Rapid sea-level change in the Late Guadalupian (Permian) on the Tethyan side of South China: litho- and biostratigraphy of the Chaotian section in Sichuan

The Capitanian (Late Guadalupian) Maokou Formation at Chaotian in northern Sichuan, South China, is composed mainly of shallow marine shelf carbonates deposited on the Tethyan side of South China. By detailed field mapping and scientific drilling, we newly found out unique fossil assemblages and a sharp lithologic change in the upper part of the Maokou Formation. The main part of the Maokou Formation (over 130 m thick) is composed of algal packstone with Wordian-Capitanian large-tested fusulines, rugose corals and other sessile benthos, whereas the Uppermost Member (13 m thick) is composed of black limy mudstone/chert with Capitanian offshore biota (ammonoids, radiolarians, and conodonts). The topmost Capitanian conodont zones are missing; however, the Maokou Formation is disconformably overlain by 260+/-4 Ma volcanic ash (Wangpo bed) and the Early Lopingian Wujiaping Formation with plant-bearing coaly mudstone and shallow marine carbonates (packstone). The newly identified facies change indicates that northern Sichuan has experienced rapid sea-level changes in the late Guadalupian, i.e., first a transgression in the mid-Capitanian and then a regression across the Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary. As the end-Guadalupian is characterized by a global regression, such a volatile sea-level fluctuation, in particular the sea-level rise, is unique to the Tethyan side of South China. The newly recognized relatively deep-water late Guadalupian sequence adds new paleo-environmental information and further provides a paleotectonic interpretation of the low-latitude eastern Tethyan margin immediately before the end-Guadalupian mass extinction.     

陶寺、殷墟白灰面的红外光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对天然石灰石、模拟白灰面以及采自陶寺遗址和殷墟遗址的白灰面进行了分析检测,以探明陶寺和殷墟遗址白灰面所用原料。结果显示,人工烧制石灰碳化后所形成的方解石,其ν₂/ν₄比值高达6.31,明显高于天然石灰石中的方解石,从而表明人工烧制石灰碳化所形成的方解石较之天然石灰石中的方解石具有较高的晶体无序度;随着研磨程度的增加,天然石灰石中的方解石和人工烧制石灰碳化形成的方解石,其ν₂和ν₄值逐渐减小,人工烧制石灰碳化形成方解石的ν₂-ν₄特征趋势线斜率较高,从而为考古出土人工烧制石灰的判定提供了一种简便、有效的方法。根据此判别方法,陶寺和殷墟遗址的白灰面很可能是采用人工烧制石灰所制备的,表明中国古代先民在距今4300多年的新石器时代晚期已掌握了石灰烧制技术。     

Guadalupian (Middle Permian) giant bivalve Alatoconchidae from a mid-Panthalassan paleo-atoll complex in Kyushu,Japan: A unique community associated with Tethyan fusulines and corals

Unique new fossil assemblages containing the large bivalve family Alatoconchidae are recorded from the Guadalupian (Middle Permian) shallow marine limestone in Kamura, Kyushu. The large bivalves occur in the Neoschwagerina Zone and Lepidolina Zone. This discovery establishes that the biostratigraphic range of the family Alatoconchidae extends up to the top of the Lepidolina Zone (upper Capitanian of upper Guadalupian) i.e., to the end-Guadalupian extinction level. The largest Alatoconchidae in Kamura occurs in the Neoschwagerina Zone, the size of which is up to 50 cm long and 5 cm thick. Although details are still unknown, their morphology with a wing-like side projection of their valves appears very similar to that of Alatoconchidae that includes the well-known genus Shikamaia Ozaki. The bivalve-bearing Iwato Formation was derived from a mid-oceanic shallow marine carbonate build-up formed on a mid-oceanic paleo-seamount. The close association among the Alatoconchidae, typical Tethyan fusulines (Verbeekinidae) and rugose corals (Waagenophyllidae), plus their common extinction pattern suggests that the Alatoconchidae flourished in warm, shallow (photic) marine environments in low latitude areas in Panthalassa as well as Tethys. The extra-large size and double-layered shell with a translucent outer layer composed of prismatic calcite suggests that these bivalves may have hosted abundant photosynthetic algal symbionts to support their large-body metabolism.     

