An Experimental Facility to Measure the Chemorheological Response of Inflated Elastomeric Membranes at High Temperature

An experimental facility for measuring the time-dependent deformation of an inflated elastomer membrane at elevated temperatures is presented. The facility controls the temperature and inflation volume of a membrane specimen and measures the pressure and deformation field. The finite deformation field is determined by comparing the configuration of the inflated membrane to the initially flat reference configuration, determined by photogrammetry of an array of dots printed on the surface of the membrane. The facility provides an effective method to investigate the changes in mechanical properties due to scission and cross-linking in the context of a simple elastomeric structure that has a distribution of multi-axial deformation states.     

Torsion of an Elastomeric Cylinder Undergoing Microstructural Changes

A constitutive theory which accounts for scission and cross linking processes in polymers during deformation is used to analyze the torsion of a circular bar. In each increment of deformation at a material element of the torsion bar, some volume fraction of material undergoes scission and then re-cross links to form a new network with a new reference state. The scission process reduces the ability of the material to transmit stress. The newly formed networks restore the ability of the material to transmit stress. The total stress is assumed to be the superposition of the stress in the remainder of the original material, determined by its deformation from its original configuration, and the stress in each newly formed network, determined by the deformation in that network from the configuration at which it formed.The interaction of this material response with the inhomogeneous deformation during torsion is studied. The analysis shows the evolution of regions of original and modified material, the softening effects associated with the process of scission and re-cross linking and the occurrence of residual stress and deformation on removal of load.     

细观结构对复合材料热膨胀系数的影响研究

基于应力为未知量的通用单胞模型改进算法在保证计算精度的前提下，可以提高计算效率，本文利用该方法计算了纤维细观结构对纤维增强复合材料热膨胀系数的影响。计算结果表明，热膨胀系数随体积比的增加而减小，纵向热膨胀系数受纤维的形状和排列方式的影响不大，而横向热膨胀系数受纤维形状以及排列方式的影响较为明显。复合材料的纵向热膨胀系数并不是随温度上升而上升的．它与各组分的弹性模量和热膨胀系数等有关．     

表面波纹度对偏心轮-平面挺杆接触润滑性能的影响

本文采用数值分析方法研究了偏心轮-挺杆副的微热弹性流体动力润滑问题.分析中假设平面挺杆表面分布有余弦波纹,探讨了偏心距和余弦波波长对润滑油膜变化的影响.数值模拟计算结果表明:在偏心轮-挺杆副工作的一个周期里,表面波纹度的存在会导致油膜压力和温度上升.在不同的滑滚比条件下,表面波纹的弹性变形程度不同.在两表面反向运动的半个周期内,随偏心距的增加,滑滚比也增加,导致表面波纹的变形程度降低.在两表面反向运动的半个周期内,波纹的弹性变形程度受“温度-黏度楔”机理的控制.     

Influence of the electron and phonon temperature and of the electric-charge density on the optimal efficiency of thermoelectric nanowires

In this paper we study the thermodynamic efficiency of thermoelectric generators in which the heat transport is driven by phonons and electrons. It is assumed that the phonon temperature and the electron temperature are different, and that the electric-charge density is nonuniform. The mean temperature is defined by observing that the internal energy of the system is the same either in the presence of two temperatures, or of one temperature. In steady states, we determine the influence of the gradients of the mean temperature and of the electric-charge density on the theoretical values of the thermoelectric efficiency. The physical conditions under which such efficiency is optimal are determined as well.     

磨损表面轮廓对点接触热弹流润滑的影响

研究了由磨损引起的接触表面几何轮廓的改变对点接触润滑效应的影响。引入磨平系数ｒｗ来表征接触区的磨平区域大小。在０≤ｒｗ≤的范围内,通过不同工况参数下热弹流的安全数值求解,发现最小膜厚随ｒｗ的增大而减小,中心膜厚随ｒｗ的增大而增大;而ｒｗ的增大而增大;而ｒｗ对油膜最大压力、最高温升及摩擦系数的影响较小。     

Influence of domain switching zones on the fracture toughness of ferroelectrics

The paper presents a fracture model for ferroelectric materials taking into account the hysteretic domain switching processes near to the tip of a macroscopic crack. The model is based on the balance of energy supplied by the driving forces, on the one hand, and the total of energies either dissipated by domain switching, stored in the crack wake region or consumed by the formation of new fracture surface, on the other hand. An internal variable theory describes the nonlinear coupled electromechanical material response within the framework of a three-dimensional continuum model. For simplicity, the complex orientation distribution function of domains in a polycrystalline ceramic is approximated by only six representative space orientations. The theory predicts certain dimensionless material parameter combinations which govern the change of fracture toughness under the application of different mechanical and electrical loadings. A comparison with data available in the literature for barium titanate ceramics yields a reasonable coincidence.     

