High temperature superconductivity in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O oxide system

Stable, reproducible high temperature superconductivity with onset temperatures of 90 K and above is confirmed in the oxide system with nominal metal ion composition BiSrCaCu₂O _x . The onset is nearly the same, but zero-resistance temperatures depend on the heat treatment. Sample quenched from 850 C in air (close to melting) to liquid nitrogen temperature is non-superconducting. BiSr_0.5Ca_1.5Cu₂O _x is also found to be superconducting in which a two-step drop in resistance is observed, one starting around 118 K and the other around 80 K.     

Experimental measurement of the electrical conductivity of pyroxenite at high temperature and high pressure under different oxygen fugacities

Electrical conductivities of pyroxenite were measured between frequencies of 10^?1 and 10⁶ Hz in a multi-anvil pressure apparatus using different solid buffers (Ni+NiO, Fe+Fe₃O₄, Fe+FeO and Mo+MoO₂) to stabilize the partial pressure of oxygen. The temperature ranged from 1073 to 1423 K (800 to 1200 °C) and the pressure from 1.0 to 4.0 GPa. We observe that: (1) the electrical conductivity (σ) of pyroxenite depends on frequency; (2) σ tends to increase with rising temperature (T), and Log σ and 1/T obey a linear Arrhenius relationship; (3) under control of the buffer Fe+Fe₃O₄, σ tends to decrease with rising pressure, nevertheless the activation enthalpy tends to increase. For the first time we have obtained values for the activation energy and activation bulk volume of the main charge carriers, which are (1.60±0.07) eV and (0.05±0.03) cm³/mol, respectively; (4) for a given pressure and temperature, σ tends to rise with increased oxygen fugacity, whereas the activation enthalpy and preexponential factor tend to decrease; and (5) the behaviour of the electrical conductivity at high temperature and high pressure can be reasonably interpreted by assuming that small polarons provide the dominant conduction mechanism in the pyroxenite samples.     

Spectroscopy of II–VI nanocrystals at high pressure and high temperature

We review experimental measurements of CdS, CdSe, and CdS_xSe_{1 − x} nanocrystals which address the properties and phase stability of both powder and embedded nanoparticles under extreme conditions. We address the high pressure phase transition of wurtzite or zincblende phase to the rock salt structure; the high temperature solid to liquid phase transition; and the homogeneous nucleation of nanoparticles in glass from dissolved reactants. We also review the use of high pressure optical measurements to study electronic states.     

Influence of citric acid on the morphology and magnetic properties of barium ferrite thin films

Hexagonal barium ferrite (BaFe₁₂O₁₉) thin films were fabricated by spin coating of precursors from sol-gel methods. Different amount of citric acid was added. Weight loss and changes of chemical bonds during the heat treatment below 500 °C were recorded by thermogravity analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The morphology of the films, i.e. the amount of acicular crystallites in the film, was controlled by adjusting the quantity of citric acid. The X-ray diffraction shows that the films are c-axis oriented, but the crystallization is less perfect with the increase of the citric acid. With the increase of the citric acid, the percentage of the acicular crystallites increased. At the same time, the coercivity force increased. The acicular crystallites were not exchange-coupled to the platelet crystallites. The citric acid was understood to form complex with iron ions and accelerate the exothermal auto-combustion. The c-axis oriented growth of the film was thus deteriorated.     

Acoustically assisted removal of nitrogen oxide from high temperature flue gas

The present study focuses on a possibility for improving NO removal efficiency from flue gas by application of powerful sound waves. The sound waves (frequency 6.9-17.2kHz, intensity 144-160dB) are propagated from Hartmann sound generators to a preheated graphite disk inside a vertical reaction tube (height 1.8m, I.D. 105mm). An Ar-NO synthetic mixture (NO 911-934ppm) is blown onto the disk surface to perform reactions in the system C-NO. It is found that the NO reduction rate can be significantly enhanced by the sound waves but the enhancement effect is dependent on the sound frequency, intensity and temperature of disk surface. The better effects are obtained at a temperature of 973K and sound frequencies between 9.6 and 12.4kHz. Under these conditions, the sound application results in 3-5-fold enhancement of NO reduction rate. The obtained effects are explained in terms of gas-phase mass transfer controlling mechanism and of near surface turbulent diffusivity.     