Whole-Rock U-Pb Dating of the Shuijingtuo Formation Sedimentary Rocks in the Yangtze Gorge

Black shale and enclosed limestone lenticule from Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorge is successfully dated by whole-rock U-Pb method. The results yield a concordant age of about 573 ± 14 Ma, in excellent agreement with both stratigraphic and palaeontologic evidence. The whole-rock U-Pb method can provide a reliable approach for age determination of sedimentary stratum.     

Shedding light onto the spectra of lime: Raman and luminescence bands of CaO,Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3

In microscopy studies of 19^th‐century cement stone, we found free lime in the form of darkened spherical structures, as they were described in the literature already. When trying to determine their phase composition by Raman spectroscopy, we encountered contradictive assignments in literature spectra of the lime phases CaO, Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃ and observed strong spectral features that have been ignored or erroneously assigned so far. In this study we present Raman spectra of pure lime phases and of a naturally grown calcite crystal, burnt limestone (quick lime, mainly CaO), aged slaked lime putty (mainly Ca(OH)₂), and carbonated lime putty (mainly CaCO₃). Based on the results, we shed light mainly onto these two questions: (1) Does CaO have a Raman spectrum? (2) Which features in the spectra are luminescence bands that could be (and already have been) misinterpreted as Raman bands? We proof our assignment of luminescence bands in lime phases by using three different laser wavelengths for excitation, and give hypotheses on the origin of the luminescence as well as practical advices on how to identify these misleading features in Raman spectra. This article is mainly addressed to users of Raman spectroscopy in different fields of material analysis who might not be aware of the presence of interfering bands in their spectra. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海IODP 349航次U1434站位海相红层成因——来自漫反射光谱与X荧光光谱的制约

提出IODP349航次首次在南海发现的大洋红层,与ODP124 航次苏禄海、苏拉威西海大洋红层以及三水盆地陆相红层相似,都具有直接覆盖于大规模岩浆岩之上的特征,对于揭示红层与岩浆热事件的关系具有重要意义。自上而下采集U1434站位灰绿色-红棕色海相沉积序列进行测试分析,并设计实验模拟沉积-成岩过程中氧逸度和地热温度对红层色素形成的控制作用,通过红色与非红色沉积、实测与实验样品的对比分析,探讨红层成因机制及其地质意义。采用漫反射光谱、荧光光谱分析以及二价铁滴定测试,量化分析了海相沉积与实验样品的颜色红度值、针铁矿、赤铁矿与不同价位铁元素的含量,得到以下新认识：U1434站位红色-非红色海相沉积均形成于较高的氧逸度条件,水体氧化还原环境的差异并不是控制红色与非红色沉积的主要因素;U1434站位大洋红层直接覆盖大洋玄武岩,起源于沉积-成岩阶段的高地温作用;陆相红层和白垩纪海相红层均分布于相应时期的构造-岩浆活动带,暗示了红层对地质热事件具有重要的指示意义。     

Investigation of element distribution between components of a salt-lake system by SR-XRF

Numerous bitter lakes, largely closed and shallow, are concentrated in a small area of the South of Western Siberia (Kulunda and Barabinsk steppes). Most lakes are marked by the development of thick black or grayish blue silt organogenic sediments formed due to the dying-off of local halophilic organisms. Salt lakes are of great interest for scientists. The investigation was conducted in the context of complex biological and biochemical studies aimed at identifying regularities in the redistribution of elements between components of a salt-lake system by SR-XRF (Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence).     

