煤粉加压气流床气化特性实验研究

煤气化技术由于具有高煤炭利用率和低污染排放,近年米得到快速发展.我国煤种灰熔点普遍偏高,约占保有储量的57%,无法满足现有液态排渣气流床气化技术的需要.为扩大该技术对我国高灰熔点煤种的适应性,本文在25kg/h规模的加压气流床气化装置上,对我国高灰熔点煤种进行了气化特性实验研究.研究结果表明:高温有利干气化反应向吸热方向进行,碳转化率升高,但过多氧气存在,使得气化炉内燃烧份额增加,导致合成气中 CO2和H2O的含量升高,CO、H2含量降低,冷煤气效率下降,因此,存在最佳气化温度.本实验条件下,最伟气化温度为1300～1350℃;1350℃连续运行1小时30分,此时气化炉底部和旋风分离器内的灰渣,整体上仍以固态形式存在,只有灰中部分低熔融成分发生熔融,其熔融部分在数μm左右.     

水洗对生物质燃料特性及燃烧特性的影响

采用不同水温通过浸泡的方式对小麦秸秆、稻壳和桐木木屑进行水洗,对原样和水洗后样品分别进行燃料特性分析、热失重分析和灰熔融特性分析,研究了水洗对生物质燃料特性及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,水洗能有效脱除生物质中对锅炉运行造成危害的K、Na、Cl和S元素,使燃烧过程中挥发分的析出和燃烧略有滞后,改善了小麦秸秆的灰熔融特性。随着水温增大,除Cl外,其他三种元素的脱除率单调变化,小麦秸秆的灰渣逐渐变"短"。     

对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅温度和应力传感特性

锥形结构的光纤光栅具有对应力敏感而对温度不敏感的特性,这可以有效抑制温度与应力的交叉敏感问题.提出一种利用熔融拉锥技术实现对称双锥形结构的光纤光栅,结合传输矩阵法建立其传感特性理论模型并加以分析.首先研究影响啁啾系数变化的因素,得到啁啾系数与光栅长度变化量的关系;其次对对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅的光谱特性进行分析,讨论光谱短波长处出现密集调制现象的成因;然后仿真研究温度和应力对对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅的反射谱影响,得到对应的中心波长和光谱宽度的变化关系.并针对应力灵敏度较低问题,提出聚合物涂覆锥区增大传感锥区光纤半径差而进行增敏的方案,利用熔融拉锥法制备对称熔融型光纤光栅,通过实验验证理论仿真的正确性,对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅应力灵敏度为0.11391 nm/N.研究表明,对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅的啁啾系数与光栅长度变化量满足线性关系.对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅端处光栅周期较小,且反射率小于1,左边透射光与右边反射光会产生干涉,因此光谱短波长处会出现密集调制现象.随着轴向应力的增大,光栅反射中心波长向长波方向移动,光谱宽度变大,且两者与轴向应力均满足线性关系;随着温度升高,反射谱峰中心波长向长波方向移动,满足线性关系,而温度对光谱宽度的影响可忽略不计.通过增大传感锥区光纤光栅半径差,光纤光栅的应力灵敏度较之前提高了数百倍,并且增大光栅长度变化量有助于进一步提高应力灵敏度.对称熔融拉锥型光纤光栅的光谱宽度只对应力敏感而对温度不敏感,这一特性可用于实现温度与应力双参量测量.     

InSb材料的激光吸收机制和熔融破坏阈值的研究

本文数值研究了波长为0.69μm和10.6μm的脉冲激光对InSb材料的熔融阈值,考虑了不同的激光吸收机制以及材料的光学热学特性对温度的依赖性,给出了熔融阈值和脉冲宽度的定标关系,并与实验结果作了对比。     

304不锈钢高温NaNO3/KNO3二元熔盐流动腐蚀机理研究

熔融盐以其优良的性能在太阳能热发电站中常被用作储热和蓄热介质,然而由于蓄热的熔融盐工作温度高达500?600℃,这就使得熔融盐对蓄热系统材料的腐蚀成为一个关键问题。本文以美国新月沙丘塔式熔盐太阳能热电站为原型,针对其运行情况,自主设计并搭建旋转式高温NaNO3/KNO3二元熔盐腐蚀特性模拟实验系统,探究了304不锈钢在特定温度、不同流速、不同时间协同作用下的腐蚀动力学特性,并利用SEM、EDX、XRD等分析测试技术探索材料表面的微观腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物形态及元素组成,揭示了304不锈钢在高温流动熔融盐中的腐蚀行为规律和腐蚀机理。     

