Low infrared emissivity of polyurethane/Cu composite coatings

Polyurethane/Cu composite coatings with low infrared emissivity near to 0.10 at the wavelength of 8-14 μm were prepared by a simple and convenient process. The influences of the content of Cu powder, surface roughness, coating thickness and temperature on infrared emissivity of the coatings were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the emissivity decreases significantly with increasing content of Cu powder and coating thickness. The coatings with smooth surface exhibit lower emissivity values than those with rough coatings. Moreover, we found the relationship between the emissivity of coatings and temperature presents a “U” type, and the emissivity reaches to the minimum at about 380 K. The mechanisms of low emissivity were proposed by optical theories, which are found to be in a good agreement with the experimental results.     

颜料含量对复合涂层红外发射率的作用机制研究

以聚氨酯(PU)为粘合剂,某片状金属粉为颜料,采用刮涂法制备了PU/片状金属复合涂层。对不同颜料含量条件下涂层的红外发射率进行了测试,并采用扫描电镜对涂层的微结构进行了观察。发射率测试结果表明,涂层发射率随金属粉含量增加呈“∪”型变化。微结构观察结果表明,PU/片状金属复合涂层由PU和片状金属粉交错堆叠而成,具有类似一维光子结构特征。基于涂层的微结构特征,对具有转折变化特征的4个金属粉含量点状态下涂层中一维光子结构的反射光谱进行了模拟计算,结果表明：PU/片状金属复合涂层的发射率随金属粉含量变化呈“∪”型变化关系特征主要是由涂层中一维光子结构的主反射峰中心波长随颜料含量增加所产生的蓝移现象引起的。     

Influence of binder viscosity on the control of infrared emissivity in low emissivity coating

Low emissivity is the complex system and polymer binder is one of the most important factors that affect optical and mechanical properties of the coating. Low infrared emissivity coatings were prepared by using flake aluminum particles and three types of polymer resins as fillers and binders, respectively. The influence of polymer binder viscosity on pigment particles distribution, surface morphology and infrared emissivity of the coating was systematically investigated. The results indicate that infrared emissivity of the coating can be strongly affected by the resin viscosity at the same preparation condition, which induces different aluminum particles distribution and surface morphology of the coating. Low resin viscosity is helpful for aggregating pigments and reducing the top polymer layer thickness near the surface, thus the infrared emissivity is reduced. If the resin viscosity value is decreased by two orders of magnitude, the infrared emissivity values would be reduced as much as 0.2. Additionally, a theoretical model is proposed to account for this mechanism, which indicates that sedimentation, evaporation and diffusion play important roles in forming different aluminum particles distribution during the drying process of the coating.     

红外低发射率隐身涂层对太赫兹波的反射光谱研究

为研究红外低发射率隐身涂层对太赫兹波的反射特性,制备了红外低发射率隐身涂料,测试了其可见光效果、红外热像图及红外发射率等特性参数。以土黄色红外低发射率涂料为测试样品,利用透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统获得了样品在太赫兹波段的复折射率。分析了特征矩阵理论,并利用特征矩阵理论计算了涂层厚度(0.3~0.5 mm）与入射角度(0°~60°)的变化对入射太赫兹波反射特性的影响。结果表明,在相应厚度及入射角度范围内,太赫兹波在0.8 THz频率下具有多个反射峰值,最高值可达90%以上,有利于实现太赫兹波对红外低发射率隐身涂层下金属目标的探测。此外,涂层厚度变化对入射太赫兹波反射率具有较大影响,涂层越厚,太赫兹波的反射振荡越多,反射峰值越大。入射角度对太赫兹波的反射特性具有一定的影响,但整体影响不大,有利于太赫兹波实现多角度目标的探测。最后,以表面均匀涂覆0.42 mm厚涂料的金属板为测试样品,实验测量了样品在0.1~1.5 THz频率范围内的反射特性,并与部分理论计算结果进行对比。结果表明：实验测量结果与理论计算结果在数值和趋势上较为吻合,但也存在一定的偏差。究其原因,主要由样品厚度和样品参数误差导致,但依然可利用特征矩阵理论研究红外低发射率涂层对太赫兹波的反射光谱特性。     

The synthesis and characterization of Al/Co3O4 magnetic composite pigments with low infrared emissivity and low lightness

