A Novel Method for Vibration Mitigation of Complex Mechanical Systems

Taking the complex mechanical systems as the research project, a theoretical multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) model was established. Based on the vibration characteristics analysis of this system, a novel method of vibration mitigation was proposed, which can be applied to most of the complex mechanical systems. Through this method, limited grounding stiffness was made use of and added to certain degree of freedom (DOF) discretely. Thus, the root-meansquare (RMS) of the systems amplitude can be reduced to ideal level. The MATLAB code based on this method was attached, which was tested on the theoretical model. Consider that complex mechanical systems are nonlinear and uncertain, theoretically the optimal solution of vibration mitigation is inaccessible. However, this method can always provide a relatively effective solution.     

使用位置环的惯性稳定系统中陀螺漂移误差软件修正方法

针对使用位置环的惯性稳定系统中存在因陀螺固有温度漂移特性引起的系统跟随位置误差,首先提出一种软件修正方法,给出此软件修正方法的理论基础及软件修正的具体实现过程,最后对此修正方法进行了实验验证。实验结果表明：在没有振动的情况下,修正程序能将漂移完全校正,效果良好;在存在振动的情况下,修正程序也能较好地校正漂移,但校正后存在1个或2个码值的误差。     

A new method for accurately determining the modal equivalent stiffness ratio of bonded piezoelectric structures

This paper describes new methods for measuring the modal equivalent stiffness ratios and modal electromechanical coupling coefficients of piezoelectric elements attached to a host structure such as a beam. Modal equivalent stiffness ratios and modal electromechanical coupling coefficients are essential for estimating the performance and determining an optimum design of active vibration control and passive vibration suppression systems that use piezoelectric elements. Accurate determination of these modal parameters is also useful for other systems including piezoelectric sensors and energy generators. This paper not only describes the measurement methods but also presents the theoretical formulations derived by taking into account the effect of adhesive bonds. The formulations in this paper demonstrate the necessity of experimental measurements and the accuracy enhancements that the theoretical estimations can provide. Conventional methods for obtaining the modal equivalent stiffness ratios are sensitive to measurement errors, which result in the loss of accuracy, rendering these methods unreliable for many practical applications. The proposed methods use an inductor instead of an open circuit to address the abovementioned issue and, thereby, provide significant improvement in the accuracy. Because the loss factors of the experimental apparatus tend to compromise the accuracy of the proposed methods, a method using a negative resistor is proposed, theoretically analyzed, and confirmed to eliminate some of the errors introduced by loss factors. The advantages of the proposed methods and the effectiveness of theoretical analysis, considering the effect of adhesive bonds, are verified experimentally.     

Model independent control of lightly damped noise/vibration systems

Feedforward control is a popular strategy of active noise/vibration control. In well-damped noise/vibration systems, path transfer functions from actuators to sensors can be modeled by finite impulse response (FIR) filters with negligible errors. It is possible to implement noninvasive model independent feedforward control by a recently proposed method called orthogonal adaptation. In lightly damped noise/vibration systems, however, path transfer functions have infinite impulse responses (IIRs) that cause difficulties in design and implementation of broadband feedforward controllers. A major source of difficulties is model error if IIR path transfer functions are approximated by FIR filters. In general, active control performance deteriorates as model error increases. In this study, a new method is proposed to design and implement model independent feedforward controllers for broadband in lightly damped noise/vibration systems. It is shown analytically that the proposed method is able to drive the convergence of a noninvasive model independent feedforward controller to improve broadband control in lightly damped noise/vibration systems. The controller is optimized in the minimum H2 norm sense. Experiment results are presented to verify the analytical results.     