耐高温光纤Bragg光栅的响应特性研究

以耐高温光纤光栅和普通的光纤光栅为实验研究对象,研究了其高温特性。普通的FBG，当温度超过300℃以上，光纤光栅已变黑变脆，虽然有传感特性，但已不能在实际中应用；通过对耐高温光栅裸栅进行300℃以上的高温实验，发现耐高温FBG处于20℃～350℃之间时反射波长与温度之间有着良好的线性关系，且光栅性能良好，没有出现被碳化现象，灵敏度为0.01nm/MPa；随着温度进一步升高，FBG反射波长与温度开始呈现非线性关系。实验结果表明，耐高温光栅适合于高温油气井下应用。     

Approximate radiative properties of methane at high temperature

Band model parameters for high-temperature methane have been generated up to 2000 K from an extended spectroscopic database. Part of the spectroscopic data are issued from calculations made in the framework of the effective Hamiltonian approach. These data have been completed by a statistical extrapolation. The calculations of global radiative properties such as band absorbtances and total emissivities are in good agreement with the available experimental data showing that the contribution of the hot bands is correctly taken into account. Finally, the degree of correlation between CH₄, CO₂ and H₂O spectra in typical conditions of combustion applications is discussed. Band model parameters are available upon request.     

Burning velocity correlation of methane/air turbulent premixed flames at high pressure and high temperature

Turbulent burning velocities for methane/air mixtures at pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure up to 1.0 MPa and mixture temperatures of 300 and 573 K were measured, which covers the typical operating conditions of premixed-type gas-turbine combustors. A bunsen-type flame stabilized in a high-pressure chamber was used, and OH-PLIF visualization was performed with the pressure and mixture temperature being kept constant. In addition to a burner with an outlet diameter of 20 mm for the high-pressure experiments, a large-scale burner with an outlet diameter of 60 mm was used at atmospheric pressure to extend the turbulence Reynolds number based on the Taylor microscale, R_λ, as a common parameter to compare the pressure and temperature effects. It was confirmed that R_λ over 100 could be attained and that u′/S_L could be extended even at atmospheric pressure. Based on the contours of the mean progress variable c = 0.1 determined using OH-PLIF images, turbulent burning velocity was measured. S_T/S_L was also found to be greatly affected by pressure for preheated mixtures at 573 K. The bending tendency of the S_T/S_L curves with u′/S_L was seen regardless of pressure and mixture temperature and the R_λ region where the bending occurs corresponded well to the region where the smallest scale of flame wrinkling measured as a fractal inner-cutoff approaches the characteristic flame instability scale and becomes almost constant. A power law of S_T/S_L with (P/P₀)(u′/S_L) was clearly seen when S_T was determined using c = 0.1 contours, and the exponent was close to 0.4, indicating agreement with the previous results using the mean flame cone method and the significant pressure effects on turbulent burning velocity.     

Stable and high conductivity ceria/bismuth oxide bilayer electrolytes for lower temperature solid oxide fuel cells

A highly conductive bismuth oxide/ceria bilayer electrolyte was developed to reduce solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating temperatures. Bilayer electrolytes were fabricated by depositing a layer of Er_0.2Bi_0.8O_1.5 (ESB) of varying thickness via pulsed laser deposition and dip-coating on a Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) substrate. The open-circuit potential (OCP) and ionic transference number (t _i) of ESB/SDC electrolytes were tested in a fuel cell arrangement as a function of relative thickness, temperature, and with H₂/H₂O and CO/CO₂ on the anode side and air on the cathode side. These EMF measurements showed a significant increase in OCP and t _i with the bilayer structure, as compared to the cells with a single SDC electrolyte layer. Furthermore, improvement in the OCP and t _i of bilayer SOFCs was observed with increasing relative thickness of the ESB layers. Hence, the bilayer structure overcomes the limited thermodynamic stability of bismuth oxides and prevents electronic conductivity of ceria-based oxides in reducing atmosphere.     

准各向同性高电流密度导体弯曲特性研究

提出了一种准各向同性高工程电流密度高温超导导体的有限元模型,利用该有限元模型计算了导体在不同弯曲半径下的应变分布以及临界电流衰减程度,并对导体样品进行了弯曲实验.实验结果和仿真结果基本一致,基于该有限元模型进一步计算了导体的不同参数对弯曲半径的影响.该研究为准各向同性高工程电流密度高温超导导体在聚变磁体领域的应用提供了...     

Preparation and optical properties of barium titanate thin films

Barium titanate (BTO) films were prepared by sol-gel spin-coating technique. The crystal structure and optical properties of BTO films have been investigated. The results indicate that the BTO films are single perovskite phase having tetragonal symmetry. The band gap of the BTO films increases with the increasing of layer number and decreasing of solution concentration. The transmittance and band gap of the BTO films annealed at 900 °C is more than that of the BTO films annealed at 700 °C when wavelength is 200-1000 nm. When wavelength is 400-1000 nm, the absorption coefficient α obtained by experiment is higher than that obtained by calculation (close to zero).     