The main challenge of low infrared emissivity coatings based on aluminum flake lies in finding an efficient method to synthesize the composite pigment with low infrared emissivity and low lightness simultaneously. In this work, we overcome this constraint to some extent, synthesizing a novel Al/Co₃O₄ magnetic composite pigments with low infrared emissivity and low lightness by thermal cracking and hot flowing method. The results show that the covering area of Co₃O₄ on the aluminum flake can be tuned by the amount of CoCO₃ adding in precursor and the reaction temperature of hot flowing, both of which pay a key factor on the VIS and IR spectral reflectance and magnetic properties. The magnetic Al/Co₃O₄ composite pigments with low lightness and low infrared emissivity can be obtained at 130 °C for 24 h in hot flowing liquid. The lightness L¹ can be decreased to 69.2, however the infrared emissivity (8–14 μm) is also low to 0.45. Compared with the single Al flakes, Al/Co₃O₄ magnetic composite pigments present stronger magnetic properties. Therefore, the Al/Co₃O₄ magnetic composite pigments have offered new choice for the pigments of low infrared emissivity coatings.     

Dependence of infrared radiation on microstructure of polymer derived ceramic coating on steel

High infrared emissivity ceramic coatings were prepared on 304 steel by pyrolyzing reactions with poly(hydridomethylsiloxane) (PHMS) and Al/Cr₂O₃ based mixing powders. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, testing temperature and surface roughness on infrared radiation of polymer derived ceramic coating were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the coating pyrolyzed at 800 °C exhibited a slightly higher infrared emissivity value than that of the coating pyrolyzed at 600 °C, which was attributed to the enhancing photon emission caused by the complete conversion of Al to Al₂O₃ and PHMS pyrolysis into SiO₂, together with the introduction of Cr₂O₃ based mixing powders. The emissivity value in 3–8 μm waveband of the coating was lower about 0.03 at 600 °C compared with 800 °C testing temperature, while the emissivity value was almost the same in 8–20 μm waveband. The high surface roughness of the coating led to a slightly increasing emissivity due to the enhancing infrared absorbance.     

Preparation of a novel infrared low-emissive coating from the Cu powder modified by the polyethylene wax

Cu powder was coated with polyethylene wax via the flux-capping method in hope to avoid the oxidation of it, so the increment of the infrared emissivity of the coating can be greatly reduced. The prepared product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The infrared emissivity of the prepared material was measured by Infrared Emissometer. The influence parameters that will affect the emissivity of the coating were systematically investigated, such as the content of coated Cu powder, coating fineness, coating thickness and aging process. The results indicated that the infrared emissivity value of the coating was reduced after Cu powder was coated with polyethylene wax. The polyethylene wax/Cu composites presented a homogenous sheet structure when the content of Cu powder increased to 30 wt.%, and it has a lower emissivity. The infrared emissivity of the coating increases rapidly as thickness increases and becomes steady above thickness of 70 μm. The composite coating exhibits lower emissivity value and excellent physical properties at coated Cu content of 20 wt.%. The emissivity of the coating that was prepared from the modification of the Cu powder was decreased with the decrement of the grinding fineness and increased with the aging time. The emissivity of the coating that was prepared from the modification of the Cu powder is always lower than that of the coating that only composed of the Cu powder with the increment of the aging time. Therefore, it can be concluded that the anti-oxidation of Cu powder is greatly improved after it was modified by polyethylene wax, which results in a novel coating with long-run low emissivity.     

Spectral emissivity of type E235B low carbon structural steel with different roughnesses

A self-built experimental apparatus was employed to study the spectral emissivity of type E235B low carbon structural steel in the wavelength range 2–15 μm at different temperatures by energy comparison method. The surface roughness and topography of the steel E235B were determined by a roughness tester and a scanning electron microscopy, respectively. And then, the spectral emissivity of steel E235B with six different roughnesses was measured before and after oxidation. The measurement results showed that the spectral emissivity increased with the increasing temperature and surface roughness before oxidation. The effect of roughness on the spectral emissivity is different at different wavelength and temperature ranges. However, the oscillatory behavior of the spectral emissivity was observed after oxidation. To explore the possible reasons for emissivity variation, the changes of surface roughness and optical roughness were investigated after oxidation. It is found that both the surface roughness and optical roughness increased after oxidation. Although the optical roughness can be used as one of the parameters to evaluate the effect of surface roughness on the spectral emissivity, it is insufficient to describe the effect of surface morphology on the spectral emissivity.     

