Study on electron scattering in solid targets using accurate transport cross-sections

The Vicanek and Urbassek theory [M. Vicanek, H.M. Urbassek, Phys. Rev. B 44 (1991) 7234] combined with a Monte Carlo simulation are used to investigate the transport of 0.5-4 keV electrons in solid targets. The cross-sections used to describe the electron transport have been calculated via a new improved version of the approximate analytical expression given by Jablonski [A. Jablonski, Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 16470]. Some applications are presented here for the calculation of electron backscattering coefficient in semi-infinite Al and Cu targets. The obtained results accord with success with the experiment and clearly represent an improvement with respect to previous theoretical calculations.     

Electron range-energy relationships for calculating backscattering coefficients in elemental and compound semiconductors

Backscattering coefficients for electrons normally impinging on Si, Ge, GaN, GaAs and InSb targets have been calculated by using the Vicanek and Urbassek theory [M. Vicanek, H.M. Urbassek, Phys. Rev. B 44 (1991) 7234] for incident energies ≤5 keV. Electron range has been calculated from various semi-empirical analytical expressions. The cross-sections used to describe the electron transport are determined via the appropriate analytical expression given by Jablonski [A. Jablonski, Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 16470] whose new improved version has been recently reported by Rouabah et al. [Z. Rouabah, N. Bouarissa, C. Champion, N. Bouaouadja, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (2009) 6217]. The results may be seen as the first predictions for low-energy electron backscattering coefficients impinging on GaN, GaAs and InSb semiconductors. The models used in the calculation of the electron range affect both the accuracy and behaviour of the electron backscattering coefficients.     

Penetration range and backscattering ratio of low-energy electrons in metals

The accuracy of the Ashley's optical-data model [J.C. Ashley, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 50 (1990) 323] for describing the energy loss rate and inelastic mean free path of low-energy electrons in Al and Cu has been examined through the use of Ashley's model for calculating the electron penetration range. The latter has also been calculated using the empirical expressions reported by Iskef et al. [Phys. Med. Biol. 28 (1983) 535] and Gryzinski excitation function. The resulting range of penetration is used for determining the electron backscattering coefficients via the use of Vicanek and Urbassek theory [Phys. Rev. B 44 (1991) 7234] where the transport cross-sections are obtained from Rouabah et al. [Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (2009) 6217] approximation. Besides the electron backscattering coefficients have been calculated from Monte Carlo simulation in which the inelastic scattering processes are handled using Ashley dielectric approach. It is found that the use of Ashley's optical model via Monte-Carlo method gives backscattering coefficients more accurate than those obtained via Vicanek and Urbassek theory. This confirms the accuracy of Ashley's optical model and shows that the Monte-Carlo method is much more accurate and precise than the Vicanek and Urbassek semi-empirical approach.     

Backscattering coefficients and mean penetration depths of 1–4 keV electron scattering in solids

In the present study, we have performed Monte Carlo simulation of 1–4 keV electrons impinging on semi-infinite Al and Au to determine the transport cross-section, the backscattering coefficient and the mean penetration depth using a new approximation of the differential elastic scattering cross section. The mean number of the wide angle collisions suffered by the electron before slowing down to rest, and the backscattering coefficient are analytically calculated using Vicanek and Urbassek theory. The analytical results are compared with the numerical ones obtained from Monte Carlo simulation. The present results are found to reveal good agreement with experimental results. PACS 68.37.-d; 68.37.Nq     

Angular Distributions for

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Study of Strange Quark Mass in CFL Phase

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Top Quark Flavor Changing Decay t

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Improved expression for calculating electron transport cross sections

We report a simplified correction for the electron transport cross sections (TCSs) for a number of selected atomic targets ranging from H to U and electron energies between 50 and 4000 eV. The correction has been made to the approximate analytical expression of transport cross sections derived by Jablonski [A. Jablonski, Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 16470] where an argued parameter is introduced. The latter is obtained from a polynomial fit. The energy dependence of the percentage deviation between TCSs from the corrected expression and those obtained from other sources is presented. The TCSs calculated in the present work showed better agreement with accurate values of TCSs than those reported in earlier publications. This may facilitate the evaluation of parameters needed for quantitative Auger-electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

Shape Coexistence for 179Hg in Relativistic Mean-Field Theory

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Re-study of Nucleon Pole Contribution in J/

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Pair-Breaking Critical Current Density of Two-Band Superconductor MgB2

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Dynamics of Two-Photon Lasers with

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Sigma Terms and Strangeness Contents of Baryon Octet in Modified Chiral Perturbation Theory

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基于六粒子纠缠态和Bell态测量的量子信息分离

通过介绍六粒子纠缠态的新应用研究,提出了一个二粒子任意态的信息分离方案.在这个方案中,发送者Alice、控制者Charlie和接受者Bob共享一个六粒子纠缠态,发送者先执行两次Bell基测量|然后控制者执行一次Bell基测量|最后接受者根据发送者和控制者的测量结果,对自己拥有的粒子做适当的幺正变换,从而能够重建要发送的二粒子任意态.这个信息分离方案是决定性的,即成功概率为100%.与使用相同的量子信道进行二粒子任意态的信息分离方案相比,本文提出的方案只需要进行Bell基测量而不需要执行多粒子的联合测量,从而使得这个方案更简单、更容易,并且在目前的实验室技术条件下是能够实现的.     

