Insights into the Role of Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Photobase in Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in (sp3)C−H Oxygenation of Oxazolidinones

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is a transition metal free semiconductor that mediates a variety of photocatalytic reactions. Although photoinduced electron transfer is often postulated in the mechanism, proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a more favorable pathway for substrates possessing X−H bonds. Upon excitation of an (sp²)N-rich structure of g-CN with visible light, it behaves as a photobase—it undergoes reductive quenching accompanied by abstraction of a proton from a substrate. The results of modeling allowed us to identify active sites for PCET—the ‘triangular pockets’ on the edge facets of g-CN. We employ excited state PCET from the substrate to g-CN to selectively cleavethe endo-(sp³)C−H bond in oxazolidine-2-ones followed by trapping the radical with O₂. This reaction affords 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-diones. Measurement of the apparent pK_a value and modeling suggest that g-CN excited state can cleave X−H bonds that are characterized by bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) ≈100 kcal mol⁻¹.     

碳量子点及其性能研究进展

碳量子点(Carbon Quantum Dots,CQDs)是一种新型的碳纳米材料,因其强的量子限域效应和稳定的荧光性能等一系列优异性能,吸引了化学、物理、材料和生物等各领域科学家的广泛关注。相比传统半导体金属量子点,CQDs还具备优异的低毒性和生物相容性,更拓宽了其在生物领域内的研究前景。本文简要地介绍了CQDs的制备方法,主要包括自上而下和自下而上两个方向。除此之外,本文综述了CQDs突出的物理化学性质和性能,包括CQDs的荧光性能、生物相容性和上转换效应,并对CQDs在其在生物成像上的应用进行了归纳。     

Methane Photooxidation with Nearly 100 % Selectivity Towards Oxygenates: Proton Rebound Ensures the Regeneration of Methanol

Restrained by uncontrollable dehydrogenation process, the target products of methane direct conversion would suffer from an inevitable overoxidation, which is deemed as one of the most challenging issues in catalysis. Herein, based on the concept of a hydrogen bonding trap, we proposed a novel concept to modulate the methane conversion pathway to hinder the overoxidation of target products. Taking boron nitride as a proof-of-concept model, for the first time it is found that the designed N−H bonds can work as a hydrogen bonding trap to attract electrons. Benefitting from this property, the N−H bonds on the BN surface rather than C−H bonds in formaldehyde prefer to cleave, greatly suppressing the continuous dehydrogenation process. More importantly, formaldehyde will combine with the released protons, which leads to a proton rebound process to regenerate methanol. As a result, BN shows a high methane conversion rate (8.5 %) and nearly 100 % product selectivity to oxygenates under atmospheric pressure.     

缺陷工程调控石墨相氮化碳及其光催化空气净化应用进展

Since the pioneering work on polychlorinated biphenyl photodegradation by Carey in 1976, photocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising and sustainable strategy to overcome the significant challenges posed by energy crisis and environmental pollution. In photocatalysis, sunlight, which is an inexhaustible source of energy, is utilized to generate strongly active species on the surface of the photocatalyst for triggering photo-redox reactions toward the successful removal of environmental pollutants, or for water splitting. The photocatalytic performance is related to the photoabsorption, photoinduced carrier separation, and redox ability of the semiconductor employed as the photocatalyst. Apart from traditional and noble metal oxide semiconductors such as P25, bismuth-based compounds, and Pt-based compounds, 2D g-C₃N₄ is now identified to have enormous potential in photocatalysis owing to the special π-π conjugated bond in its structure. However, some inherent drawbacks of the conventional g-C₃N₄, including the insufficient visible-light absorption ability, fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and low quantum efficiency, decrease its photocatalytic activity and limit its application. To date, various strategies such as heterojunction fabrication, special morphology design, and element doping have been adopted to tune the physicochemical properties of g-C₃N₄. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of defect engineering for boosting the light harvesting, charge separation, and adsorption efficiency of g-C₃N₄ by tailoring the local surface microstructure, electronic structure, and carrier concentration. In this review, we summarize cutting-edge achievements related to g-C₃N₄ modified with classified non-external-caused defects (carbon vacancies, nitrogen vacancies, etc.) and external-caused defects (doping and functionalization) for optimizing the photocatalytic performance in water splitting, removal of contaminants in the gas phase and wastewater, nitrogen fixation, etc. The distinctive roles of various defects in the g-C₃N₄ skeleton in the photocatalytic process are also summarized. Moreover, the practical application of 2D g-C₃N₄ in air pollution control is highlighted. Finally, the ongoing challenges and perspectives of defective g-C₃N₄ are presented. The overarching aim of this article is to provide a useful scaffold for future research and application studies on defect-modulated g-C₃N₄.      