Comparison of anti-corrosion properties of polyurethane based composite coatings with low infrared emissivity

Four polyurethane resins, pure polyurethane (PU), epoxy modified polyurethane (EPU), fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) and epoxy modified fluorinated polyurethane (EFPU), with similar polyurethane backbone structure but different grafting group were used as organic adhesive for preparing low infrared emissivity coatings with an extremely low emissivity near 0.10 at 8-14 μm, respectively. By using these four resins, the effect of different resin matrics on the corrosion protection of the low infrared emissivity coatings was investigated in detail by using neutral salt spray test, SEM and FTIR. It was found that the emissivity of the coatings with different resin matrics changes significantly in corrosion media. And the results indicated that the coating using EFPU as organic adhesive exhibited excellent corrosion resistance property which was mainly attributed to the presence of epoxy group and atomic fluorine in binder simultaneously.     

Influence of FeSO4 concentration on thermal emissivity of coatings formed on titanium alloy by micro-arc oxidation

Ceramic coatings with high emission were fabricated on Ti6Al4V alloy by microarc oxidation (MAO) with additive FeSO₄ into the electrolyte. The microstructure, chemical composition and chemical state of the coatings were determined by SEM, XRD, EDS and XPS, respectively. The bonding strength between the coating and substrate was studied by tensile strength test, together with the thermal shock resistance of the coating. The results showed that Fe content in the coating layer significantly affect its thermal emissivity. The relative content of Fe in the coatings surface increased at first and then decreased with increasing the concentration of FeSO₄ in electrolytes, so does the emissivity of the coatings. The bonding strength became weaker with increasing the concentration of FeSO₄. In addition, the coating remains stable over 40 cycles of thermal shocking. The coating formed at 3 g/L FeSO₄ demonstrates the highest an average spectral emissivity value around of 0.87, and bonding strength higher than 33 MPa.     

目标表面发射率对红外热像仪测温精度的影响

介绍了红外热像仪测温原理,分析了影响红外热像仪测温精度的因素,计算了不同表面发射率下红外热像仪的测温误差曲线。理论分析表明,目标表面发射率越高,红外热像仪测温精度越高。实验改变表面发射率的设置,计算了不同表面发射率对应的总辐射亮度,得到TP8型长波红外热像仪能够精确测温时,目标表面发射率必须大于0.5的结果。最后,对表面发射率分别为0.96、0.93和0.3的3种材料进行实际测温,结果表明,材料表面发射率较高时,红外热像仪具有较好的测温精度。     

粗糙度对岩石热红外光谱解混影响的实验研究

现有的岩石热红外光谱解混,大多针对颗粒岩石,无法满足自然界块状岩石高精度光谱解混的要求。研究将粗糙度作为影响光谱发射率与解混精度的考虑因素,研究块状岩石的热红外光谱解混问题。以自然岩石表面形态为依据,设计了三个粗糙度等级;顾及到岩石的结构情况,采用矿物块体拼接的方法模拟制作了3种块状岩石;通过相同和不同粗糙度的解混实验,来研究自然界块状岩石的表面粗糙度对岩石光谱特征和光谱解混的影响规律。结果表明,当矿物端元与岩石在相同粗糙度下光谱线性解混时,效果较好;而在不同粗糙度下解混时,60个解混结果中有48.3%误差超过5%,最大达到25.3%。基于此,建议在实际岩矿高光谱定量遥感中,应该充分考虑粗糙度对光谱解混的影响。     

Microstructure and infrared emissivity property of coating containing TiO2 formed on titanium alloy by microarc oxidation

Ceramic coatings containing TiO₂ were formed on Ti6Al2Zr1Mo1V alloy surface by microarc oxidation (MAO) method. The microstructure, phase and chemical composition of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. The coating mainly consists of rutile TiO₂ and a small amount of anatase TiO₂. The infrared emissivity values of coated and uncoated titanium samples when exposed to 700 °C were tested. It was found that the coating exhibits a higher infrared emissivity value (about 0.9) in the wavelength range of 8–14 μm than that of the uncoated titanium alloy, although which shows a slight increase from 0.1 to 0.3 with increasing exposure time at 700 °C. The relatively high infrared emissivity value of the MAO coating is possibly attributed to the photon emission from the as formed TiO₂ phase.     

