that fall under this term are briefly explained. The main focus of this review is on the application of click chemistry in conjunction with living radical polymerization for the synthesis of advanced macromolecular architectures. Therefore the most powerful living radical polymerization (LRP) techniques are discussed and an overview of click chemistry in the different synthetic schemes is given. A large number of examples are shown that include the synthesis of block copolymers, star-shaped polymers, surface modified particles, and polymer-protein conjugates. The enormous potential of LRP/click chemistry is probably best exemplified by the synthesis of different miktoarm star copolymers, to which a separate section is dedicated. 相似文献
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Multi-component reactions (MCRs) constitute a methodology to shorter syntheses of natural products or complex molecules for
drug discovery. Due to the large number of accessible compounds, this type of chemistry has become very popular between scientists
who are working in the area of combinatorial chemistry. Over the last decade combinatorial chemistry has evolved from the
synthesis of great quantity of simple compounds to the parallel synthesis of complex molecules with a widely varied structure.
MCRs are ideally suited for this trend, being free of limitations of a traditional multistep synthesis. The close connection
and interference of multicomponent reactions and combinatorial chemistry are discussed in this review. 相似文献
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This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures. 相似文献
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水凝胶作为一种有着广阔应用前景的高分子材料,是当今科学研究的热门领域,其制备方法相对简单,还将有机合成化学、高分子化学、无机配位化学和分析化学结合于一体,显示出进一步改编为教学实验的潜力。水凝胶自身环境友好的特点还十分贴合绿色化学的主题,便于在教学实验设计中引入相关内容。虽然绿色化学教育在当今的化学专业人才培养中的重要性与日俱增,但在实际推广中也遇到了一些困难,比如定性描述较多,概念模糊不清,很难激发学生兴趣;定量计算过于简单,只关注反应前后质量变化等。针对绿色化学的教学困境,我们在将水凝胶这一科研成果转化为教学实验外,还引入了最新的绿色化学半定量评价方法,引导学生在实验准备阶段运用新颖的半定量评价方法找寻绿色程度较高的水凝胶合成路线。最终以废旧棉为原料提取改性得到羧甲基纤维素钠,再以滴定法测定其取代度,然后采取金属离子交联方法制备出可视化水凝胶产品,并对其吸附性能进行了初步测试。 相似文献