Optical Spin Polarization of a Narrow-Linewidth Electron-Spin Qubit in a Chromophore/Stable-Radical System

Photoexcited organic chromophores appended to stable radicals can serve as qubit and/or qudit candidates for quantum information applications. 1,6,7,12-Tetra-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4 : 9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (tpPDI) linked to a partially deuterated α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl radical (BDPA-d₁₆) was synthesized and characterized by time-resolved optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Photoexcitation of tpPDI-BDPA-d₁₆ results in ultrafast radical-enhanced intersystem crossing to produce a quartet state ( Q ) followed by formation of a spin-polarized doublet ground state ( D ₀). Pulse-EPR experiments confirmed the spin multiplicity of Q and yielded coherence times of T_m=2.1±0.1 μs and 2.8±0.2 μs for Q and D ₀, respectively. BDPA-d₁₆ eliminates the dominant ¹H hyperfine couplings, resulting in a single narrow line for both the Q and D ₀ states, which enhances the spectral resolution needed for good qubit addressability.     

Solid‐State 17O NMR Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Coordination Compounds

High‐quality solid‐state ¹⁷O (I=5/2) NMR spectra can be successfully obtained for paramagnetic coordination compounds in which oxygen atoms are directly bonded to the paramagnetic metal centers. For complexes containing V^III (S=1), Cu^II (S=1/2), and Mn^III (S=2) metal centers, the ¹⁷O isotropic paramagnetic shifts were found to span a range of more than 10 000 ppm. In several cases, high‐resolution ¹⁷O NMR spectra were recorded under very fast magic‐angle spinning (MAS) conditions at 21.1 T. Quantum‐chemical computations using density functional theory (DFT) qualitatively reproduced the experimental ¹⁷O hyperfine shift tensors.     

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding: The Case of β‐Phosphorylated Nitroxide (= Aminoxyl) Radical

Alkoxyamines and persistent nitroxide (= aminoxyl) radicals are important regulators of nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization. Since polymerization times decrease with the increasing homolysis rate constant of the C? ON bond homolysis between the polymer chain and the aminooxy moiety, the factors influencing the cleavage rate constant are of considerable interest. It has already been shown that the value of the homolysis rate constant k_d is very sensitive to the stabilization of both released radical species. X‐Ray, EPR, and kinetic data showed that the intramolecular H‐bonding radical in the 1‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl 2‐hydroxy‐1,1‐dimethylethyl nitroxide ( 3a ) (homologue of 2‐hydroxy‐1,1‐dimethylethyl 1‐phenyl‐2‐methylpropyl nitroxide ( 2a )) did not occur with the nitroxide moiety as expected but with the phosphoryl group. However, the polymerization rate of styrene (= ethenylbenzene) was significantly enhanced.     

ENDOR Spectroscopy — A Promising Technique for Investigating the Structure of Organic Radicals

The name “ENDOR” has been known since biblical times and denotes a small town close to the Sea of Galilee (ca. 1000 B.C., 1 Sam. 28 : 7 ff). The acronym “ENDOR” (Electron Nuclear DOuble Resonance) characterizes the extension of electron spin resonance to electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy, a method that has opened up new dimensions for the investigation of complicated paramagnetic molecules. Only ENDOR spectoscopy, which has achieved technical perfection in the last decade, overcomes the resolution limitations of EPR spectroscopy, thus allowing interesting applications in the field of biochemistry. ENDOR investigations of the primary process of photosynthesis, of the mode of action of derivatives of vitamin E and K, and of the mechanism of the enzymatic catalysis of flavoenzymes in biological redox-chains have opened up new vistas. ENDOR and its extension to the triple resonance experiment TRIPLE offer, for example, the potential for a precise determination of hyperfine coupling constants, including their signs, which are frequently especially interesting. In addition to protons, a multiple of magnetic nuclei can be studied by ENDOR, such as e.g. ²H, ¹³C, and ¹⁴N. The ENDOR techniques is not restricted to monoradicals, but can also be applied to polyradicals in spin states of higher multiplicities (triplet, quartet, or quintet state). The experimental data accessible from ENDOR yield information about spin and charge density distributions, and about the geometrics of radicals and their internal dynamics; they also provide an excellent test for the accuracy of quantum mechanical calculations.     