银/金刚石微粉复合材料对硝酸盐红外吸收特性的影响

中国海洋环境的污染日趋严重,其中大部分是由无机氮和磷酸盐导致。有效快速的监测海洋营养盐,尤其是硝酸盐,已成为一个显要的问题。传统的检测方法主要是利用化学分析法,更适合实验室测试之用。红外吸收光谱对海洋营养盐的实时监测具有重要意义,能够弥补传统方法的不足,并具有快速、同步监测多种营养盐等优点。但海水中的营养盐浓度极低,使得红外光谱检测极限难以满足要求。纳米材料能产生表面增强红外吸收(SEIRA)效应,利用此效应,使红外光谱检测海洋营养盐技术成为可能,优点得以发挥。纳米银(Ag)具有显著的表面等离子体共振效应,可以帮助实现SEIRA。金刚石具有过强的抗腐蚀性和其他特殊的性能,如高硬度和高光透射率,是理想的红外窗口材料。具体来说,利用热分解硝酸银的方法在硅基底(Si substrate)上制备了银/金刚石微粉(Ag/DP)复合材料,研究了银与金刚石微粉的不同比例对NaNO₃(一种主要海洋营养盐)的水溶液红外吸收的影响。结果表明,Ag/DP复合材料使NO-₃的两种反对称伸缩振动ν_high和ν_low的红外吸收有较大幅度提高;银与金刚石微粉比例为2∶1时,硝酸钠水溶液的红外吸收增强效果最佳。该实验结果将对海洋营养盐进行实时、长期、连续的检测提供重要信息,为海洋灾害预防、海洋环境污染治理等海洋领域提供有力的数据支持。     

苏羊遗址白灰面的制作工艺研究

河南省洛阳市宜阳县苏羊遗址是中原地区史前时期的重要遗址之一,该遗址出土房址的地面和墙面涂抹有“白灰面”,其原料和制作方法对研究史前建筑材料具有重要意义。采用X射线衍射分析仪（XRD）、X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）对采自苏羊遗址的白灰面、遗址周边地区的几种天然石灰质原料（料礓石、石灰石和牡蛎）进行分析检测,以探究苏羊遗址白灰面的制作原料。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对苏羊遗址的白灰面、天然料礓石和模拟制备的白灰面进行分析检测,利用红外图谱中方解石的ν₂/ν₄值反映其晶体的无序程度,并绘制ν₂-ν₄特征趋势线,最后结合微观形貌观察,以探究苏羊先民在制作白灰面时,是否将原料人工烧制成石灰后再使用。结果显示,苏羊遗址白灰面样品的主要物相为石英、方解石以及少量长石,化学成分中钙含量与硅含量较高,其化学成分、物相等与天然料礓石相似,而不同于石灰石和牡蛎;根据红外谱图显示的信息,苏羊遗址白灰面的ν₂/ν₄平均值在3.6左右,远低于人工烧制石灰的ν₂/ν₄值,其ν₂-ν₄特征趋势线也与天然料礓石的接近;结合扫描电镜观察结果,可初步认为苏羊先民在制作白灰面时,以天然料礓石为原料,未对料礓石进行人工烧制,是直接将其粉碎后与水按比例混合成浆状,涂抹于墙面、地面以及窖穴穴壁。相关研究结果为辨别天然料礓石和人工烧制料礓石的碳化产物提供了一种较为便易的研究方法,有助于进一步了解史前白灰面的制作原料和工艺,为考古工作人员研究史前居民制作建筑材料的工艺和改善居住环境的思维意识提供了参考依据。     

On the trapping of positrons in cadmium in the temperature range from 80 to 330 K

The positron lifetime was measured in cadmium in the temperature range between 80 K and 500 K. For the first time a plateau was observed by this method in polycrystalline samples. The obtained data are well explained by depletion of shallow traps forT180 K and by self-trapping in the prevacancy region.     

Electron correlation in the second Landau level: a competition between many nearly degenerate quantum phases

At a very low-temperature of 9 mK, electrons in the second Landau level of an extremely high-mobility two-dimensional electron system exhibit a very complex electronic behavior. With a varying filling factor, quantum liquids of different origins compete with several insulating phases leading to an irregular pattern in the transport parameters. We observe a fully developed nu=2+2/5 state separated from the even-denominator nu=2+1/2 state by an insulating phase and a nu=2+2/7 and nu=2+1/5 state surrounded by such phases. A developing plateau at nu=2+3/8 points to the existence of other even-denominator states.     