混煤煤灰熔融特性及矿物质形态的研究

本文对混煤熔融特性温度进行测定，并利用X-射线衍射分析对混煤煤灰的矿物组成进行试验分析，结果表明：混煤可改变原煤的结渣程度；混煤灰熔点与混煤比不成线性关系变化是混煤煤灰的低温共熔现象所致；在变形温度T1下煤灰中矿物质莫来石对煤灰熔融特性温度影响较大，莫来石含量越高，灰熔点越高．     

热处理和紫外辐射对DNA影响的拉曼光谱研究

检测了鲕鱼精ＤＮＡ纤维和经过４０℃，９１℃，２００℃加热处理的拉曼光谱。研究结果表明，在熔融温度以下热处理对ＤＮＡ构象的影响是轻微的，在熔融温度以上则随温度的升高，对ＤＮＡ分子结构的影响有破坏也逐渐加剧，首先受影响的是腺嘌呤和脱氧核糖。     

内旋流流化床燃烧稳定性研究

城市生活垃圾焚烧需要稳定均匀的温度来减少燃烧产生的大气污染物。采用内旋流流化床进行了垃圾焚烧实验,通过改变垃圾处理量、垃圾种类和流化床浓相床区高度,研究了浓相床区温度的稳定性和焚烧炉内温度分布。     

成灰温度对准东煤灰理化特性影响的实验研究

将3种新疆准东煤和4种对比煤种在不同温度下制灰,研究了成灰温度对灰理化特性的影响,并分析了准东煤的积灰结渣特性。研究表明:灰分量、灰成分、灰熔融性、灰挥发特性均与成灰温度密切相关,成灰温度过高会导致碱金属挥发,过低则灰中含有可燃成分。过高或过低的成灰温度均不能准确反映准东煤灰的理化特性,655℃成灰温度比较适合准东煤.提出了采用ST与碱金属含量相结合的结渣判定方法,提高了准东煤结渣判别的准确性.     

高温熔融液滴的破碎特性研究

本文采用高速摄影和数字图像处理技术对高温熔融液滴与冷却水作用时的破碎现象进行了研究,用图像技术对高速摄影(1000 fps,512×512象素)照片进行处理,识别液滴破碎后所形成的碎片,并统计出碎片的数目及尺寸分布;还对液滴温度、冲击速度、水温等因素对液滴破碎过程的影响进行了实验研究和分析。研究结果表明,随着实验条件的改变,液滴破碎后的碎片有三种典型形态,冷却水温度对碎片形态有重要影响;碎片的当量直径符合累积高斯分布,分布曲线可用Sigmoid函数表示;冷却水温度越高,冲击高度越大,液滴温度越高,液滴的破碎过程进行得越彻底。     

Study of slag content and properties after plasma melting of incineration ash

The paper presents the investigation of plasma melting of the mixed bottom and fly incineration ash at various mixing ratios of the components. Chemical compound of the bottom and fly ash as well as the slag after its melting was analyzed by different methods, and the content of toxic components in them was determined. It is demonstrated that the direct disposal of the fly and bottom incineration ash may cause dioxin and heavy metal contamination of the environment. The influence of melted ash basicity on the resulting slag compound was studied. The mass balance of the melting process was defined. The tests were performed to determine the heavy-metals leaching from the ash and slag. It is also shown that the slag after plasma melting is dioxin-free and environmentally friendly.     

废弃物燃烧及流化床焚烧炉冷模实验研究

废弃物燃烧及流化床焚烧炉冷模实验研究王柏懿，盛宏至，戚隆溪，田文栋（中国科学院力学研究所北京１０００８０）关键词：固体废弃物，焚烧，流化床，冷模实验一、引言众所周知，环境污染已成为影响人类生存和社会发展的严重问题。例如，随着人口增长、经济发展和工业化...     

Energy recovery from municipal solid waste incineration—A review

Heat recovery from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) can make a useful contribution to the nation's energy needs. This paper reviews the literature on the field of energy recovery from MSW incineration. This review includes (1) An historical background on the MSW methods of disposal and the recent trends. (2) The potential role of waste as a fuel from the knowledge of its analysis, heating value and quantity. (3) The alternative methods of waste disposal including the thermal (mass incineration, refuse-derived fuel and pyrolysis), the mechanical and the biochemical processes. (4) Some economic considerations regarding MSW disposal costs. (5) The combustion characteristics of MSW and waste combustion plants. (6) Heat recovery from waste burning including the main types of waste heat boilers; the heat recovery rates; heat exchange boundary conditions; fouling, erosion and corrosion of waste heat boilers; control of waste incineration particulate emissions and finally the control of nitrogen oxides emissions. The intensive data given here is essential to the proper design and operation of any MSW-to-energy plant. The design needs to be undertaken with careful consideration of the experience that already exists in order to achieve success.     

