THE DISPLACEMENT FUNCTION OF QUASI-CONFORMING ELEMENT AND ITS NODE ERROR

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非线性有限元的若干基本问题

本文介绍了非线性有限元中的若干基本问题。其中包括有关应变、应力和非线性平衡方程的一些基本概念,基于不同非线性广义变分原理的位移模式、杂交模式和拟协调模式几何非线性有限元及其在壳体屈曲问题中的应用等。      

拟协调元研究综述

拟协调元是有限元中十分重要的、具有特色的一种列式体系. 拟协调元列式简单、灵活, 统一了协 调元、非协调元等列式方法. 在列式中, 拟协调元将几何方程和平衡方程同时弱化, 并强调基函数在有限元空 间中的重要作用; 借助对位移和应变离散精度的控制, 拟协调元保障了单元的收敛性, 并可以利用泰勒展开校 核进行简便直接的收敛性分析. 研究者们利用拟协调元已经构造了大量的优秀的单元, 并广泛地应用到结构问 题、流体流动问题、非线性分析、稳定性和破坏分析等方面. 这些工作集中体现了拟协调元的理论价值和工程 应用价值. 对拟协调列式方法、列式理论和已发表文献中的主要拟协调单元进行了总结. 最后对拟协调的研究 工作进行了展望.      

用拟协调元直接构造平面任意四边形单元——进入有限元的禁区

利用拟协调元方法,在直角坐标系下直接构造了一族平面任意四边形单元,对其收敛性进行了分析,并与平面等参元进行了对比研究.结果证明平面任意四边形单元可采用多项式基函数直接列式,并可以保障单元的收敛性;拟协调元列式可以使平面问题的有限元方法得到统一.与平面等参元相比,单元列式简单,性能稳定,具有显式的刚度阵,计算量小,这说明对于有限元平面问题拟协调元是一个更正确、有效的做法.      

弱连续条件下的九参三角形板元

首先对薄板弯曲平衡方程的弱形式进行了推导,导出保证单元收敛的弱协调条件,即三角形顶点函数值连续和三边的法向导数积分连续这两个条件;对比拟协调元、广义协调元和双参数法中所使用的3个积分连续条件,本条件更弱;再对这3个积分协调条件的构成方法进行了总结和分析,现有采用积分连续条件构造的有限元大都采用了这些构成方法.采用弱协调条件构造有限元,比原来的构造范围更广,井以此构造出几种单元作为算例.采用这种构成法还可构造多种单元,它们都具有采用最小势能原理法构成有限元的简便的优点,并在任意网格下收敛到真解.     

QUADRILATERAL 4-NODE QUASI-CONFORMING PLANE ELEMENT WITH INTERNAL PARAMETERS

在拟协调框架之下,利用新的内参形函数构造了一个四边形四节点拟协调平面单元. 新的内参位移函数也可以添加到等参单元Q4 中来构造新的内参型等参单元. 新构造的拟协调单元QC6N 具有显式刚度矩阵,因而效率更高. 数值例子表明相比于四节点等参单元,新构造的单元可以提高计算精度和抗网格畸变的能力.     

多边形有限元研究进展

有限元法是数值求解偏微分方程边值问题的重要方法,采用不规则多边形单元网格, 可以方便有效地模拟材料的力学性能, 又使得区域网格剖分变得灵活方便. 特别是对于复杂的几何形状, 多边形单元网格具有更大的优势. 本文对国内外有关多边形有限元法的最新进展作了初步的总结和评述, 主要以基于位移法的多边形有限元为主.论述了多边形有限元的发展历史, 给出了多边形单元上的Wachspress插值、Laplace插值和重心坐标的一些最新研究成果. 与经典有限元法形函数为多项式形式不同, 多边形单元的形函数为有理函数或者无理函数形式. 多边形单元插值形函数满足线性完备性, 可以再现线性位移场, 像经典有限元法一样直接施加本质边界条件; 插值函数在多边形的边界上是线性的,确保不同单元间的自动协调. 不同单元的插值形函数表达公式形式统一, 方便混合单元网格计算的程序编写. 提出了多边形有限元法今后需要研究的问题.      

