Generalized Cauchy equations on groups

It is well known ([1], [3]) that any measurable solution of the Cauchy functional equationf(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) must actually be continuous. The same is true of some other functional equations likef(x+y)=f(x)f(y),f(x+y)f(x–y)=f(x) ² –f(y) ², etc. (cf. [1]). In this note we prove a general result of this type for functional equations on groups.     

A note on a problem by H. S. Shapiro

В РАБОтЕ ДОкАжАНО, ЧтО limk _a *f(x)=f(x) пОЧтИ ВсУДУ, гДЕk _a(t)=a^?n k(a^?1t), t?Rⁿ, Для Дль ДОВОльНО шИРОкОг О клАссА ФУНкцИИk(t). ДАНы УслОВИь, пРИ кОтО Рых пОлУЧЕННыИ РЕжУл ьтАт РАспРОстРАНьЕтсь НА ФУНкцИУ $$k(x,y) = \gamma \frac{1}{{1 + |x|^\alpha }} \cdot \frac{1}{{1 + |y|^\beta }},$$ гДЕ α, β>1, А γ — НОРМИРУУЩ ИИ МНОжИтЕль тАкОИ, Чт О∫∫k(x, y) dx dy=1.     

ДИФФЕРЕНцИАльНыЕ сВ ОИстВА ИжВИВАУЩИхсь ФУНкцИИ

A continuous real valued function defined on an intervalD is called crinkly iff the setf ^?1(У) ∩I is uncountable for each interval \(I \subseteqq D\) and number \(y \in (\mathop {\inf }\limits_I f,\mathop {\sup }\limits_I f)\) . The main result of the paper consists in the following assertion. Let the closed segment [0, 1] be represented as a union of four measurable, mutually nonintersecting setsE ₁,Е ₂,E ₃,E ₄. Then, for each functionH(δ) such thatH(δ)→ + ∞ andδH(δ)→0 asδ→0, there exists a crinkly functionf possessing the following five properties:

1. a.e. onE ₁:D ⁺ f(x)=D-f(x)=+∞,D ₊ f(x)=D?f(x)=?∞;
2. a.e. onE ₂:D ⁺ f(x)=+∞,D?f(x)=?∞,D ₊f(x)=D-f(x)=0;
3. a.e. onE ₃:D ₊ f(x)=?∞,D ^? f(x)=+∞,D ⁺ f(x)=D?f(x)=0;
4. a.e. onE ₄:Df(x)=0;
5. the modulus of continuityΩ off on [0, 1] satisfies $$\omega (\delta ,f,[0,1]) \leqq \delta H(\delta ).$$

     

ω-Limit sets of smooth cylindrical cascades

Let f(x) be a smooth function on the circle S¹, x mod 1, \(\smallint _{S^1 } f(x)dx = 0\) , α be an irrational number, and q_n be the denominators of convergents of continued fractions. In this note a classification of ω-limit sets for the cylindrical cascade $$T:(x,y) \to (x + \alpha , y + f(x)),$$ x ε S¹, y ε R, is obtained. Criteria for the solvability of the equation g(x +α) — g(x)=f (x) are found. Estimates for the speed of decrease of the function $$h_{q_n } (x) = \sum _{i = 0}^{q_n - 1} f(x + i\alpha )$$ as n → ∞ are obtained.     

Diophantine方程(a-1)x~2+f(a)=4a~n的一点注记

设a是大于1的正整数,f(a)是a的非负整系数多项式,f(1)=2rp+4,其中r是大于1的正整数,p=2~l-1是Mersenne素数.本文讨论了方程(a-1)x~2+f(a)=4a~n的正整数解(x,n)的有限性,并且证明了:当f(a)=91a+9时,该方程仅当a=5,7和25时分别有解(x,n)=(3,3),(11,3)和(3,4).     

Weighted approximations by means of entire functions of exponential type

We study the approximation of continuous real functionsf(x)=0((1+|x|)^σ) (|x|→∞,σ≥0) by means of entire functions of exponential type in some metric of Hausdorff type. We generalize a theorem due to N. I. Akhiezer concerning uniform weighted approximations.     

On extensions of polynomial functions

Let X, Y be two linear spaces over the field ? of rationals and let D ≠ ? be a (?—convex subset of X. We show that every function ?: D → Y satisfying the functional equation $${\mathop\sum^{n+1}\limits_{j=0}}(-1)^{n+1-j}\Bigg(^{n+1}_{j}\Bigg)f\Bigg((1-{j\over {n+1}})x+{j\over{n+1}}y\Bigg)=0,\ \ \ x,y\in\ D,$$ admits an extension to a function F: X → Y of the form $$F(x)=A^o+A^1(x)+\cdot\cdot\cdot+A^n(x),\ \ \ x\in\ X,$$ where A ^o ∈ Y, A^k(x) ? A_k(x,…,x), x ∈ X, and the maps A _k: X ^k → Y are k—additive and symmetric, k ∈ {1,…, n}. Uniqueness of the extension is also discussed.     