基于射线跟踪技术的浅海波导中目标回声计算

基于浅海波导中目标回声计算的射线声学方法,将数值模型推广到任意声速剖面的情况,发展了基于射线跟踪技术的浅海波导中复杂目标回声的数值计算方法。应用HAPRO声线模型跟踪计算本征声线,并结合板块元方法计算浅海波导中的目标声散射。算例比较了冬、夏两季典型声速剖面和细沙、黏土海底等不同浅海环境情况下的目标回声特性。计算表明,浅海波导中球体和横向放置的长圆柱体的等效目标强度ETS与自由空间中的目标强度TS很接近,声速剖面和海底底质对这类目标的ETS影响很小,传统意义上的声呐方程基本上成立。竖向放置的长度/波长比远大于1长圆柱以及benchmark潜艇等复杂形状目标的ETS与自由空间中的TS差别较大,传统的主动声呐方程存在较大误差。      

Dispersion of the signal of a parametric array in shallow water

Results of an experimental study of shallow-water propagation are presented for a broadband acoustic signal produced by a parametric array. The narrow-beam character of the signal provides single-mode excitation of the oceanic waveguide. The possibility of compression of the broadband signal in the course of its propagation in shallow water is discussed for the case of a specially adjusted frequency modulation. The use of waveguide dispersion leads to an increase in the efficiency of parametric radiation in shallow water.     

A high-resolution measurement of the photofission spectrum of 232Th near threshold

The Chalk River bremsstrahlung monochromator at the University of Illinois Microtron Laboratory has been used with a multiwire fission chamber to measure the photofission cross section of ²³²Th between 4.95 and 6.76 MeV with a resolution of 12–14 keV. This cross section, which on the average increases exponentially with photon energy, shows three plateaus 5.20 to 5.80, 5.90 to 6.15, and above 6.30 MeV respectively. Structure is observed on eached plateau. In particular there appear to be well-resolved peaks, separated by ≈ 100 keV, at 5.50 and 5.60 MeV on the lowest plateau and other prominent peaks are observed at 5.92, 6.03 and 6.11 MeV on the middle plateau. The closely spaced structure in each region might be interpreted as evidence for the excitation of vibrational states in shallow outer wells of a multiwell potential.     

Protective performances of two anti-graffiti treatments towards sulfite and sulfate formation in SO2 polluted model environment

Specific strategies for protection are being developed to counter both the staining and corrosive effects of polluted air in cities, as well as to allow for efficient removal of unwanted graffiti paintings. These protection strategies employ molecules with tailored functionalities, e.g. being hydrophobic, while maintaining porosity for molecular water vapour permeation.The present study employs SO₂ and water to probe the behaviors of two anti-graffiti treatments, a water-base fluoroalkylsiloxane (“Protectosil Antigraffiti” marketed by Degussa) and an organically modified silicate (Ormosil) synthesized from a polymer chain (polydimethyl siloxane, PDMS) and two network forming alkoxides (Zr propoxide and methyl triethoxy silane, MTES) dissolved in n-propanol, on five building materials, comprising limestone, aged lime mortar, hydrated cement mortar, granite, and brick material.The materials were exposed to a synthetic atmosphere for 20 h in a climate chamber, 0.78 ± 0.03 ppm of SO₂ and 95% RH. Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DR-FTIR) spectra were registered before and after exposure in the climate chamber in the cases of both treated and untreated samples. DR-FTIR, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses, suggest the anti-graffiti Ormosil to suppress formation of calcium sulfite hemihydrate (the primary initial product of the reaction of calcium compounds with SO₂ and water) on carbonate materials (limestone and lime mortar).In case of the granite, brick and cement mortar, Ormosil has a negligible influence on the SO₂ capture. While no sulfite formation was detected by DR-FTIR, gypsum is inferred to form due to metal oxides and minority compounds catalysed oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. In case of brick, this understanding finds support from SEM images as well as EDX. A priori presence of gypsum in hydrated cement mortars prevents positive identification by SEM. However, support for sulfur accumulation in hydrated cement mortar is provided by means of EDX.In case of a second anti-graffiti considered, Protectosil, no influence of the anti-graffiti treatment on the SO₂ uptake of any of the building materials was observed.     