无绝缘高温超导双饼线圈的瞬态电热特性分析

无绝缘高温超导线圈具有良好的电热稳定性和机械紧凑性,但其充电过程中却有明显的磁场延迟现象。为详细了解无绝缘高温超导线圈励磁过程的瞬态特性,建立了无绝缘高温超导线圈的同轴圆环等效电路模型。通过绕制一个670匝的无绝缘高温超导双饼线圈,在液氮温度下进行不同充电速率的励磁实验,初步验证了等效电路模型的正确性。基于该模型,针对线圈励磁过程的充电和恒流阶段,仿真得到了线圈各匝的径向电流分布规律和电热损耗特性。     

Synthesis and characterization of hard magnetic composites—Hollow microsphere/titania/barium ferrite

Hard magnetic composites—hollow microsphere (core)/titania (intermediate layer)/barium ferrite (magnetic shell) (M/T/B) were prepared by wet-chemical method. Barium ferrite nanoparticles were directly coated on the rutile titania-coated hollow microsphere forming light hard magnetic composites using sol-gel technique. The prepared composites were characterized with FESEM, EDS, XRD and vibrating sample magnetometry. The composites are composed of barium ferrite, hematite, titania and mullite. For the samples with 40 wt.% barium ferrite, its specific saturation magnetization with titania is increased to 17.88 emu/g in comparison with 9.6 emu/g without titania. The function of titania in the composites is also discussed.     

高温超导转变温度电输运测量的影响因素研究

介绍了一种基于小型制冷机的高温超导转变温度测量装置,并且探究了在这套装置基础上进行实验所需要的测试条件。实验包括三项内容:(1)比较了电流换向法、三点Delta法以及偏置欧姆法三种消除热电势的方法,并最终决定采用适合本装置的电流换向法进行测量;(2)对通入样品的测试电流大小对测试的影响进行了研究,进而确定了进行高温超导材料转变温度测试时所通入电流的范围;(3)对钇系和铊系两种高温铜氧化物超导体进行反复测量,确定最大重复性误差小于0.4K。     

Emissivity measurements on carbon-carbon composites at high temperature under high vacuum

Carbon-carbon composites are candidate materials for the conception of the thermal shield of the “Solar Probe” space mission. To understand their behavior under solar aggressions and know the possible interactions with the shipped-in instruments, these materials were tested in a facility that allows to partially simulate the solar environment and to carry out in situ measurements. In this paper, we present the experimental results obtained for the α/? ratio, i.e. the ratio of the solar absorptivity α to the total hemisherical emissivity ? that controls the thermal equilibrium of the thermal shield. The objective is to find the lower ratio α/? in order to have the lowest temperature on the shield at 4 solar radii.     

Electrical and ferromagnetic properties of Tb-doped indium-tin oxide films fabricated by sol-gel method

The electrical and ferromagnetic properties of (In_0.9−xTb_xSn_0.1)₂O₃ and (In_0.99−yTb_0.01Sn_y)₂O₃ films fabricated by sol-gel method have been investigated. All the films show room temperature ferromagnetism. The magnetic moment per Tb ion of (In_0.9−xTb_xSn_0.1)₂O₃ films first increases and then decreases with the increasing Tb content. The variation of conductivity with Tb content is coincident with that of the magnetic moment. Furthermore, the conductivity and magnetic moment variations with Sn content y in (In_0.99−yTb_0.01Sn_y)₂O₃ films also have the similar trend. These results imply that the ferromagnetism may originate from the carrier-mediated mechanism.     

Electromagnetic properties and microwave absorbing characteristics of doped barium hexaferrite

M-type barium hexaferrite BaFe_12−x(Mn_0.5Cu_0.5Ti)_x/2O₁₉ (x varying from 0 to 3 in steps of 1) have been synthesized by the usual ceramic sintering method. The ferrite powders possess hexagonal shape and are well separated from one another. The powder of these ferrites were mixed with polyvinylchloride plasticizer to be converted in to a microwave absorbing composite. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ac susceptometer, vibrating sample magnetometer, and vector network analyzer were used to analyze its structure, electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties. The results showed that, the magnetoplumbite structures for all the samples have been formed. The sample having higher magnetic susceptibility and coercivity exhibits a larger microwave absorbing ability. Also, the present investigation demonstrates that microwave absorber using BaFe_12−x (Mn_0.5Cu_0.5Ti)_x/2O₁₉ (x=2$x=2$ and 3)/polyvinylchloride can be fabricated for the applications over 15 GHz, with reflection loss more than −25 dB for specific frequencies, by controlling the molar ratio of the substituted ions.     

Structure and dynamics of liquid formamide at high pressure and high temperature: comparison of X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics results

New molecular dynamics simulations with optimised potentials for liquid simulation are presented for liquid formamide at high pressures and high temperatures. The structural results are compared to those found by X-ray diffraction measurements, and the H-bonding structure is analysed in detail. While it is ambiguous from purely experimental data, the simulation results support the idea that pressure increase can enhance ring dimer formation at the expense of linear chain structure, but increasing temperature results in an opposite effect. Dynamical results (reorientational correlation times and lifetimes of hydrogen bonds) are in agreement with these findings.