缺陷工程调控石墨相氮化碳及其光催化空气净化应用进展

二维石墨相氮化碳(2D g-C₃N₄)由于其特殊的π-π共轭结构,较窄的禁带宽度(2.7 eV)以及比表面积大、结构稳定、绿色无毒、来源广泛等特点,在光催化领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。然而,传统g-C₃N₄由于其可见光吸收差、光生载流子复合快、量子效率低等固有缺点导致其光催化性能较差,限制其应用。迄今为止,研究人员已经设计并开发了异质结构建、缺陷工程和形貌调控等多种策略来改善g-C₃N₄光催化活性。其中,缺陷工程通过调节g-C₃N₄的表面电子结构和能级结构来提高其光捕获、光生载流子分离-迁移和目标分子吸附/活化能力,从而改善其光催化能力。本文综述了非外源因素诱导(碳空位、氮空位等)以及外源因素诱导缺陷(掺杂和功能化)修饰g-C₃N₄,调控其光电子及光催化性能的最新研究进展,并介绍了2D g-C₃N₄在光催化净化大气方面的应用进展。最后,对g-C₃N₄在光催化领域的后续研究进行了展望。这篇文章的主要目的是为全面、深入地理解缺陷调控g-C₃N₄光催化性能的机制提供思路,以期更好地指导g-C₃N₄光催化剂的后续研究及其工商业应用开发。     

靛蓝锌离子络合物的结构及其光学性质的理论研究

利用密度泛函方法, 基于靛蓝的电子结构, 对其锌离子络合物的可能结构及其光学性质进行了系列理论预测和分析. 计算结果表明, 异构体的不同轨道电子跃迁机理使得靛蓝异构体具有不同的吸收光谱. 理论上计算得到的4种靛蓝锌离子稳定络合物中, 有3种是以顺式靛蓝为配体, 可以预测络合反应中同时应该伴有靛蓝的异构过程, 由络合物的光化学特征可以预测, 靛蓝作为有机染料指示剂在金属离子标定的反应过程中可能生成不同的靛蓝金属络合物分子.     

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯与吡啶共聚g-C3N4复合光催化剂及其增强的产氢活性

Here, we fabricated a pyridine-copolymerized g-C₃N₄ by a novel and cost-effective approach based on Schiff-base chemistry. Thus produced g-C₃N₄ showed significantly enhanced and stable visible-light photocatalytic H₂ evolution performance compared to pristine g-C₃N₄ obtained from urea. Subsequently, we constructed a composite of pyridine-modified g-C₃N₄ and N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) by facile one-pot calcination to elevate the photocatalytic efficiency further. The peak H₂ production rate achieved using this composite was 304 μmol·h^-1, about 11.7 and 3.1 times as those obtained using pure g-C₃N₄ and pyridine-modified g-C₃N₄, respectively. In addition to enhanced visible light absorbance and enlarged surface area, the promoted separation, transfer, and surface reactivity of photogenerated charge carriers by the pyridine ring as intramolecular electron acceptor and N-rGO as \"electron-transfer activation region\" are considered responsible for the remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity.     

g-C3N4/rGO杂化催化剂的简易合成及其对罗丹明B的光催化降解作用

在空气中直接加热三聚氰胺和氧化石墨烯(GO)的混合物制备了g-C3N4/rGO杂化催化剂.实验结果表明,混合物中的g-C3N4保留了石墨型氮化碳原始的特征结构, g-C3N4和还原的氧化石墨烯(rGO)之间的异质结主要通过π-π作用构筑.当原料中三聚氰胺/GO的质量比是800/1时,所得催化剂对罗丹明B的催化作用最强,其一阶动力学常数是纯g-C3N4的2.6倍.这种强化作用主要是由于rGO促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离.此外, g-C3N4/rGO还表现出显著的pH值敏感特性,催化降解速率随pH的降低而增加.当pH =1.98时,其一阶动力学常数是纯g-C3N4的8.6倍.这是由于酸性条件下质子(H+)消耗掉光生电子,促进了空穴对罗丹明B的氧化作用,其中rGO充当了一个快速的光生电子转移平台.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体法制备优异光催化合成过氧化氢性能的氮空穴掺杂石墨相氮化碳（英文）

