化学计量学―光谱法在工农业生产中的应用

化学计量学是近几年发展迅速的化学量测方法。常用的化学计量学方法有小波变换、多元线性回归、偏最小二乘法、主成分分析、人工神经网络、遗传算法等。化学计量学方法与光谱法相结合广泛运用于工业生产、农业生产和环境监测等各个领域,体现出化学计量学在数据处理、信号解析等方面的重要作用。化学计量学―光谱法的建立为工、农业生产中多组分混合物的快速、准确测定及满足质量监控等要求提供了一条有效的途径。     

Speciation of Rare Earth Elements in Soil by HPLC-ICP-MS

Elemental speciation is one of the growing features of analytical chemistry of recent two decades. It is now widely recognized that the determination of total trace element contents is no longer sufficient for evaluating their pathways,environmental and biological effects, which mainly depend on their specific chemical forms existing in the samples. On the other hand, rare-earth elements (REEs), which have their unique properties, have recently been used in many fields of industry, and agriculture especially in China for increasing the crop's production. Up to now, the amount of REEs used in agriculture is more than 1000 tons per year in China.¹Such a great amount of "foreign" REEs is annually applied to the environments, what is the effect of the "foreign" REEs to the environments except the increase production brought? Moreover, how is the biological effect to living things including human beings after eating the food? To answer such questions, the speciation of REEs has a special significance.     

Isotopes and radiation technology—Indian scene

India's isotope programme is today largely self-sustaining both in terms of availability of isotope products and the range of their applications in medicine, industry, hydrology, agriculture and research. Nuclear medicine is practised by over 200 medical institutions whereas 300 organisations offer radioimmunoassay service. Tracer technology, nucleonic gauging and isotope raiography are fairly well accepted by the Indian industry for troubleshooting, NDT and process control. There are three large radiation plants for sterilisation of medical products. Radiation chemical processing with both gamma and EB shows good promise. In agriculture, sixteen mutants of various crops have been produced using gamma-radiation and distributed for commerical cultivation. A strong programme of research on radiation preservation of food has finally resulted in the clearance of some irradiated foods by the Government of India.     

From Chemical Processes to Electrochemical Processes: The Key to Minimal Entropy Production

Exothermic chemical reactions exploited in the chemical industry today represent opportunities for the development of fuel cell like devices that can perform these reactions electrochemically. Thereby, the excessive generation of waste heat is avoided and electric power is produced. Moreover, the reactions that exhibit a positive entropy change (S > 0) when performed electrochemically may enable the direct conversion of heat into power to compensate for S. The rapid development of fuel cell technology appears to be an ideal precursor for such new developments. On the other hand, interest form the chemical industry for the development of fuel cell technology can boost the market penetration of conventional fuel cells. In some cases, conventional fuel cell types like the MCFC and the SOFC may be used without change, in other cases maybe only the anode or cathode catalyst materials have to be modified or replaced. New, dedicated electrochemical reactors may be developed. Because of the different reactions, reactants, and products, a new research area for the design of new electrocatalyst lies ahead.     

生物质活性炭的制备及应用进展

生物质活性炭具有原料可再生且来源丰富、价格低廉、比表面积大、孔隙结构发达、热稳定性和化学稳定性好等优点,广泛应用于农业、环境修复、化工、能量储存等众多领域。本文综述了生物质活性炭的制备方法、活性炭属性的影响因素、改性方法及其应用领域,并介绍了其在吸附、催化剂载体、气体存储、电极和超级电容等领域的应用。     

Gaseous Formaldehyde Degrading by Methylobacterium sp. XJLW

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Formaldehyde is harmful to human beings. It is widely used in chemical industry, medicine, and agriculture and is frequently discharged into the sewage....     

近红外光谱分析技术在快速分析上的应用

简要介绍了近红外光谱的原理、特点,综述了近红外光谱在农业、食品、制药、石油化工、高分子等领域快速分析上的研究及应用现状,并对近红外光谱的应用前景进行了展望．     

关于苯并磷杂五环化合物的化学

本文简略介绍了苯并磷杂五环化合物的结构特点和物理化学性质,简述了它们的生物活性及在工农业上的应用。     

Recent progress in nitrates and nitrites sensor with graphene-based nanocomposites as electrocatalysts

Nutrients based on nitrogen elements such as nitrite and nitrate have long been served as food preservatives in the food industry, as fertilizer in agriculture, and as color formers and rust inhibitors in the chemical industry. Due to the extensive nitrite and nitrate usage, the leakage or pollution discharge resulted in a large amount wasted in water sources and soil. As they are highly toxic inorganic pollutant, excess consumption and nitrite exposure can trigger several diseases and damage human health. As a consequence, an urgent need to develop a particular device for detecting and monitoring the presence of nitrite, specifically to measure drinking water quality and control remediation procedures. Owing to the merits of graphene, including broad theoretical surface area, high conductivity at room temperature, and a wider electrochemical window, graphene now serves as an excellent host material for anchoring nanomaterials to enhance the performance of electrochemical applications. There has been rapid progress in developing nitrite and nitrate sensors based on an electrochemical approach with the assistance of graphene-based nanocomposite material as the electrocatalysts. The electrically conductive graphene has high surface areas that allow the deposition of high-density analyte molecules, facilitating better selectivity and high sensitivity compared to other materials. The present review provides an overview on the recent development of electrochemical sensors for detecting nitrates and nitrites using graphene-based nanocomposites as electrocatalysts based on selective reports.     