Dynamic characterization of high damping viscoelastic materials from vibration test data

The numerical analysis and design of structural systems involving viscoelastic damping materials require knowledge of material properties and proper mathematical models. A new inverse method for the dynamic characterization of high damping and strong frequency-dependent viscoelastic materials from vibration test data measured by forced vibration tests with resonance is presented. Classical material parameter extraction methods are reviewed; their accuracy for characterizing high damping materials is discussed; and the bases of the new analysis method are detailed. The proposed inverse method minimizes the residue between the experimental and theoretical dynamic response at certain discrete frequencies selected by the user in order to identify the parameters of the material constitutive model. Thus, the material properties are identified in the whole bandwidth under study and not just at resonances. Moreover, the use of control frequencies makes the method insensitive to experimental noise and the efficiency is notably enhanced. Therefore, the number of tests required is drastically reduced and the overall process is carried out faster and more accurately. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with the characterization of a CLD (constrained layer damping) cantilever beam. First, the elastic properties of the constraining layers are identified from the dynamic response of a metallic cantilever beam. Then, the viscoelastic properties of the core, represented by a four-parameter fractional derivative model, are identified from the dynamic response of a CLD cantilever beam.     

Enhancement of efficiency of vibration suppression using piezoelectric elements and LR circuit by amplification of electrical resonance

This paper describes a vibration suppression method based on passive vibration suppression using a piezoelectric element and an LR circuit. The proposed method applies a voltage that is proportional to the displacement or acceleration of the host structure to the LR circuit in series. Because the applied voltage equivalently increases the voltage generated by the piezoelectric effect in the piezoelectric element, the effect of the vibration suppression is increased with an increase in the applied voltage. The proposed method is categorized as a hybrid vibration suppression method that involves only an analog circuit. The governing equations were formulated, and the optimum values of the inductance and resistance were theoretically derived using the two fixed point method as well as the passive method. The characteristic features of the proposed method were theoretically investigated by comparing the added stiffness and damping, amount of the applied voltage, and time-averaged power of the applied voltage with those of the conventional methods. In addition, the stability of the proposed method was theoretically analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed method and the theoretical analysis were verified through experiments.     

Experimental verification of the optimal tuning of a tunable vibration neutralizer for global vibration control

A theoretical method has been previously proposed by the authors to optimize a tunable vibration neutralizer for global vibration control. However, experimental verification of the tuning method has yet to be presented. This paper aims to do this. It is shown that by using the proposed optimization method, the tunable vibration neutralizer can be as effective as an active control device in reducing global vibration of a structure. One particularly interesting finding is that although the vibration neutralizer is a passive device which is incapable of supplying energy to a system, it appears to be as effective as active control in reducing the global vibration of a structure, even in the frequency range where the control device is required to supply energy.     

Active control of friction-induced self-excited vibration using adaptive fuzzy systems

Vibration caused by friction is harmful to engineering systems. Understanding the mechanism of such a physical phenomenon and developing some strategies to effectively control the vibration have both theoretical and practical significance. Based on our previous work, this paper deals with a problem of active compensation control of friction-induced self-excited vibration using adaptive fuzzy systems. Comparative studies on control performance are carried out, where a class of adaptive compensation control schemes with various friction models are applied to control a motion dynamics with friction. It is observed that our proposed modeling and control techniques are powerful to eliminate the limit cycle and the steady-state error. Furthermore, robustness of the proposed controller with respect to external disturbances is discussed. Simulation results show that the active controller with adaptive fuzzy friction compensation outperforms other active controllers with compensation terms characterized by three well-known friction models.     

Calculation of ground vibration spectra from heavy military vehicles

The demand for reliable autonomous systems capable to detect and identify heavy military vehicles becomes an important issue for UN peacekeeping forces in the current delicate political climate. A promising method of detection and identification is the one using the information extracted from ground vibration spectra generated by heavy military vehicles, often termed as their seismic signatures. This paper presents the results of the theoretical investigation of ground vibration spectra generated by heavy military vehicles, such as tanks and armed personnel carriers. A simple quarter car model is considered to identify the resulting dynamic forces applied from a vehicle to the ground. Then the obtained analytical expressions for vehicle dynamic forces are used for calculations of generated ground vibrations, predominantly Rayleigh surface waves, using Green's function method. A comparison of the obtained theoretical results with the published experimental data shows that analytical techniques based on the simplified quarter car vehicle model are capable of producing ground vibration spectra of heavy military vehicles that reproduce basic properties of experimental spectra.     