过氧化氢(H_2O_2)是一种绿色氧化剂,广泛应用于纺织、印染、造纸和医药等行业.目前,工业上采用蒽醌法制备H_2O_2,它由于需要多步加氢和氧化处理,因此能耗非常大.研究发现,采用贵金属催化剂可以将氢气和氧气直接合成H2O2,但催化剂价格过高,且反应本身存在爆炸风险.近年来,半导体光催化合成H_2O_2受到广泛关注.研究发现,在水存在下,光电子可以将氧气还原得到H_2O_2.介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体广泛应用于材料合成、挥发性有机物处理、汽车尾气净化和材料表面处理等.石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)是新型非金属光催化剂,以其性质稳定、能带适中和制备方便等优点而广受青睐.然而g-C_3N_4的比表面积和电荷分离效率较低,大大限制了其应用.本文采用DBD等离子体法在氢气气氛下制备了N空穴掺杂的石墨相氮化碳,采用XRD,N_2吸附,UV-Vis,SEM,TEM,XPS,EIS,EPR,O_2-TPD及PL等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了N空穴对催化剂结构性质、光学性质及光催化合成H_2O_2性能的影响.结果显示,当DBD等离子体处理时间小于30 min时,所制催化剂颗粒尺寸显著小于焙烧法得到的,因而其比表面积显著提高.N空穴的引入降低了催化剂的能带,提高了可见光区的吸收.此外,N空穴作为反应活性位,既能吸附反应物氧气分子,又能捕获光电子并促进光电子从催化剂向氧气分子转移,进而发生后续还原反应.等离子体处理30 min得到的催化剂光催化合成H_2O_2性能最佳,是纯g-C_3N_4的11倍.本文为g-C_3N_4基催化剂的制备提供了一个新方法.     

氧掺杂对VN-g-C3N4催化剂光催化固氮性能的影响

采用介质阻挡放电等离子体法合成了氧原子掺杂的具有氮空穴的石墨相氮化碳催化剂(g-C₃N₄), 并对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征分析. 结果表明, 等离子体处理没有改变催化剂的形貌, 并同时将氮空穴和氧原子引入了g-C₃N₄的晶格. 在可见光条件下, 制备的共掺杂g-C₃N₄催化剂的铵离子产率高达5.9 mg·L ^-1·h ^-1· , 分别是具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄和纯g-C₃N₄的2.2倍和20倍, 同时还表现出优异的催化稳定性. 密度泛函理论计算结果显示, 与具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄相比, 氧原子的引入能提高氮空穴对反应物氮气分子的活化能力, 提高光催化固氮性能.     

Fe掺杂g-C_3N_4的制备及其可见光催化性能

以硝酸铁和三聚氰胺为原料制备不同含铁量的Fe掺杂石墨氮化碳(g-C3N4).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、荧光(PL)光谱、X光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,铁以离子形式镶嵌在gC3N4的结构单元中,影响了g-C3N4的能带结构,增加了g-C3N4对可见光的吸收,降低了光生电子-空穴对的复合几率.以染料罗丹明B的降解为探针反应系统研究了不同含铁量对g-C3N4在可见光下催化性能的影响.结果表明,m(Fe)/m(g-C3N4)=0.14%时,制备的Fe掺杂g-C3N4表现出最佳的光催化性能,120 min内罗丹明B的降解率高达99.7%,速率常数达到0.026 min-1,是纯g-C3N4的3.2倍.以叔丁醇、对苯醌、乙二胺四乙酸二钠为自由基(·OH)、自由基(O2-·)和空穴(h+VB)的捕获剂,研究了光催化反应机理.     

Fe掺杂g-C3N4的制备及其可见光催化性能

以硝酸铁和三聚氰胺为原料制备不同含铁量的Fe 掺杂石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）. 采用X 射线衍射光谱（XRD）、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）光谱、傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）、荧光（PL）光谱、X光电子能谱（XPS）等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,铁以离子形式镶嵌在g-C₃N₄的结构单元中,影响了g-C₃N₄的能带结构,增加了g-C₃N₄对可见光的吸收,降低了光生电子-空穴对的复合几率. 以染料罗丹明B的降解为探针反应系统研究了不同含铁量对g-C₃N₄在可见光下催化性能的影响. 结果表明,m（Fe）/m（g-C₃N₄）=0.14%时,制备的Fe 掺杂g-C₃N₄表现出最佳的光催化性能,120 min 内罗丹明B的降解率高达99.7%,速率常数达到0.026 min^-1,是纯g-C₃N₄的3.2 倍. 以叔丁醇、对苯醌、乙二胺四乙酸二钠为自由基（·OH）、自由基（O₂^-·）和空穴（h_VB⁺）的捕获剂,研究了光催化反应机理.     

Photodissociative Modules that Control Dual-Emission Properties in Donor–π–Acceptor Organoborane Fluorophores

Donor–π–acceptor fluorophores that consist of an electron-donating amino group and an electron-accepting triarylborane moiety generally exhibit substantial solvatochromism in their fluorescence while retaining high fluorescence quantum yields even in polar media. Herein, we report a new family of this compound class, which bears ortho-P(=X)R₂-substituted phenyl groups (X=O or S) as a photodissociative module. The P=X moiety that intramolecularly coordinates to the boron atom undergoes dissociation in the excited state, giving rise to dual emission from the corresponding tetra- and tricoordinate boron species. The susceptibility of the systems to photodissociation depends on the coordination ability of the P=O and P=S moieties, whereby the latter facilitates dissociation. The intensity ratios of the dual emission bands are sensitive to environmental parameters, including temperature, solution polarity, and the viscosity of the medium. Moreover, precise tuning of the P(=X)R₂ group and the electron-donating amino moiety led to single-molecule white emission in solution.