Hydrogénation du CO2 en hydrocarbures sur des catalyseurs bifonctionnels CFA-HZSM-5

The increase of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially CO₂, produced mainly by the burning of fossil fuels is one of the principal causes of global warming. The transformation of CO₂ into tangible products such as fuels and/or raw materials for the petrochemical industry (methanol, hydrocarbons) is one of the possible routes. The synthesis of hydrocarbons by hydrogenation of CO₂ can be done in a single step using oxide/zeolite catalysts. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of zeolite and the proximity between the two oxide–zeolite sites where the oxide layer is iron-based and wherein the zeolite is represented by the HZSM-5. For this, a series of hybrid catalysts was prepared by CuO–Fe₂O₃–Al₂O₃/HZSM-5 mechanical mixing. The catalytic conversion of CO₂ has been carried out in a fixed-bed reactor under the following operating conditions: T = 350 °C, P = 30 bar, H₂/CO₂ = 3. The results show that the addition of the zeolite by intimately mixing it does not improve the catalytic properties and that the yield of hydrocarbons is best obtained with the CuO–Fe₂O₃–Al₂O₃ oxide catalyst according to the Fisher–Tropsch process (FT). However, the increase in near-zeolite oxide inhibits the formation of hydrocarbons and promotes the formation of carbon monoxide.     

Straightforward transformation of isoxazoles into pyrazoles: renewed and improved

Isoxazoles bearing alkyl or carbamoyl groups were transformed into the corresponding pyrazoles in high yields by the treatment with hydrazine in methanol in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, e.g., Raney nickel, at ambient temperature. For the synthesis of N-substituted pyrazoles, hydrogenolysis of isoxazole followed by the treatment with substituted hydrazine was required. 3(5)-Aryl- or acylamido-substituted isoxazoles are less suitable for such transformations.     

Synthesis of hexopyranosyl acetates and 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans via chemoselective hydrogenation of hex-2-enopyranosyl acetates

A simple and easy method for chemoselective synthesis of hexopyranosyl acetates and 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans from hex-2-enopyranosyl acetates was demonstrated. The former was achieved by hydrogenation catalyzed by Rh/Al₂O₃ in EtOAc/toluene solvent at 0 °C, while the latter was carried out using Pd/C in EtOH/AcOH at 25 °C.     

Zeolites: Catalysts for Organic Syntheses

Zeolites have proved to be valuable technical catalysts in petrochemistry and in oil processing. The characteristic properties of zeolites, such as acidity, shape-selectivity and thermal stability also enable them to be used for highly selective synthesis in the fields of chemical intermediates and fine chemicals. This interesting area of application has grown continuously in recent years. The present article summarizes the various standard types of reaction involved in organic syntheses which can be catalyzed by zeolites; these include, inter alia, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, isomerization of double bonds and carbon skeletons, as well as addition, elimination and hydrogenation reactions.     

羊毛—过渡金属络合物的合成及其选择性催化氢化性能的研究

合成和初步表征了以天然高分子羊毛为载体的羊毛一钯单金属和羊毛－钯－铁双金属络合物催化剂；研究表明，在羊毛－钯络合物催化剂中，引入第二金属能极大地改进它的催化性能，提高其催化选择性，更有效的接近酶催化剂的特征．在常温常压下，以羊毛－钯－铁双金属络合物作催化剂，能顺利地使氯代硝基苯和氯代苯甲醛选择氢化成氯代苯胶和氯代苯甲醇．产率均为１００％，有效地抑制了氰取代基的氢解脱除，络合物催化剂中的钯／铁原子比极大地影响着该类氢化反应选择性，在氯代硝基苯和氯代苯甲醛的氢化反应中，最佳的钯／铁原子比分别为１：３和１５：１，这时反应的选择性均达到１００％，溶剂和温度对氢化反应速度均有一定的影响．     

锰配合物催化加氢反应的研究进展

过渡金属催化不饱和有机化合物的加氢反应具有原子经济性高、绿色环保等优点,一直是有机化学研究的重点和难点.当前加氢反应中最常用的催化剂主要是铑、钌、铱、钯等贵金属,以储量丰富的金属锰作为催化剂更符合可持续发展的要求,在过去的几年中,锰催化的醛、酮、酯、腈、酰胺等不饱和化合物的氢化反应得以实现.我们系统地总结了锰配合物在加...     

Influence of Ligands on the Activity and Specificity of Soluble Transition Metal Catalysts

The reaction of a covalently σ-bonded ligand (alkyl group, hydrogen) with a molecule (olefin, CO) attached to the transition metal by a coordinate bond is the essence of many catalytic processes. The influence of the other ligands in the complex on this reaction is discussed in the present article. Various ways in which the ligands can act, e.g. by electronic effects via the σ and π electron systems of the complex and by steric effects, are first described separately and then illustrated by examples.     