Estimate of a sum of Legendre symbols of polynomials of even degree

Let n≥4 be even, p > (n²?2n)/2 be simple odd, andf(x)=a ₀+a ₁+...+a _nxⁿ be a polynomial with integral coefficients that are not quadratic over the residue field modulo p, (a _n, p)=1. The following inequality is proved: $$\left| {\sum\nolimits_{x = 1}^p {\left( {\frac{{f(x)}}{p}} \right)} } \right| \leqslant (n - 2)\sqrt {p + 1 - \frac{{n(n - 4)}}{4}} + 1.$$      

Applicabilità proiettiva di due superficie

Let Ω ? ? ⁿ be a convex bounded open set, of class\(C^2 ,Q_\tau = \Omega \times \left[ {\tau ,\tau + T} \right],\tau \in \mathbb{R},T > 0.\). LetB be a linear continuous operator ofL ²Ω ? ? ^N inL ²Ω ? ? ^N . It is shown that if\(f \in L^2 (Q_\tau ,\mathbb{R}^N )\) then there exists a unique solution of the problem:\(u \in W^{2,1} (Q_\tau ,\mathbb{R}^N ),\alpha (x,t,H(u)) - \frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial t}} = f(x,t)\), in\(Q_\tau \), such thatu(x,t)=B u(x, τ+T) in Ω, wherea(x, t, ζ) is misurable in(x,t), continuous in ζ,a(x,t, 0)=0, and verifies condition (A). IfB=Id this is the classical periodic problem. If moreovera(x,t,ζ)=a(x,t+T, ζ) anda(x,t, H (Bu))=B a(x,t,H (u)) ?t ∈ ?, the analogous problem in Ω × ? is studied.     

Weighted approximation of entire functions of exponential type of several variables by trigonometric polynomials

Letf be an entire function (in Cⁿ) of exponential type for whichf(x)=0(?(x)) on the real subspace \(\mathbb{R}^w (\phi \geqslant 1,{\mathbf{ }}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\left| x \right| \to \infty } \phi (x) = \infty )\) and ?δ>0?C_δ>0 $$\left| {f(z)} \right| \leqslant C_\delta \exp \left\{ {h_s (y) + S\left| z \right|} \right\},z = x + iy$$ where h, (x)=sup〈3, x〉, S being a convex set in ?ⁿ. Then for any ?, ?>0, the functionf can be approximated with any degree of accuracy in the form p→ \(\mathop {\sup }\limits_{x \in \mathbb{R}^w } \frac{{\left| {P(x)} \right|}}{{\varphi (x)}}\) by linear combinations of functions x→expi〈λx〉 with frequenciesX belonging to an ?-neighborhood of the set S.     

On functional which are orthogonally additive modulo Z

Let E be a real inner product space with dimension at least 2, D ? E, f: E → R with f(x+y)?f(x)?f(y) ∈ Z for all orthogonal x,y ∈ E, and f(D) ? (?γ,γ)+Z witn some real γ > 0. We prove that, under some additional assumptions, there are a unique linear functional A: E → R and a unique constant d ∈ R with f(x)?d∥x∥²?A(x) ∈ Z for x ∈ E. We also show some applications of this result to the determination of solutions F: E → C of the conditional equation: F(x+y) = F(x)F(y) for all orthogonal x,y ∈ E.     

Oscillation of odd order delay differential equations

In this paper, we obtain the sufficient and necessary conditions for all solutions of the odd-order nonlinear delay differential equation.x ⁽ⁿ⁾+Q(t)f(x(g(t)))=0 to be oscillatory. In particular, ifn=1, Q(t)>0, f(x)=x ^α, where α∈(0,1) and is a ratio of odd integers andg(t)=t?? for some ?>0, then every solution of (*) oscillates if and only if ∫^∞Q(s)ds=∞.     

On pointwise approximation of arbitrary functions by countable families of continuous functions

The following problem is considered. Given a real-valued function f defined on a topological space X, when can one find a countable familyf _n :n∈ω of continuous real-valued functions on X that approximates f on finite subsets of X? That is, for any finite set F?X and every real number ε>0 one can choosen∈ω such that ∥f(x)?f_n(x)∥<ε for everyx∈F. It will be shown that the problem has a positive solution if and only if X splits. A space X is said to split if, for any A?X, there exists a continuous mapf _A:X→R ^ω such that A=f _A ^?1 (A). Splitting spaces will be studied systematically.     