论九参数拟协调元的扩展

九参数拟协调有限元是唐立民等人于1980年提出的一种计算简便的薄板单元。该单元具有较好的收敛性。本文利用新的插值观重新分析九参数拟协调元,得出拟协调元的形函数空间。同时,构造出一类具有较好收敛性的新有限元,其形函数空间有明显的表达方式。     

Displacement fields denoising and strains extraction by finite element method

Optical full-field measurement methods are now widely applied in various domains. In general, the displacement fields can be directly obtained from the measurement, however in mechanical analysis strain fields are preferred. To extract strain fields from noisy displacement fields is always a challenging topic. In this study, a finite element method for smoothing displacement fields and calculating strain fields is proposed. An experimental test case on a holed aluminum specimen under tension is applied to validate this method. The heterogeneous displacement fields are measured by digital image correlation (DIC). By this proposed method, the result shows that the measuring noise on experimental displacement fields can be successfully removed, and strain fields can be reconstructed in the arbitrary area.     

Nonlinear quasi-conforming finite element method

The nonlinear quasi-conforming FEM is presented based on the basic concept of the quasiconforming finite element. First, the incremental principle of stationary potential energy is discussed. Then, the formulation process of the nonlinear quasi-conforming FEM is given. Lastly, two computational examples of shells are given.     

A new finite element method for strain gradient theories and applications to fracture analyses

A new compatible finite element method for strain gradient theories is presented. In the new finite element method, pure displacement derivatives are taken as the fundamental variables. The new numerical method is successfully used to analyze the simple strain gradient problems – the fundamental fracture problems. Through comparing the numerical solutions with the existed exact solutions, the effectiveness of the new finite element method is tested and confirmed. Additionally, an application of the Zienkiewicz–Taylor C1 finite element method to the strain gradient problem is discussed. By using the new finite element method, plane-strain mode I and mode II crack tip fields are calculated based on a constitutive law which is a simple generalization of the conventional J₂ deformation plasticity theory to include strain gradient effects. Three new constitutive parameters enter to characterize the scale over which strain gradient effects become important. During the analysis the general compressible version of Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity is adopted. Crack tip solutions, the traction distributions along the plane ahead of the crack tip are calculated. The solutions display the considerable elevation of traction within the zone near the crack tip.     

The curved beam element and its convergence rate

The quasi-conforming element of the curved beam and shallow curved beam is given in this paper. Numerical examples illustrate that the quasi-conforming elements of the curved beam and shallow curved beam which is used to approximate the curved beam have better accuracy than the straight beam element. The curved beam element constructed by displacement method can not satisfy rigid body motion condition and the very fine grids have to be used in order to satisfy rigid body motion condition approximately.In this paper it is proved that the straight beam element and the quasi-conforming element of the curved beam and shallow curved beam, when element size is reduced infinitely, have convergence rate with the same order O(l²) and when regular elements are used l is the element length.The Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

张拉结构非线性分析两节点曲线单元有限元法

提出适合张拉结构几何非线性分析的两节点曲线单元有限元方法．假定索元的初始形状呈二次抛物线,根据单索的平衡条件、几何和物理关系建立了索元的位移函数;由拉格朗日应变的定义建立了可以考虑任意次高阶位移影响的索元轴向应变的精确表达式,并基于拉格明日描述方法和虚功原理得到了索元的非线性平衡方程与切线刚度矩阵．采用荷载增量法与Newton－Raphson法相结合的混合法进行了实例计算,结果表明：本文方法的精度明显优于两节点直线索单元,适合于大跨度索阿、索穹顶等张拉结构的几何非线性分析．     

内参型四边形四节点拟协调平面单元

在拟协调框架之下,利用新的内参形函数构造了一个四边形四节点拟协调平面单元. 新的内参位移函数也可以添加到等参单元Q4 中来构造新的内参型等参单元. 新构造的拟协调单元QC6N 具有显式刚度矩阵,因而效率更高. 数值例子表明相比于四节点等参单元,新构造的单元可以提高计算精度和抗网格畸变的能力.      