倾斜摆动条件下衬垫改性对自润滑关节轴承摩擦学性能的影响

本文中通过对PTFE纤维/芳纶纤维混合编织衬垫分别进行稀土处理和丙酮处理,研究了在倾斜摆动条件下衬垫改性对自润滑关节轴承摩擦学性能的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及三维形貌仪分析了衬垫磨损表面微观形貌.研究结果表明:与未经改性处理衬垫的轴承相比,经稀土处理和丙酮处理后自润滑关节轴承减磨耐磨性能均得到提高,其中在高摆频工况下,衬垫经稀土处理后自润滑关节轴承减摩耐磨性能得到更大程度的提高;稀土处理轴承衬垫仅出现轻微黏着磨损,这是由于稀土处理过程增强了衬垫层的自润滑功能.     

Influence of reinforcement arrangement on the local reinforcement stresses in composite materials

The state of stress in and around reinforcements governs a number of physical processes in composite (multi-phase) materials, including the initiation of damage by either reinforcement cracking or interfacial decohesion. The stresses in the reinforcements have been observed to depend on the spatial distribution of the reinforcements, although the exact correlation is unclear. The present work determines the reinforcement stress for different reinforcement arrangements, ranging from a linear array of three uniformly spaced particles, to random and clustered microstructures. The stress calculations for elastic matrices were undertaken using a computationally efficient iterative technique. The technique was validated by comparing the results to finite element models, and the range of validity was determined. For the three-particle arrangements, the maximum reinforcement stress was observed when the particles were close to each other along the line of loading (a vertical arrangement). On the other hand, when the particle arrangement made a large angle with the loading direction, the reinforcement stress was low. Similar observations were recorded for the random and clustered arrangements where the location of the maximum reinforcement stress coincided with a vertical arrangement. The present work also develops a scheme for determining ‘representative volume elements’ for composite micromechanical models, based on the length scales of stress field interactions. These observations can be used to rationalize damage evolution mechanisms in commercial composites, and aid the development of physically based failure models for such materials.     

具有非线性表面换热系数半圆柱薄壳在快速冷却过程中的热分析

用实验和数值计算相结合的方法，得到半圆柱壳体快速冷却过程中内外表面的非线性表面换热系数。在此基础上，用有限单元法对半圆柱壳体的热应力和变形进行了分析。在数值计算中，模拟钢的CCT图，计算了奥氏体、珠光体、贝氏体和马氏体的体积百分比，并将热物理性质和力学性能处理为相变体积百分比和温度的函数。所得结果表明，在半圆柱壳体快速冷却过程中的热应力和变形计算中，有必要考虑非线性表面换热系数、相变等非线性效应。     

水流损失和热补偿共同作用对增强型地热系统(EGS)产能影响的研究

基于青海共和盆地-3705m地热田实测数据,结合流固耦合传热理论并运用Comsol软件,建立了离散型裂隙岩体流体传热模型。考虑水流损失和热补偿共同作用,模拟得到了开采过程中上、下岩层(盖层和垫层)为绝热不渗透、传热不渗透、渗透传热时,储层(上、下岩层和压裂层)温度场的变化特征,分析了产出流量、水流损失、产出温度、产热速率的变化规律。研究结果表明:采热过程中产出流量始终小于注入流量;产出流量增幅速率先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定,前3a产出流量增幅超过总增幅量的3/4;忽略水流损失,将高估产热速率,采热初期甚至达到考虑水流损失时产热速率的3倍以上;考虑水流损失,产热速率呈先快速上升再趋于稳定后逐渐下降的趋势,最优开采时间为3a^11a;研究上、下岩层对产出温度的影响,仅考虑传热,采热寿命延长5.43%,同时考虑渗流传热时,采热寿命延长2.71%;采热前9a,水流损失占主导作用,即流入上、下岩层水流损失对产热速率的影响高于热补偿效应,开采10a后,热补偿效应占主导作用;同时考虑水流损失和热补偿效应得到的产热速率变化规律与实际工程更为符合,建议选择低渗透能力的上、下岩层延长增强型地热系统(EGS)运行时间。     

Experimental Study of the Influence of Changes in Load Direction on the Performance of a Crown Bearing

Laboratory tests have been carried out in order to investigate the influence of small changes in load direction on the performance of a steadily loaded hydrodynamic crown journal bearing. Hydrodynamic pressures, temperature distribution on the bush internal surface, shaft temperature, oil flow rate and bush torque were measured for fixed sets of operating conditions, at three different groove locations () with respect to the line of load ( = 0, –30, and +30 degrees). For each groove location quantitative information is provided concerning to the influence of applied load and shaft rotational speed on the performance characteristics. Changing the location of the groove around the load line did affect flow rate, bush torque and maximum hydrodynamic pressure, but only had a slight effect on bush maximum temperature.     