Passive-active vibration isolation systems to produce zero or infinite dynamic modulus: theoretical and conceptual design strategies

The application of mechanical springs connected in parallel and/or in series with active springs can produce dynamical systems characterised by infinite or zero value stiffness. This mathematical model is extended to more general cases by examining the dynamic modulus associated with damping, stiffness and mass effects. This produces a theoretical basis on which to design an isolation system with infinite or zero dynamic modulus, such that stiffness and damping may have infinite or zero values. Several theoretical designs using a mixture of passive and active systems connected in parallel and/or in series are proposed to overcome limitations of feedback gain experienced in practice to achieve an infinite or zero dynamic modulus. It is shown that such systems can be developed to reduce the weight supported by active actuators as demonstrated, for example, by examining suspension systems of very low natural frequency or with a very large supporting stiffness or with a viscous damper or a self-excited vibration oscillator. A more general system is created by combining these individual systems allowing adjustment of the supporting stiffness and damping using both displacement and velocity feedback controls. Frequency response curves show the effects of active feedback control on the dynamical behaviour of these systems. The theoretical design strategies presented can be applied to design feasible hybrid vibration control systems displaying increased control performance.     

磁悬浮－气囊主被动混合隔振装置理论和实验

为了更有效地控制舰船动力机械宽频和低频线谱振动的传递,提出了一种将磁悬浮作动器与气囊隔振器集成应用的磁悬浮-气囊主被动混合隔振装置。通过对磁悬浮作动器机电耦合特性和混合隔振系统动力学特性的分析研究,确定了满足线谱振动控制要求和满足混合隔振装置性能要求的参数设计方法。针对主动控制时,FxLMS (filtered-x least mean square)算法在小阻尼系统上需用高阶FIR滤波器建模,运算量大的问题,提出了分频段控制的改进FxLMS算法,并有效地解决了作动器的非线性效应问题。样机实验结果表明:理论分析是正确的,该项技术控制力需求小,装置稳定性好,具有优良的宽频隔振和低频线谱振动控制效果。      

Calculation of multi-layer plate damper under one-axial load

A multi-layer damper with waved plates under one-axial load is considered. A method of theoretical calculation of its energy dissipation coefficient is proposed. An experimental research of own frequencies and vibration transfer ratios for different parameters of damper structure, harmonic vibration load and random load is performed. Results of this research are approximated by functions; it is possible to use these functions for the calculation of the damper too.     

钢轨踏面的空气耦合超声检测方法*

该文针对钢轨踏面浅表面裂纹提出非接触空气耦合超声类瑞利波的检测方法。首先利用半有限元法求解了CHN60型钢轨的振动模式,抽出了钢轨轨头踏面的振动模态结构和频散曲线,并搭建实验系统,根据Snell法则和声源在空气中的声场分布确定了检测参数,最后从理论和实验两方面着手对钢轨踏面浅表面裂纹的有无及裂纹大小进行了实验分析和数值计算,其结果非常吻合,证明了空气耦合超声导波检测方法的可行性和可靠性。     

Control algorithms for active vibration isolation systems subject to random disturbances

Isolation from disturbances, particularly from foundations of high precision instruments, is achieved through either passive or active vibration control systems. Although a passive isolation system offers a simple and reliable means of protecting precision equipment from a vibration environment, it has performance limitations since its controllable frequency range is limited. An effective method for reducing an oscillation is by using an active vibration isolation system, which allows control of the dynamic rigidity of shock absorbers. In this paper, by considering the characteristics of the disturbing influences acting upon vibro-isolated objects, the dynamic characteristics of the AVIS device and control restriction, new optimal and quasi-optimal control algorithms are proposed. The characteristics of the new quasi-optimal active vibration isolation system proposed in the paper are investigated via experiments. It is shown that the adopted quasi-optimal active vibration isolation system can improve performance using in situ measurements.     

Estimation of resonant peak amplitudes

A simple method is proposed for estimating the resonant peak response levels of damped structures, by using an analysis of undamped vibration. The method is based on a simple identity which is exact for a single degree of freedom system and approximate for more general systems. However, since the level of damping in practical structures can seldom be described with any precision, it is argued that a simple approximate method for predicting resonant vibration levels is the most appropriate. A number of examples and applications are described.     