内部压力作用下矩形板中源于椭圆孔的分支裂纹应力强度因子的一种数值分析

应用一种边界元方法来研究内部压力作用下矩形板中源于椭圆孔的分支裂纹。该边界元方法由Crouch与Starfied建立的常位移不连续单元和笔者最近提出的裂尖位移不连续单元构成。在该边界元方法的实施过程中,左、右裂尖位移不连续单元分别置于裂纹的左、右裂尖处,而常位移不连续单元则分布于除了裂尖位移不连续单元占据的位置之外的整个裂纹面及其它边界。本数值结果进一步证实这种数值方法对计算有限大板中复杂裂纹的应力强度因子的有效性,同时该数值结果可以揭示裂纹体几何对应力强度因子的影响。     

Modeling quasi-static crack growth with the extended finite element method Part I: Computer implementation

The extended finite element method (X-FEM) is a numerical method for modeling strong (displacement) as well as weak (strain) discontinuities within a standard finite element framework. In the X-FEM, special functions are added to the finite element approximation using the framework of partition of unity. For crack modeling in isotropic linear elasticity, a discontinuous function and the two-dimensional asymptotic crack-tip displacement fields are used to account for the crack. This enables the domain to be modeled by finite elements without explicitly meshing the crack surfaces, and hence quasi-static crack propagation simulations can be carried out without remeshing. In this paper, we discuss some of the key issues in the X-FEM and describe its implementation within a general-purpose finite element code. The finite element program Dynaflow™ is considered in this study and the implementation for modeling 2-d cracks in isotropic and bimaterial media is described. In particular, the array-allocation for enriched degrees of freedom, use of geometric-based queries for carrying out nodal enrichment and mesh partitioning, and the assembly procedure for the discrete equations are presented. We place particular emphasis on the design of a computer code to enable the modeling of discontinuous phenomena within a finite element framework.     

A Robust Finite Element-based Filter for Digital Image and Volume Correlation Displacement Data

Background

Digital Image and Volume Correlation (DIC and DVC) are non-contact measurement techniques that are used during mechanical testing for quantitative mapping of full-field displacements. The relatively high noise floor of DIC and DVC, which is exasperated when differentiated to obtain strain fields, often requires some form of filtering. Techniques such as median filters or least-squares fitting perform poorly over high displacement gradients, such as the strain localisation near a crack tip, discontinuities across crack flanks or large pores. As such, filtering does not always effectively remove outliers in the displacement field.

Objective

This work proposes a robust finite element-based filter that detects and replaces outliers in the displacement data using a finite element method-based approximation.

Methods

A method is formulated for surface (2D and Stereo DIC) and volumetric (DVC) measurements. Its validity is demonstrated using analytical and experimental displacement data around cracks, obtained from surface and full volume measurements.

Results

It is shown that the displacement data can be filtered in such a way that outliers are identified and replaced. Moreover, data can be smoothed whilst maintaining the nature of the underlying displacement field such as steep displacement gradients or discontinuities.

Conclusions

The method can be used as a post-processing tool for DIC and DVC data and will support the use of the finite element method as an experimental–numerical technique.

     

Interval Arithmetic and Static Interval Finite Element Method

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平面弹性力学问题的离散元法

根据离散元的基本原理,基于变形体的理论提出了适用于平面弹性力学问题的界面位移、应变和应力模式,建立了求解平面弹性力学问题的离散元方程和相应的迭代求解方法.通过界面位移可以简洁地将位移和力的边界条件引入离散系统的控制方程,也可以方便地求解节点位移.数值算例表明,与具有相同网格的有限元结果相比,离散元能同时给出精度相对较高的应力解和精度相当的位移解.     

Effect of the order of the finite element and selection of the constrained modes in deformable body dynamics

Finite elements with different orders can be used in the analysis of constrained deformable bodies that undergo large rigid body displacements. The constrained mode shapes resulting from the use of finite elements with different orders differ in the way the stiffness of the body bending and extension are defined. The constrained modes also depend on the selection of the boundary conditions. Using the same type of finite element, different sets of boundary conditions lead to different sets of constrained modes. In this investigation, the effect of the order of the element as well as the selection of the constrained mode shapes is examined numerically. To this end, the constant strain three node triangular element and the quadratic six node triangular element are used. The results obtained using the three node triangular element are compared with the higher order six node triangular element. The equations of motion for the three and six node triangular elements are formulated from assumed linear and quadratic displacement fields, respectively. Both assumed displacement fields can describe large rigid body translational and rotational displacements. Consequently, the dynamic formulation presented in this investigation can also be used in the large deformation analysis. Using the finite element displacement field, the mass, stiffness, and inertia invariants of the three and six-node triangular elements are formulated. Standard finite element assembly techniques are used to formulate the differential equations of motion for mechanical systems consisting of interconnected deformable bodies. Using a multibody four bar mechanism, numerical results of the different elements and their respective performance are presented. These results indicate that the three node triangular element does not perform well in bending modes of deformation.