载体对其负载的Cu-Co双金属催化剂上5-羟甲基糠醛氢解选择性生成2,5-二甲基呋喃的影响

碳-氧键氢解是生物质呋喃基化合物制备交通燃料常见的模型反应,其中5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)转化为汽油添加剂2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)尤为引人关注.本文采用CeO2,ZrO2和Al2O3负载的Cu-Co双金属催化剂用于HMF选择性氢解制DMF的反应中.采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、投射电镜、H2-程序升温还原、氨-程序升温脱附和元素分析表征了新鲜的和使用过催化剂的结构,并将其与催化活性相关联.Cu-Co/CeO2催化剂通过在大的Cu颗粒上还原C=O键生成了最多的2,5双(羟甲基呋喃)(BHMF).但Cu-Co/Al2O3催化剂具有高度分散的Cu,Cu-Co复合氧化物和大量的弱酸位,因而生成DMF的选择性最高.Cu-Co/ZrO2催化剂则由于存在强酸位,DMF选择性较低,生成了各种过度氢解产物,如2,5而甲基四氢呋喃和5,5-二(亚甲基)双(2-甲基呋喃).因此,考察了Cu-Co/Al2O3催化剂上的反应路径,以及温度、氢气压力和时间等操作条件的影响,使其具有较优的HMF转化率和DMF选择性.     

MgO负载金属双功能催化剂用于生物基山梨醇氢解制丙二醇、乙二醇和甘油

甘油、丙二醇和乙二醇是非常重要的化工原料和合成聚酯类、聚醚类树脂的单体,也可作为功能化合物直接应用于化妆品、食品及制冷等领域.随着生物炼制行业的发展,其作为生物基平台化合物在未来可以获得更为广泛的应用.从富含氧原子的纤维素出发制备甘油和二元醇,符合绿色化学化工的原子经济性、工艺经济性和生产过程清洁等原则,也是生物质资源化利用的重要途径.因此,近年来以纤维素及其衍生物糖和糖醇为原料,通过氢解反应制备甘油和二元醇的研究在国外已广泛开展.在目前已报道的氢解糖和糖醇研究中,几乎均采用包含金属催化剂和液体碱助剂的耦合催化体系,所用液体碱为NaOH, KOH和Ca(OH)2等,使用量很大.这些碱性助剂可以提高金属催化剂对糖醇加氢和氢解反应的催化活性,促进底物转化,但同时也不可避免地加剧了二醇产物进一步氢解和自身缩合反应,使产物选择性降低.在产物分离和提纯过程中,过高的碱浓度也会诱导甘油和二醇产品自身缩合,使分离困难,提高了分离成本.反应液的强碱性还增加了生产过程的设备成本.本文以固体碱MgO为载体,分别负载Ni, Co和Cu等金属制备出Ni-MgO, Co-MgO和Cu-MgO等双功能催化剂,应用于糖醇氢解反应,从而减少或避免使用液体碱添加剂.木质纤维素降解得到的单糖中含量最大的是六碳糖,本文以六碳糖加氢衍生物山梨醇为模型底物,考察了所制MgO负载金属双功能催化剂催化糖醇氢解制甘油和二元醇的活性和选择性,研究了反应条件对山梨醇氢解生成二醇和甘油的影响. 山梨醇氢解反应在不锈钢反应釜中进行.采用气相色谱-质谱联用对氢解产物进行定性分析,采用气相色谱和离子色谱分别对反应中低沸点和高沸点产物进行定量分析.结果表明,在Ni-MgO, Co-MgO和Cu-MgO (其中活性金属和载体MgO的比例为1：3)三种催化剂上山梨醇均能高效转化为乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和甘油;无论是否添加Ca(OH)2,山梨醇氢解活性顺序均为Ni-MgO>Co-MgO>Cu-MgO.三种催化剂上产物选择性有较大差异, Ni-MgO和Co-MgO对乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇具有较好的选择性,其中1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为2,而Cu-MgO催化剂对1,2-丙二醇选择性较高,1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为7.同时,考察了反应温度、压力和反应时间对三种催化剂上山梨醇转化活性和产物选择性的影响.随着温度升高,所有催化剂活性均显著增加,其中Ni-MgO和Cu-MgO催化山梨醇氢解对反应条件较为敏感,而Cu-MgO催化剂对反应条件不敏感.在Ni-MgO催化剂上,可以在较低的反应温度下获得较高的产物选择性.