Identification of unbalance in a rotor bearing system

Model based methods for fault identification in rotating systems are gaining importance for the last three decades due to their ability to identify both location and severity of the fault. Model based methods are of different types. Among them, equivalent loads minimization method is one method. In this method, fault is identified in a rotor bearing system by minimizing difference between equivalent loads estimated in the system due to the fault and theoretical fault model loads. This method has a limitation that the error in identified fault parameters increases with decrease in number of measured vibrations. Thus a comprehensive methodology for fault identification with minimum error even in case of fewer measured vibrations is attempted in the present work. Two different approaches: equivalent loads minimization and vibration minimization method are applied for the identification of unbalance fault in a rotor system. Unbalance fault is identified using proposed methods by measuring transverse vibrations at only one location.     

The effects of nonlinearity on the output frequency response of a passive engine mount

In this paper, the new concept of output frequency-response function (OFRF) that was derived recently by the authors from the Volterra-series theory of nonlinear systems is briefly introduced. An effective algorithm is proposed to determine the monomials in the OFRF-based representation of the output frequency response of nonlinear systems. The results are then used to analyze the output frequency response of a passive engine mount. Important conclusions regarding the effects of system nonlinearity on the output frequency-response behaviors of the engine mount are reached via theoretical analysis and verified by simulation studies. These conclusions are of significant importance for the analysis and design of vibration isolators such as engine mounts in practice.     

斯特林制冷机中压缩活塞振子与排出器振子相互影响的研究

从振动力学的角度来看 ,斯特林制冷机的工作实际上是压缩活塞振子与排出器振子两个振动系统的耦合与匹配 ,两振动系统的相互影响特性对提高整机性能具有非常重要的意义。文中首先给出了压缩活塞振子与排出器振子两个振动系统相互影响特性的理论分析 ,其次对二者相关影响特性的试验研究结果与模拟结果进行了对比分析和讨论     

Theoretical and experimental study on the transverse vibration properties of an axially moving nested cantilever beam

An axially moving nested cantilever beam is a type of time-varying nonlinear system that can be regarded as a cantilever stepped beam. The transverse vibration equation for the axially moving nested cantilever beam with a tip mass is derived by D’Alembert?s principle, and the modified Galerkin?s method is used to solve the partial differential equation. The theoretical model is modified by adjusting the theoretical beam length with the measured results of its first-order vibration frequencies under various beam lengths. It is determined that the length correction value of the second segment of the nested beam increases as the structural length increases, but the corresponding increase in the amplitude becomes smaller. The first-order decay coefficients are identified by the logarithmic decrement method, and the decay coefficient of the beam decreases with an increase in the cantilever length. The calculated responses of the modified model agree well with the experimental results, which verifies the correctness of the proposed calculation model and indicates the effectiveness of the methods of length correction and damping determination. Further studies on non-damping free vibration properties of the axially moving nested cantilever beam during extension and retraction are investigated in the present paper. Furthermore, the extension movement of the beam leads the vibration displacement to increase gradually, and the instantaneous vibration frequency and the vibration speed decrease constantly. Moreover, as the total mechanical energy becomes smaller, the extension movement of the nested beam remains stable. The characteristics for the retraction movement of the beam are the reverse.     

Layout optimization methodology of piezoelectric transducers in energy-recycling semi-active vibration control systems

An optimization methodology is proposed for the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) layout of an energy-recycling semi-active vibration control (ERSAVC) system for a space structure composed of trusses. Based on numerical optimization techniques, we intend to generate optimal location of PZTs under the constraint for the total length of PZTs. The design variables are set as the length of the PZT on each truss based on the concept of the ground structure approach. The transient problems of the mechanical and electrical vibrations based on the ERSAVC theory are considered as the equations of state. The objective is to minimize the integration of the square of all displacement over the whole analysis time domain. The sensitivity of the objective function is derived based on the adjoint variable method. Based on these formulations, an optimization algorithm is constructed using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and the method of moving asymptotes. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the validity and utility of the proposed methodology. Using the proposed methodology, the optimal location of PZTs for the vibration suppression for multi-modal vibration is studied, which can be benchmark results of further study in the context of ERSAVC systems.