Determination of Chlorpromazine in Aqueous Solutions as Studied by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Using a Carbon-Black Detector

Abstract

A simple, fast and reproducible method for determination of chlorpromazine (CLP) is presented. Calibration curves are prepared for the 6.0 mol.dm^?3 solutions of 1.0×10^?6 to 1.0×10^?4 CLP which are oxidized with equivalent volumes of standard Ce⁺⁴ solutions to a highly coloured (λmax⁼⁵²⁵ nm.) semiquinone cation radical. Conventional photometric and photoacoustic techniques using carbon-black detection (CBD) gave consistent results and are used to calculate the CLP content of tablets and ampuls with a good precision, and an overall accuracy of 1.9% and ～3% respectively.     

17O NMR data of phenoxyethyl derivatives

¹⁷O NMR data for 52 phenoxyethyl derivation have been measured and assigned. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radical 4‐exo Cyclizations onto O‐Alkyloxime Acceptors: Towards the Synthesis of Penicillin‐Containing Antibiotics

The 4‐exo cyclizations of two types of carbamoyl radicals onto O‐alkyloxime acceptor groups were studied as potential routes to 3‐amino‐substituted azetidinones and hence to penicillins. A general synthetic route to ‘benzaldehyde oxime oxalate amides’ (= 2‐[(benzylideneamino)oxy]‐2‐oxoacetamides; see, e.g., 10c ) of 2‐{[(benzyloxy)imino]methyl}‐substituted thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid methyl esters 9 was developed (Scheme 3). It was shown by EPR spectroscopy that these compounds underwent sensitized photodissociation to the corresponding carbamoyl radicals but that these did not ring close. An analogous open‐chain precursor, benzaldehyde O‐(benzylaminoacetaldehyde‐O‐benzyloxalyl)oxime, 15 , lacking the 5‐membered thiazolidine ring, was shown by EPR spectroscopy to release the corresponding carbamoyl radical (Scheme 4). The latter underwent 4‐exo cyclization onto its C?NOBn bond in non‐H‐atom donor solvents. The rate constant for this cyclization was determined by the steady‐state EPR method. Spectroscopic evidence indicated that the reverse ring‐opening process was slower than cyclization.     

葡萄糖水溶液氢键结构和动力分析

利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了不同浓度下葡萄糖水溶液的氢键结构和氢键生存周期. 分析了参与i个氢键(分子内、分子间、所有类型)的葡萄糖分子和水分子的百分比分布. 研究发现存在一个特征数N, 参与N个氢键的分子的比例最高, 当iN时, 参与i个氢键的分子的比例随着浓度的增加而减小. 还分析了不同类型氢键(葡萄糖分子内、葡萄糖分子间、水分子间、葡萄糖分子与水分子间、所有类型)的连续和截断自相关函数, 并计算了对应的氢键生存周期.     

离子对水的17O-NMR化学位移和水结构的影响

在小于1 mol•L-1的浓度范围内,测试了碱金属、碱土金属氯化物、卤化钠及其它常见含氧酸盐溶液的17O-NMR化学位移（δ(H217O)）.发现离子对δ(H217O)的影响与离子的半径、电荷、离子外层电子结构及离子结构有关.其它离子参数相同时,离子半径越大,离子的摩尔δ(H217O)越大;在电子结构相同的情况下,离子电荷越大,离子的摩尔δ(H217O)越大;多原子离子的摩尔δ(H217O)更多地是与其离子结构相关.离子的摩尔δ(H217O)的大小反映了该离子对水的结构的影响情况,离子的摩尔δ(H217O)越大,对水的结构促进作用越强.     