传统糯米灰浆碳化过程中Liesegang环的形成机理研究

采用FTIR,XRD,SEM等技术,对传统糯米灰浆碳化过程中出现的Liesegang环现象进行了初步研究。结果表明,使用陈化石灰和糯米浆制备的糯米灰浆在碳化过程中能形成较明显的Liesegang环;陈化石灰-糯米灰浆固化后的极小孔隙,是传统糯米灰浆中Liesegang环形成的本质原因,其形成机理符合延迟成核理论。     

福州盆地第四纪钻孔XRF连续扫描的元素特征及沉积相指示意义

对福州盆地河口地区一个39 m钻孔岩芯进行X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF)扫描,通过XRF元素连续扫描结果探讨福州盆地海陆交互地层在不同沉积单元中各元素的变化特征及其沉积相指示意义。钻孔岩芯从晚更新世晚期至全新世共经历了5个沉积阶段：湖泊相—河流冲积相—淤泥质滨海潮滩相—河口潮滩相—河流冲积相。XRF扫描结果表明：元素Co, Fe, Ti, Si及其与Rb的比值受到沉积物粒度影响较大,对陆相(河流相)和海相(潮滩相)中粒度特征相近的层位进行了元素均值统计显示,近岸河口湾海相沉积物中的Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co等元素是陆相地层中的3～10倍,Si元素则在陆相层中相对富集。说明除了粒度因素,海-陆沉积环境的变化对元素的富集也起到了重要作用。Ca,Ti,Mn,Fe,Co等元素是较好的海相沉积指示元素,而Si则是较好的陆相沉积指示元素,K,Rb,Sr对陆相沉积具有一定的指示意义。研究结果表明XRF元素连续扫描可以识别沉积物的元素变化细节,并根据元素的强度变化进一步判断沉积相,可以作为沉积相划分的重要辅助手段。该研究为XRF连续扫描方法在海陆交互带的应用提供了实例。     

耦合势有限体积法高效模拟各向异性地层中海洋可控源的三维电磁响应

本文基于电场矢势与标势分解的耦合势有限体积法研究建立一套各向异性地层中海洋可控源电磁法的三维响应的高效数值模拟技术.首先引入电场的矢势和标势,将电场分解为无散场和无旋场之和,Maxwell方程转换为关于矢势与标势的混合Helmholtz方程,克服低感应数问题.在此基础上,借助Yee氏交错网格和有限体积法以及非均质单元中等效电导率公式,建立混合Helmholtz方程的离散方程.并采用直接法求解器PARDISO求解离散方程,有效保证在大的求解空间中仍然能够获得电磁场稳定可靠的数值解.此外,在数值模拟中利用差异场技术,克服源的奇异性问题,尽可能提高近场的计算精度.与解析解的对比证明了该算法的有效性.数值模拟结果表明,海洋可控源电磁法沿测线方向的电场,对油气藏的纵向电阻率敏感,对横向电阻率不敏感;对油气藏上方的覆盖层的纵向电阻率和横向电阻率都敏感.     

A bio-optical model suitable for use in forward and inverse coupled atmosphere-ocean radiative transfer models

A simple, yet complete bio-optical model for the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of oceanic waters is developed. This bio-optical model is specifically designed for use in comprehensive, multiple scattering radiative transfer models for the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. Such models can be used to construct next-generation algorithms for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and marine parameters. The computed remote sensing reflectance R_rs(λ) is validated against field measurements of R_rs(λ) compiled in the SeaBASS data base together with simultaneous chlorophyll concentrations (C) ranging from 0.03 to . This connection between R_rs and C is used to construct a chlorophyll concentration retrieval algorithm that yields reliable results for a large range of chlorophyll concentrations. The overall performance of a MODIS/VIIRS chlorophyll concentration retrieval algorithm is found to be less satisfactory.     

NMR evidence for the persistence of a spin superlattice beyond the 1/8 magnetization plateau in SrCu2(BO3)_{2}

We present 11B NMR studies of the 2D frustrated dimer spin system SrCu2(BO3)_{2} in the field range 27-31 T covering the upper phase boundary of the 1/8 magnetization plateau, identified at 28.4 T. Our data provide a clear evidence that above 28.4 T the spin superlattice of the 1/8 plateau is modified but does not melt even though the magnetization increases. Although this is precisely what is expected for a supersolid phase, the microscopic nature of this new phase is much more complex. We discuss the field-temperature phase diagram on the basis of our NMR data.