温度对AZO薄膜红外辐射性能的影响

随着全球资源的减少和环境的恶化,节能减排已成为人们关注的焦点,具有保温隔热功能的低辐射玻璃成为研究的热点。提高玻璃保温隔热性能最有效的方法就是在其表面涂覆低辐射率层。原材料丰富、导电性能好、可见光透过率高等优势使得Al掺杂ZnO (AZO)薄膜成为最具潜力的低辐射率层。系统研究了温度对AZO薄膜红外辐射性能的影响,分析了变化机理。首先研究了在一定的温度下持续一段时间后,AZO薄膜的红外比辐射率的变化情况。然后研究了在变温环境中红外比辐射率的变化情况。采用直流磁控溅射法在室温下玻璃基片上沉积500 nm厚的AZO薄膜,将薄膜放到马弗炉中进行热处理,在100～400 ℃空气气氛下保温1 h,随炉冷却。采用X射线衍射仪对AZO薄膜进行物相分析,采用扫描电子显微镜观察薄膜表面形貌变化。利用四探针测试法测量AZO薄膜的电阻率,采用红外比辐射率测试仪测试薄膜红外比辐射率, 可见分光光度计测量可见光谱。测试的结果表明,薄膜热处理前后均为六角纤锌矿结构,(002)择优取向。300 ℃及以下热处理1 h后,(002)衍射峰增强,半高宽变窄,晶粒尺寸长大。随着热处理温度的升高,薄膜的电阻率先减小后增大,200 ℃热处理后的薄膜具有最小的电阻率(0.9×10-3 Ω·cm)。热处理温度升高,晶粒长大使得薄膜电阻率降低。热处理温度过高,薄膜会从空气中吸收氧,电阻率下降。薄膜的红外比辐射率变化趋势和电阻率的一致,在200 ℃热处理后获得最小值(0.48)。自由电子对红外光子有较强的反射作用,当电阻率低,自由电子浓度高的时候,更多的红外光子被反射,红外辐射作用弱,红外比辐射率小。薄膜的可见光透过率随着热处理温度的升高先减小后增大,200 ℃热处理后的薄膜的可见光透过率最小,但仍高达82%。这种变化是由于自由电子浓度变化引起的,自由电子对可见光有很强的反射作用。选取未热处理和200 ℃热处理后的样品进行变温红外比辐射率的测量,将样品放在可加热的样品台上,位置固定,在室温到350 ℃的升温和降温过程中每隔25 ℃测量一次红外比辐射率,结果表明,在室温到350 ℃的温度范围内,AZO薄膜的红外比辐射率在升温过程中随着温度的上升而增大,在降温过程中减小,经过整个升、降温过程后,薄膜的红外比辐射率增大。     

热红外光谱的干旱区土壤含盐量遥感反演

干旱区土壤盐渍化已对生态环境构成严重威胁,通过遥感技术对土壤盐分含量进行定量反演具有重要意义。通过采集艾比湖流域的农田土壤和盐壳结晶,在室内配制成不同含盐量梯度（盐分占盐土比重：0.3%～30%）的土壤样品,利用102F FTIR光谱仪测量土壤样品的热红外光谱,并通过普朗克函数拟合得到土壤发射率数据。土壤发射率光谱曲线特征：不同含盐量土壤的发射率光谱曲线在形态和变化趋势上基本一致,发射率随含盐量增加而增大;盐分因子对Reststrahlen吸收特征有抑制作用,随着含盐量的增加,Reststrahlen吸收特征会减弱。通过发射率与含盐量相关性分析：土壤热红外发射率与盐分含量呈正相关关系,最大相关系数达到0.899,对应的波段为9.21 μm;8.2～10.5 μm是土壤盐分因子的最敏感波段。通过一元线性回归、多元逐步回归和偏最小二乘法建模分析比较,偏最小二乘法效果最佳,模型预测的R2达到0.958,RMSE为1.911%。选择ASTER,Landsat8和HJ-1B卫星传感器的热红外波段,进行发射率光谱模拟,通过相关性分析：ASTER的B10,B11和B12波段属于热红外光谱对盐分因子的敏感波段,与土壤含盐量相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.706,0.786和0.872。采用多元线性回归法建立基于ASTER热红外波段的土壤含盐量预测模型,模型预测的R2为0.833,RMSE为3.895%。结果表明,遥感传感器对土壤含盐量的预测能力,取决于传感器的光谱波段对盐分因子的敏感程度,通过卫星热红外遥感定量反演土壤含盐量是可行的,为干旱区土壤盐渍化遥感监测提供了新的途径和参考。     

Optically active helical polyurethane@attapulgite composites: Effect of optical purity of S-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diol on infrared emissivity

Helical polyurethane@attapulgite (HPU@ATT) composites were prepared after the surface modification of the rod-like attapulgite (ATT). HPU@ATT composites based on S-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diol (S-BINOL) with different optical purity (O.P.) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that the helical polyurethane has been successfully grafted onto the surfaces of the modified ATT without destroying the original crystalline structure of ATT. The rod-like nanoparticles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Infrared emissivity values of HPU@ATT composites have been investigated, and the results indicate that the optical purity of monomer plays a very important role in the infrared emissivity for HPU@ATT owing to the effect of helical conformation and interchain hydrogen bonds. Along with the increased optical purity of S-BINOL, the infrared emissivity of HPU@ATT is reduced evidently. Infrared emissivity value of HPU@ATT based on S-BINOL with 100% optical purity is the lowest one (0.431).     