含氧催化剂的17O固体核磁共振谱学研究

含氧催化剂在工业催化等多个领域有重要应用.氧离子半径很大,而且往往出现在材料的关键位点,所以一般认为氧与吸附和催化过程密切相关.17O是氧的唯一有核磁共振响应的稳定同位素,其化学范围极宽(>1000 ppm),能灵敏反映结构信息;由于是四极核(I>1/2),其四极耦合作用也能用于结构研究.因此,17O固体核磁共振谱学应是一种能提供丰富催化剂结构信息的理想表征手段.然而,目前17O固体核磁共振研究催化剂并非常规手段,这主要是因为17O的天然丰度很低,同位素标记较为昂贵和困难,其较低的旋磁比和较大的四极耦合作用导致谱线加宽,难以获得高质量的谱图并加以解析.随着高磁场和高速魔角旋转等技术的发展,17O固体核磁共振谱学可以用于一系列简单氧化物和沸石等催化剂的结构研究.近年来,随着双旋转(DOR)、动态角旋转(DAS)、多量子魔角旋转(MQMAS)以及卫星跃迁魔角旋转(STMAS)等新技术的发展,能够消除二阶四极耦合作用带来的谱线展宽,显著提升谱图分辨率.而诸如交叉极化(CP)和旋转回波双共振(REDOR)技术,已经能用于探索氧与其它原子核空间相关方面的信息,成为研究催化剂相关作用的基础.本文综述了氧化物及相关催化剂17O固体核磁共振谱学研究的新进展.17O核磁共振谱学用于简单氧化物催化剂的结构研究,已经能够区分催化剂结构中不同晶相以及不同结晶学位点的氧物种,而1H→17O双共振实验也能用于选择表面羟基物种.对纳米氧化物结构的近期研究表明,17O核磁共振能将纳米氧化铈材料表面第1、2、3层、表面羟基、与氧空位靠近的氧物种与“体相”氧物种区分开来;此外借助17O-水和纳米氧化物作用,实现表面选择标记,为进一步探索催化剂结构和催化机理提供了新的可能.对于复合氧化物和负载催化剂,17O核磁共振谱学能够有效研究与催化性能最为相关的界面结构.在重要的氧化物催化材料沸石的研究中,17O核磁共振也发挥了巨大作用.借助高分辨率17O核磁共振方法,能够区分沸石中Si-O-Si和Si-O-Al物种,在一部分沸石中还能将不同结晶学位置的T-O-T’物种区分开来,并观测到天然沸石中违反Lowenstein规则,出现Al-O-Al物种的情况.借助双共振实验能够对与催化活性最为相关的B酸位Si-O(H)-Al结构和酸性进行研究,这一方法与探针分子相结合,已经能够对沸石和小分子的相互作用进行研究,提供吸附过程的重要信息.包括杂多酸和层状双氢氧化物在内的重要含氧催化材料也能够借助17O固体核磁共振进行局域结构和相互作用的研究.随着表面选择标记和动态核极化等选择表面研究的17O核磁共振技术的发展,我们能实现更为高效的表面结构的17O核磁共振观测,这一谱学方法将提供更多有关含氧催化剂和外来物种相互作用的信息,为研究氧化物催化剂及其催化应用提供新的策略.     

CO LMR spectrum of ~(14)N~(16)O and its analysis with spectra of ~(14)N~(17)O and ~(14)N~(18)O

LMR spectra for v=1←0 transitions of 14N16O in X2Π1/2,3/2 states were observed at 5.6 μm and 5.4 μm of CO laser. Introducing the advanced isotopic molecular constant scaling function to Hund's case (a) diatomic structure model, these spectra were analyzed and fitted together with all reliable previous spectral data of 14N16O as well as 14N17O and 14N18O. A full set of precise molecular parameters and their vibrational dependencies have been determined with much higher precision (1 -2 orders for most parameters). Many of them have been obtained for the first time. Using isotopic scaling function, the molecular constants of 14N17O and 14N18O were deduced.     

17O NMR investigation of phosphite hydrolysis mechanisms

The use of solution 17O NMR spectroscopy in verifying the mechanism of trialkyl phosphite hydrolysis is presented. Trimethyl phosphite was reacted with 17O-labeled H2O at different temperatures and two reactant concentrations, with the reaction being monitored by 17O NMR. Kinetic details elucidated from the NMR spectra are also discussed.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Iron in Aqueous Carbonate Solutions

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is used for in situ study of an iron surface in aqueous carbonate solutions both on open circuit and at constant potentials. Raman signals are assigned to FeCO₃ and adsorbed water. Formation of FeCO₃ corresponds to lowering of iron dissolution.     