齐型空间中分数次积分交换子的加权端点估计

该文得到齐型空间中分数次积分交换子[b,I_α]的加权端点估计ω({x∈X:|[b,I_α]f(x)|t})≤Cψ(∫_xA(||b||_*(|f(x)|/t)■(ω(x))dμ(x))其中b∈BMO(X,d,μ),A(t)=tlog(e+t),ψ(t)=[tlog(e+t~α)]~(1/(1-α)),■(t)=t~(1-α)log(e+t~(-α)).     

Radial functions and regularity of solutions to the Schrödinger equation

Letf be a radial function and setT ^* f(x)=sup_0<t<1 |T _t f(x)|, x ∈ ?ⁿ, n≥2, where(T_t f)^ (ξ)=e ^it|ξ|a \(\hat f\) (ξ),a > 1. We show that, ifB is the ball centered at the origin, of radius 100, then \(\int\limits_B {|T^ * f(x)|} dx \leqslant c(\int {|\hat f(\xi )|^2 (l + |\xi |^s )ds} )^{1/2} \) if and only ifs≥1/4.     

Banach空间三次方程的稳定性问题

给出了三次Hyers—Ulam—Rassias型泛函方程的一种新表示方法af(x+ay)-f(ax+y)=(a(a~2-1))/2[f(x+y)+f(x-y)]+(a~4-1)f(y)-2a(a~2-1)f(x)其中a为整数且a≠0,土1.关于9个三次泛函方程给出等价性证明。对Banach空间三次方程的稳定性问题给予讨论。     

Fourier series and the conjugate function in the classes ϕ(L)

Обозначим через ? (L) кл асс всех ?-интегрируе мых 2π-периодических функ ций. При ограничении?(L)?L ¹ устанавливаются необходимые и достат очные условия, которым долж на удовлетворять?(t), что бы для каждой функцииf(x)ε ?(L) а) тригонометрически й ряд Фурье сходился в метрике ?, в) (С, а) средние ряда Фур ье сходились в метрик е ? для некоторого α > 0, с) сопряженная функци я \(\tilde f(x)\) также принадлежал а классу?(L).     

Sulla misurabilita' delle funzioni di piu' variabili

LetE be a Lebesgue measurable set in IR ^p+q andY a metric space. Iff:E→Y is such thatf(.,x) isL-measurable for almost allx andf(t,.) is continuous in each of theq variables separately for almost allt, thenf must beL-measurable (Theorem 1). By this result we deduce that a functionf:E→Y is almost-continuous iff it is almost-separately continuous. Finally, we give another characterization of the measurability of a functionf:IRp+q ^p+q→Y by means of properties of its sections (Theorem 2).     

Nonlinear hyperbolic-parabolic partial differential equation in noncylindrical domain

In this paper we study the existence of weak solutions of the mixed problem for the nonlinear hyperbolic-parabolic equation $\begin{gathered} K_1 (x)u'' + K_2 (x)u' + A(t)u + H(u) = f in Q \\ u = 0 on \Sigma \\ u(0) = u_0 ,K_1 (x)u'(0) = \sqrt {K_1 (x)} u_1 (x) \\ \end{gathered} $ whereQ is a noncylindrical domain of ?ⁿ⁼¹ with lateral boundary Σ, {A(t); t≥0} is a family of operators of ?(H ₀ ¹ (ω),H ^-1(ω)) andH(s) is a continuous function which satisfies some appropriate conditions.     

Eine Verschärfung der Abschätzung des Restes Taylorscher Näherungspolynome

I begin with a new short proof of: (I) LetP(t) inR ^d be a function oft havingn continuous derivatives fora≤t≤x. ThenP(x)∈ convK, where $$K = \left\{ {\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{n - 1} {\frac{{(x - a)^j }}{{j!}}} P^{(j)} (a) + \frac{{(x - a)^n }}{{n!}}P^{(n)} (t),a \leqslant t \leqslant x} \right\}.$$ for applying (I) let bef(t) a real function such that the point ((t?a) ⁿ⁺¹,f(t)) fulfills the conditions of (I). Then (I) gives a sharper estimate of then ^th remainder term off(x) than the Lagrange remainder formula. Iff( ⁿ )(t) is also convex ina≤t≤x, thenf(x)∈[c,d], where $$\begin{gathered} c = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^{n - 1} {\frac{{(x - a)^j }}{{j!}}f^{(j)} (a) + \frac{{(x - a)^n }}{{n!}}f^{(n)} \left( {\frac{{na + x}}{{n + 1}}} \right)} , \hfill \\ d = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^{n - 1} {\frac{{(x - a)^j }}{{j!}}f^{(j)} (a) + \frac{{(x - a)^n }}{{n!}}} \frac{{nf^{(n)} (a) + f^{(n)} (x)}}{{n + 1}}. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$