Application of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film as a low emissivity film on Ni-based alloy at high temperature

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films as the low emissivity coatings of Ni-based alloy at high temperature were studies. ITO films were deposited on the polished surface of alloy K424 by direct current magnetron sputtering. These ITO-coated samples were heat-treated in air at 600–900 °C for 150 h to explore the effect of high temperature environment on the emissivity. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and EDS. The results show that the surface of sample is integrity after heat processing at 700 °C and below it. A small amount of fine crack is observed on the surface of sample heated at 800 °C and Ti oxide appears. There are lots of fine cracks on the sample annealed at 900 °C and a large number of various oxides are detected. The average infrared emissivities at 3–5 μm and 8–14 μm wavebands were tested by an infrared emissivity measurement instrument. The results show the emissivity of the sample after annealed at 600 and 700 °C is still kept at a low value as the sample before annealed. The ITO film can be used as a low emissivity coating of super alloy K424 up to 700 °C.     

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure:Design,fabrication,and characterization

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure with reflectivity below -10 dB in the whole radar X wave band and infrared emissivity less than 0.3 in the infrared region of 8μm-14 μm is reported. The designed stealth-compatible structure consists of metallic frequency selective surface （MFSS）, resistive frequency selective surface （RFSS）, and metal backing from the top down, and it is only 2. l-mm thick. The MFSS is made up of some divided low infrared emissivity metal copper films, and the RFSS consists of a capacitive array of square resistive patches. They are placed close together, working as an admittance sheet because of a mutual influence between them, and the equivalent admittance sheet greatly reduces the thickness of the whole structure. The proposed stealth-compatible structure is verified both by simulations and by experimental results. These results indicate that our proposed stealth-compatible structure has potential applications in stealth fields.     

利用FTIR和MODIS数据估算塔克拉玛干沙漠宽波段地表比辐射率

分析并提供了一个利用MODIS窄波段数据,估算地表宽波段(8～14 μm)比辐射率的最优估算方程,并根据该方程获得了塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地表比辐射率特征分布情况。首先,沿塔克拉玛干沙漠的两条南北穿越公路,使用傅里叶变换热红外光谱仪(FTIR),选取20个观测点,获取实测的地表宽波段比辐射率。其次,利用MODIS温度产品MOD11A1和MOD11C1热红外区域第29,31和32波段和MOD09A1近红外区域第7波段数据,建立待定系数的地表宽波段比辐射率多元线性回归估算方程。通过FTIR的观测值和MODIS数据确定该估算方程的系数,并进行误差分析。研究发现,使用FTIR观测值,由MODIS第29,31和32波段数据的线性回归方程,可以产生高精度的地表宽波段比辐射率。加入MODIS第7波段后,新的线性回归估算方程的精度更高,均方根误差RMSE为0.004 5,平均偏差Bias为0.000 1。与文献中的其他六种估算方程横向对比,RMSE和Bias分别比其他六种估算方程低1和2个数量级。最后,利用该估算方程获得了研究区的地表比辐射率分布图,结果显示,沙漠中心区域的值为0.880～0.910,平均值为0.906;有稀疏植被区域的值为0.910～0.940;靠近沙漠边缘的绿洲的值为0.950～0.980。     

Influence of Co(CH3COO)2 concentration on thermal emissivity of coatings formed on titanium alloy by micro-arc oxidation

Ceramic thermal protection coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy were achieved by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in the presence of Co(CH₃COO)₂. The morphology, crystallographic structure and chemical composition of the coating were characterized by various techniques. The thermal emission of the coating was measured by Fourier transform spectrometer apparatus. The bonding strength between the coating and substrate was studied, together with the thermal shock resistance of the coating. The results indicate that the content of Co in the coating layer significantly affects its thermal emissivity. Higher concentration of Co(CH₃COO)₂ in electrolytes leads to more Co ions into the coating, which enhances the emissivity of the coating. All the coatings show bonding strength higher than 10 MPa. In addition, the coating remains stable over 40 cycles of thermal shocking. The coating formed at 4 g/L Co(CH₃COO)₂ displays an average spectral emissivity value more than 0.9 and bonding strength about 10.4 MPa.