新工科视域下青岛大学应用化学专业创新人才培养实践

Owing to the rapid development of new technologies, new forms of business, new industries and the major national development strategies of "Maritime power strategy", the applied chemistry specialty of Qingdao University is reformed and upgraded according to emerging engineering education (3E) project and featured with "marine chemical industry and medicine". In this paper, combined with the revision of the professional training program, the specialty of applied chemistry has increased the characteristic courses and course module of marine resources chemistry. Meanwhile, the course content is reformed, and the characteristic talent training is emphasized, which is of guiding significance for reforming and upgrading the traditional majors with 3E concepts.     

环丙基甲基酮的合成研究进展

环丙基甲基酮是合成环丙氟哌酸类广谱抗菌药物和抗艾滋特效药依法韦仑的重要中间体,在医药、化工及农林等领域均有广泛应用。环丙基甲基酮的合成方法大致分为4类,分别以酮类、酯类、醇类及呋喃有机物为原料,在一定条件下生成环丙基甲基酮粗品,经萃取及精馏得到环丙基甲基酮纯品。本文综述了环丙基甲基酮的合成研究进展。     

Combinatorial chemistry in food research

This mini-review is concerned with emerging applications of combinatorial chemistry relevant to the needs of the food industry. More specifically, recent advances in the use of combinatorial methods for the identification and analysis of flavours, "food chemical" libraries as a potential source of enzyme inhibitors for the food industry and the utility of biocatalysis for the generation of molecular diversity are discussed.     

Organotins: Toxicology and biological effects

Organotins are currently one of the most studied groups of organometallic compounds; their novel and often unique chemical properties have intrigued chemists for over 100 years and, today, many of these compounds find extensive use in agriculture and industry. Over the years, however, a number of the organotins have been demonstrated to be toxic and there is now increasing concern that their widespread use may cause adverse effects within environmental and biological systems. This article reviews and updates the current literature concerning organotin toxicology. It identifies the various target organs and systems, discusses mechanisms and species susceptibility, and directs the reader to additional sources of more specialized information as appropriate.     

高效液相色谱整体柱技术研究进展

高效液相色谱整体柱作为一种新型的分离介质,由于其制备工艺简单、易于修饰改性和分离性能优异,近年来引起了人们的广泛关注。聚合物整体柱具有生物相容性好、柱效高、寿命长、选材范围广、重现性好及使用不受p H限制等优势,广泛应用于食品、化工、农业、环境及生物医学领域小分子化合物及蛋白质的分离和检测,显示出较好的应用前景。本文就近10年液相色谱整体柱的制备、改性方法及应用的研究成果进行综述,并对其在不同应用领域的发展前景作了展望。     

ICP-AES法测定氯化钾中的钾含量

以K766.490NM为分析谱线，研究了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定工业和农业用氯化钾中钾含量的方法。经实际样品测定，RSD为0.3215%。t检验结果证明，该方法与四苯硼钾重量法之间无显著性差异。该方法简便、快速，测定结果准确、可靠。     

Fluorescent molecular probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents and their mimics

Owing to their direct toxic effects on human beings, animals, and plants, chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their mimics have become widespread in chemical warfare and agriculture. The considerable concerns about their entry into biological systems and the residues in environment stimulate the development of rapid and sensitive methods for the detection and analysis of this family of compounds. In the progress of sensitive, selective, and fast responsive detection, fluorescent molecular probes have been widely used in the detection of CWAs in recent years. Here the recent reports on the design of fluorescent molecular probes and their advantages in the detection of CWAs were reviewed. Furthermore, the extensive interests accelerate the development of novel fluorescent molecular probes and detection techniques in this field.     

化工、石油产品及硅酸盐分析

本文是《分析试验室》定期评述中“化工、石油产品及硅酸盐分析”课题的第七次评述,评述了１９９７ 年７ 月至１９９９ 年６ 月国内关于化工产品、石油产品、硅酸盐的分析进展,引用文献７０９ 篇。     

Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract as a Template

Plant-based nanoparticles (NPs) have found great interest among various scientist in the present era and used in various sector including medicine, agriculture, and food industry. The various chemical constituents of plants aid in the bioreduction of metal ions to a nanoscale. Among the various NPs synthesized, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs hold a premier position. ZnO NPs have use in textile, cosmetic, diagnostics, optoelectronics, photocatalysis, diodes, and many other areas. NPs synthesized through green synthesis have a potentially greater role in treating clinical pathogens. Present investigations show a simple eco-friendly method for the synthesis of ZnO NPs from the husk of sunflower seeds. Sunflower is an economically important crop, for the formation of edible oil. The husk is considered to be a waste, product in oil industry, however, the biomolecules present in sunflower husk can be used to produce ZnO NPs. Present investigations reveal formation of ZnO NPs and investigations of their structure through scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Their optical properties have been studied by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) and fluorophotometer. ZnO NPs have also been investigated for their potential phytoremedial properties.     

Spectral Interferences in the Determination of REEs in Samarium and Dysprosium Matrices by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

There is an increasing need for sensitive, accurate and convenient analytical techniques for rare earth elements (REEs) analysis and determination with their expanding applications. Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely used in the areas of industry, agriculture and modern technologies, e.g., as growth promotion agent in agriculture,catalyst in oil refining, additives in new ceramic material and special steels, etc. It is also finding important application in nuclear industry.     

Communicating chemical congregation: a molecular AND logic gate with three chemical inputs as a "lab-on-a-molecule" prototype

We demonstrate the first three-input molecular AND logic gate based on three chemical inputs as a direct way of detecting congregations of chemical species. The AND gate operates in water and responds to Na+, H+, and Zn2+ inputs with an enhanced fluorescence signal when pre-set concentration thresholds are exceeded. Future "lab-on-a-molecule" devices could have application in medicine for rapid disease screening.