Diffraction of picosecond bulk longitudinal and shear waves in micron thick films

Investigation of thin metallic film properties by means of picosecond ultrasonics [C. Thomsen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 989 (1984)] has been under the scope of several studies. Generation of longitudinal and shear waves [T. Pézeril et al., Phys. Rev. B 73, 132301 (2006); O. Matsuda et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 095501 (2004)] with a wave vector normal to the film free surface has been demonstrated. Such measurements cannot provide complete information about properties of anisotropic films. Extreme focusing of a laser pump beam (≈0.5 μm) on the sample surface has recently allowed us to provide evidence of picosecond acoustic diffraction in thin metallic films (≈1 μm) [C. Rossignol et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 166106 (2005)]. The resulting longitudinal and shear wavefronts propagate at group velocity through the bulk of the film. To interpret the received signals, source directivity diagrams are calculated taking into account material anisotropy, optical penetration, and laser beam width on the sample surface. It is shown that acoustic diffraction increases with optical penetration, so competing with the increasing of directivity caused by beam width. Reflection with mode conversion at the film-substrate interface is discussed.     

Simulation of turbulence in mode-locked lasers

We establish the connection between a paper by Kartner et al. [F.X. Kartner, D.M. Zumbuhl, N. Matuschek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 4428] entitled “Turbulence in mode-locked lasers”, and earlier work on the role of noise in mode-locked laser systems. We present numerical results that broadly support the analytical results of Kartner et al.     

Bouncing branes

We investigate (4+1)- and (5+0)-dimensional gravity coupled to a non-compact scalar field sigma-model in the context of a single-brane-world scenario with separable metric and a bulk fluid. We briefly discuss the standard cosmological solutions and the family of warp factors (which includes both the original Randall–Sundrum [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 3370, hep-ph/9905221; Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 4690, hep-th/9906064] solution and the solution of Kachru, Schulz and Silverstein [H.A. Chamblin, H.S. Reall, Nucl. Phys. B 562 (1999) 133, hep-th/9903225; S. Kachru, M. Schulz, E. Silverstein, Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000) 045021, hep-th/0001206]) for the case of a rolling fifth radius [C. Kennedy, E.M. Prodanov, Phys. Lett. B 488 (2000) 11, hep-th/0003299]. We show how this model can be adjusted so that it describes the standard cosmology on a self-tuning domain wall (with static fifth radius) [C. Kennedy, E.M. Prodanov, hep-th/0010202] and we discuss the solutions. Searching for a possible relation to the negative Euclidean stress energy, appearing in the Giddings and Strominger's axion induced topology change in quantum gravity and string theory [S.B. Giddings, A. Strominger, Nucl. Phys. B 306 (1988) 890], we modify the non-compact sigma-model into a single-field model (with a rolling fifth radius, separable metric, and no bulk fluid) for the more general case of a brane with non-zero curvature parameter. We find a solution (with a Kachru–Schulz–Silverstein warp factor [Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000) 045021, hep-th/0001206]), representing a Tolman wormhole for a brane with Lorentz metric and for a brane with positive definite metric.     

Topological degeneracy of non-Abelian states for dummies

We present a physical construction of degenerate groundstates of the Moore-Read Pfaffian states, which exhibits non-Abelian statistics, on general Riemann surface with genus g. The construction is given by a generalization of the recent argument [M.O., T. Senthil, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 060601] which relates fractionalization and topological order. The nontrivial groundstate degeneracy obtained by Read and Green [Phys. Rev. B 61 (2000) 10267] based on differential geometry is reproduced exactly. Some restrictions on the statistics, due to the fractional charge of the quasiparticle are also discussed. Furthermore, the groundstate degeneracy of the p + ip superconductor in two dimensions, which is closely related to the Pfaffian states, is discussed with a similar construction.     

Comment on “The Imbert-Fedorov shift of paraxial light beams”

Here I argue that Liu and Li [B.-Y. Liu, C.-F. Li, Opt. Commun. 281 (2008) 3427] reproduce calculations of the Imbert-Fedorov transverse shift previously made in a number of other works. However, it has recently been shown that these results are not valid for standard uniformly polarized beams. The corrected values of the Imbert-Fedorov shift were derived in papers [K.Y. Bliokh, Y.P. Bliokh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 073903; Phys. Rev. E 75 (2007) 066609] and confirmed by recent measurements [O. Hosten, P. Kwiat, Science 319 (2008) 787] with a great accuracy.     

Mixing,ergodicity and slow relaxation phenomena

Investigations on diffusion in systems with memory [I.V.L. Costa, R. Morgado, M.V.B.T. Lima, F.A. Oliveira, Europhys. Lett. 63 (2003) 173] have established a hierarchical connection between mixing, ergodicity, and the fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT). This hierarchy means that ergodicity is a necessary condition for the validity of the FDT, and mixing is a necessary condition for ergodicity. In this work, we compare those results with recent investigations using the Lee recurrence relations method [M.H. Lee, Phys. Rev. B 26 (1982) 2547; M.H. Lee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 250601; M.H. Lee, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 (2006) 4651]. Lee shows that ergodicity is violated in the dynamics of the electron gas [M.H. Lee, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 (2006) 4651]. This reinforces both works and implies that the results of [I.V.L. Costa, R. Morgado, M.V.B.T. Lima, F.A. Oliveira, Europhys. Lett. 63 (2003) 173] are more general than the framework in which they were obtained. Some applications to slow relaxation phenomena are discussed.