Influence of the coupling of mechanical and thermal fields on the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a cylinder

A dynamic boundary-value problem of coupled thermoelasticity for a finite cylinder with mixed boundary conditions is solved. The problem is reduced to a system of four singular integral equations solved by the mechanical-quadrature method. A numerical experiment is conducted to obtain amplitude-frequency characteristics for finite cylinders with different cross sections. The effect of thermoelastic coupling on stress distribution is assessed __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 86–95, October 2006.     

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Thermal Stresses on the Nonlinear Thermomolecular Pressure Difference Effect

On the basis of a numerical analysis of the non-Navier-Stokes gas-dynamic equations for slow non-isothermal gas flows, the nonlinear thermomolecular pressure difference effect due to a large temperature gradient along the lateral surface of a capillary is investigated. It is shown that the magnitude of the effect is substantially different from the values calculated using the Navier-Stokes equations. For two models of molecular interaction (Maxwell molecules and hard spheres), the possibility of a quasi-one-dimensional interpretation of the effect for experimental estimation purposes is demonstrated. The solutions of the relaxation kinetic equation for flow in a plane capillary at small Knudsen numbers and the gas-dynamic equations for slow non-isothermal flows are compared and the range of their applicability is estimated.     

TiAl合金表面热障涂层的组织结构及其高温磨损性能研究

利用EB-PVD技术在TiA l合金表面制备了扩散铝/YSZ热障涂层.采用SEM、EDS和XRD分析了涂层的微观组织及其相组成,并测试了显微硬度和耐磨性.结果表明：涂层表面YSZ层为致密柱状晶结构,由非平衡四方相t＇-ZrO2组成;涂层结构由表及里依次为YSZ/A l2O3/TiA l3/TiA l2/TiA l;涂层的显微硬度和高温磨损性能显著提高,其高温磨损机理为轻微的犁削和严重的粘附转移,体积磨损率约为TiA l合金磨损率的1/10.     

Calculation of the Slip Velocity of a Rarefied Gas on a Solid Spherical Surface with Allowance for Accommodation Coefficients

The slip velocity of a rarefied gas with inhomogeneous temperature and mass velocity on a solid spherical surface is calculated with the use of a twomoment boundary condition in the linear approximation in terms of the Knudsen number. The dependence of the slip velocity on accommodation coefficients of the two first moments of the distribution function is studied.     

铰孔和疲劳对冷挤压孔周残余应力的影响

应用干涉云纹测量了冷胀孔周残余应力分布，并用实验方法研究了铰孔和疲劳对残余应力的影响。介绍了测试技术和原理，提供了典型的实验结果，并讨论了误差原因     

Influence of thermophysical properties on the thermal stability of insulated composite superconducting tape

The effect of thermal conductivity and heat capacity on thermal stability of Nb-Ti tape superconductor stabilized with copper and subjected to transient thermal disturbance, was numerically investigated. The problem was solved by using the three- dimensional heat conduction equation. The results show that the anisotropy of thermophysical properties of the superconductor have significant effect on the thermal stability. It is found that the thermal stability of the tape is improved by increasing the heat capacity and decreasing the thermal conductivity. The best limits for anisotrpy factors α _k and α _c are (1.0; 1.5) and (2.0; 2.5), respectively.     

Influence of acoustic radiation on the sensors of a gyrostabilized platform

The paper analyzes the joint effect of acoustic radiation and angular motion of a launch vehicle on the gyroscopic sensors of a three-axis gyroplatform and the operation of the stabilizer under synchronous and asynchronous swinging.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 122–130, October 2004.     

Influence of the flexibility of links on the dynamics of a multilink robot manipulator

The influence of the distributed flexibility of links on the dynamic behavior of a cantilevered multilink robot manipulator is studied. Two dynamic models of the robot are considered. In one of the models, the effectors are flexible. It is described by a hybrid system of ordinary and partial differential equations. In the other model, the manipulator links are perfectly rigid. It is based on the Lagrange formalism and described by a system of ordinary differential equations. To estimate the positioning accuracy, the results of modeling the manipulator in both cases are compared. A three-link manipulator is examined as an example __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 126–137, May 2007.