Alleviation of thermal corrosion caused by molten ash on heat-exchange tubes in MSW incinerators: Effects of Ni-, Co-, Fe-based HVOF coatings

Thermal corrosion on heat-exchange tubes had an adverse effect on the economical and safe operation of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators. In order to alleviate the corrosion caused by molten ash, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying technology was considered for its ability of enhancing corrosion resistance. In this study, 10 typical Ni-, Co-, Fe-based coatings were employed to find the relationship between material composition and high temperature corrosion resistance. The MSW incineration ash adhesion tests at 873 K were performed to specially simulate the corrosion caused by molten ash on tubes. Besides, mass gain measurements under the exposure of Na/K chlorides and sulfates were also performed to assess the failure of tubes. From experimental results, the strong positive correlation between MSW incineration ash adhesion force and mass gain rate proved the feasibility of using the former as an in-furnace corrosion indicator. Fe-based coatings with Fe accounting for up to 80 wt.%, rather than common coatings with Fe content of ca.50 wt.%, had better performance against thermal corrosion. For Ni/Co-based coatings, the optimal content of ternary components, including body metal (Ni/Co), eutectic metal (Cr) and the other strengthening elements (Mo+W+Si+B, et al.), seemed to be 60–20–20 wt.%. The mutual allocation of three kinds of elements, rather than the content of one specific element, affected its MSW incineration ash adhesion tendency. The microstructure characterization indicated the prevented permeation of corrosive species containing Na, K, S, Cl by the presence of strengthening elements such as Mo. Further comparison of NiCr and NiCrMo coatings explored the effect of Mo reinforcing the coating microstructure free from cracking, besides the widely known effect of forming protective oxidation film. This investigation provided insight for the corrosion resistance in MSW incinerators of harsh operating conditions.     

垃圾焚烧过程中重金属分布特性的研究

本文对垃圾焚烧过程中,不同粒径的灰颗粒中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni六种重金属元素含量进行了测定,同时比较了燃烧飞灰、煤与垃圾混烧的飞灰以及垃圾飞灰三种灰样中相应的重金属含量。结果表明:焚烧飞灰中重金属浓度含量随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减少;三种不同灰样的重金属含量大小依次为:垃圾飞灰>煤与垃圾混烧飞灰>燃煤飞灰。     

城市垃圾与煤在CFBC试验台上的混烧试验

城市垃圾的焚烧处理一直是人们关注的研究领域。本文详细报告了一种城市垃圾与劣质煤在0.15兆瓦CFBC试验台上的混烧试验。试验结果表明,城市垃圾与劣质煤在循环流化床中的混烧可以很好地满足稳定和高温燃烧的要求,通过添加石灰石等含钙物料可以有效地在燃烧过程巾控制SO2、HCl和二(?)英类污染物的生成。     

Study on the plasma treatment of waste oil containing PCB

The paper presents the results of treatment of transformer oil containing less than 2 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a plant of high-temperature plasma melting of ash residues after the municipal waste incineration. The content of undecomposed PCBs, dioxins, and other hazardous waste in all secondary products of treatment (off gases; slag; secondary fly ash; process water used for slag granulation) was analyzed by different methods. Performed analytical investigations showed high ecological degree of PCB decomposition in the plant of plasma-thermal treatment of ashes after incinerators.     

城市垃圾与煤混烧的灰渣中重金属的特性分析

在0.15MWt循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了城市垃圾与煤混烧试验,对焚烧后的灰渣中重金属的特性进行了研究。研究结果显示,重金属在焚烧产物中通常以不同的化合物形态存在,改变垃圾与煤混烧时的燃烧工况条件,可以改变重金属的化合物形态,从而改变重金属在灰渣中的分布;灰渣中重金属的浸出毒性低于危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准中的限定值。     

城市生活垃圾流化床焚烧时PCDD/Fs排放特性的研究

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理已逐渐在我国推广应用．垃圾焚烧所产生的二恶英污染问题日益被人们所关注,浙江大学基于我国城市生活垃圾的特点（高水份、多组份、低热值等）,成功开发了异重流化床焚烧技术并应用于一座 １５０ ｔ／ｄ垃圾流化床焚烧锅炉．木文首先介绍了二恶英的分析方法,其次在小型流化床上进行了ＰＣＤＤ／Ｆｓ的生成机理试验、在此基础上,对１５０ｔ／ｄ垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二恶英排放进行了分析,实验结果将指导焚烧炉优化运行并为进一步研究打下坚实基础。