ChemInform Abstract: The Hydration Structure of NO- 3 in Concentrated Aqueous Sodium Nitrate Solutions.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.     

17O NMR studies of substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles

Three series of substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were studied by (17)O NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts values were correlated with empirical Hammett parameters as well as calculated bond lengths and chemical shielding values.     

A study of the 17O carbonyl chemical shifts in substituted benzaldehydes

An analysis of 17O carbonyl chemical shifts of 50 substituted benzaldehydes leads to an empirical equation, delta(cal)(17O) = 564.0 + (sigma)(delta)o + (sigma)(delta)m + (sigma)(delta)p + C, for calculating 17O chemical shifts. This equation is based on a linear regression analysis using 11 substituent parameters and leads to good conformity with the expected data.     

17O NMR spectra of alpha-diesters

17O NMR spectra of title compounds were measured at natural abundance in acetonitrile solutions. Intercarbonyl dihedral angles have been estimated by molecular mechanics, which show invariance except in one case. Because of this invariance, contrary to other alpha-dicarbonyl compounds, a correlation between chemical shifts and dihedral intercarbonyl angles could not be developed. Spectroscopic and computational results allowed us to evaluate other conformational features.     

1H-17O nuclear quadrupole double resonance in phenylphosphinic acid and phenylphosphonic acid. 17O quadrupole coupling in P = O and P-O-H bonds

The (17)O nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies have been measured in phenylphosphinic acid and phenylphosphonic acid using nuclear quadrupole double resonance. The quadrupole coupling constants have been determined with an uncertainty of +/- 10 kHz and the asymmetry parameter eta with an uncertainty of +/- 0.01. The results are compared to the published results of the theoretical calculation and the high-field solid-state NMR measurements. The position of hydrogen in the O-H...O hydrogen bond in phenylphosphinic acid has also been determined. On the basis of the present and the previously published data we show that the principal values of the electric-field-gradient tensor in P = O and P-O-H bonds correlate. A correlation between the nuclear quadrupole parameters and the length of the P-O bond is also observed.     

Indirectly Detected DNP-Enhanced 17O NMR Spectroscopy: Observation of Non-Protonated Near-Surface Oxygen at Naturally Abundant Silica and Silica-Alumina

Recent studies have shown that dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can be used to detect ¹⁷O solid-state NMR spectra of naturally abundant samples within a reasonable experimental time. Observations using indirect DNP, which relies on ¹H mediation in transferring electron hyperpolarization to ¹⁷O, are currently limited mostly to hydroxyls. Direct DNP schemes can hyperpolarize non-protonated oxygen near the radicals; however, they generally offer much lower signal enhancements. In this study, we demonstrate the detection of signals from non-protonated ¹⁷O in materials containing silicon. The sensitivity boost that made the experiment possible originates from three sources: indirect DNP excitation of ²⁹Si via protons, indirect detection of ¹⁷O through ²⁹Si nuclei using two-dimensional ²⁹Si{¹⁷O} D-HMQC, and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill refocusing of ²⁹Si magnetization during acquisition. This ²⁹Si-detected scheme enabled, for the first time, 2D ¹⁷O−²⁹Si heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy in mesoporous silica and silica-alumina surfaces at natural abundance. In contrast to the silanols showing motion-averaged ¹⁷O signals, the framework oxygens exhibit unperturbed powder patterns as unambiguous fingerprints of surface sites. Along with hydroxyl oxygens, detection of these moieties will help in gaining more atomistic-scale insights into surface chemistry.     

17O NMR Investigation of Chemical Homogeneity in Hybrid Systems

¹⁷O NMR experiments using enriched water were performed to followthe hydrolysis-condensation process of dimethyldiethoxysilanetetraethoxysilane and a 1/1 mixture of dimethyldiethoxysilane andtetraethoxysilane (H₂O/OEt = 0.5; pH = 2). The spectrarecorded over several hours time period were simulated to followquantitatively the variations of residual water, hydroxyl groups(Si–¹⁷ H) and oxo bridges (Si–¹⁷ –Si). Presence of a resonance signal due oxo bridges between di- andtetrafunctional Si units clearly demonstrates that co-condensationreactions occur to a large extent between the two alkoxides, and that thesebonds are stable during the aging period.