锥角堆积模型应用——-f电子组元素新类型金属有机化合物的推测与合成

过渡金属有机化合物一般遵守18或16电子规律.但对于d电子组的前几个元素(Ti,Zr,Hf)和f电子组元素却并不如此.Marks提出过:铀(IV)、钍(IV)的某些有机化合物分别遵循20或22电子规律.但这种观点无法解释许多实际存在的化合物.我们在最近提出:当配位场作用很弱时,空间堆积作用是不容忽视的.在中心离子周围配位体的堆积达到一定程度时,尽管从表观上看,中心离子的外层电子与配位电子数之和还没有达到“下一级惰性气体结构”,但配位体之间的相互推斥作用阻止了更多的配体进入配位层.从几何角度来进行研究时,这种由空间堆积效应与成键效应达成的平衡应当表现为:化合物结构中配位体的立体角系数(Solid Angle Factor,Q/4π)之总和(SAS)分布在一个“稳定区间”之内.而后者的位置与金属的氧化态有关.我们先后对近300个已知的f电子组元素的配合物与金属有机化合物的结构进行了计算.结果表明中心离子周围的空间占据呈现“饱和”现象.饱和堆积程     

无机化学中空间效应的定量研究 Ⅲ.弱配位场作用下配体的重排反应

弱配位场作用下,配体不合理的堆积将导致配体的交换重排反应。从配体空间堆积效应分析了配体混合重排反应、金属—配体非整数比化学组成、奇偶效应等现象。     

锕系配合物中Van der Waals能与配位键能之间的平衡Ⅰ.

引言本文通过分析一些弱键化合物,如锕系配合物中配位键能与Van der Waals能之间的平衡,得出配位键能与配位原子间的Van der Waals最大吸引能相近的结果。这是对堆积模型的一个有力支持,并将成为进一步发展该模型之基础。在一些弱键化合物,如锕系与镧系配合物中,配位键能与Van der Waals能之间的平衡导致配位原子的“饱和堆积”和“均匀堆积”,并且这些包含在堆积模型中的堆积特性已在分析大量国内外文献的实验数据中得到证实。     

无机固体化合物中常见的氢键类型、结构和强度

分析了无机固体化合物中常见的氢键给体和受体、常见的氢键类型、常见的氢键结构以及影响氢键强度的各种因素。氢键的强度与氢键给体和受体有关,也和氢键的结构排列有关。此外,氢键给体X-H中X原子和受体原子Y的配位以及其他结构效应(如协同、合作、反合作或竞争效应)及晶体的堆积都会影响氢键的强度。     

堆积饱和规律与堆积均匀规律——镧系元素配合物的结构特征

在讨论结构化学问题时,尽管人们都认识到成键的原子或原子团除了轨道相互作用外,它们的几何因素,如大小和形状也有着重要的影响.长期以来对这一问题进行定量而系统的研究却未受到应有的重视.由这些因素所带来的空间堆积作用在弱键化合物中的影响更为显著.f 电子组元素配合物与金属有机化合物的特点是:配位场稳定能低,主要呈离子键,方向性差和配位数高,因此配位体堆积相斥作用相对增强.近年来,这一领域的迅速发展为深入研究空间堆积效应准备了充分的条件.     

稀土萃取分离中有机配位体的结构空间效应

金属的溶剂萃取是两相间多组成的配位化学反应,配位体及被萃离子的空间结构对这个热力学过程有显著影响,它与形成热力学稳定的配位化合物有关。包括屏蔽效应,构象效应和空间张力在内的结构空间效应不仅决定于配位体及金属离子的结构,同时也与所形成的萃合物的结构和构型直接相联系,它是萃取剂分子设计数学模型中的重要结构参数。 稀土配位化合物一般为八面体构型,结构空间效应的影响不显著,但镧系收缩特性,为应用配位体的结构空间效应提供了可能性。 本文着重讨论了中性磷(膦)酸酯及酸性磷(膦)酸酯萃取稀土反应中的结构空间效应对萃取性能的不同影响,以及与反应的熵变值及萃合物结构的联系,同时对萃取稀土反应中有机取代基团Es值的测定作了探讨。     

分子构型的几种定性处理方法

本文介绍了“价层电子对模型”的基本原则及其对常见配位数(2—6)分子构型的处理方法。在“堆积模型”基础上着重介绍了“锥角堆模型”及复杂配位体的多级堆积概念,提供了判断化合物能否稳定存在的“稳定区间图”的绘制及使用方法。扼要介绍了“定向键理论”要点及其与VSEPR理论的关系。     

混合配位络合物形成机理的探讨

本文探讨了影响混合配位络合物形成的各种因素,其中包括金属离子与配位体之间形成络合物的能力、配位数饱和效应、空间效应、协作效应、配位体之间的相互作用、静电效应、统计因素以及其它各种因素。本文还介绍了一些混合配位络合物体系的计算方法,对其在分析化学中的应用也提出了一些看法。     

化学反应的几何分析 I:动态堆积模型研究

本文首次提出了化学反应过程中几何可能性的定量研究.在下列条件下:(1)反应过程中,惰性配位体的键长,立体角系数等参数保持不变;(2)惰性配位体的压缩性很小;(3)在不压缩其它配位体的条件下,某一配位体在配位球面漂移所需的活化能低于这一配位体所形成的化学键断裂时所需的相应能量.我们提出动态堆积模型.以此来模拟反应过程中各个配位体间的相对位置和运动、配位体之间间隙的大小与受压缩的程度,并计算在反应中间过程中能够容纳新的配位体的最大空缺.考虑到使惰性配位体压缩将产生很大的空间势垒,以UCp3X为例说明了Lewis碱的配合与解离;金属-碳σ键的热分解以及一氧化碳插入反应的可能性.     

含六氟异丙氧基五配位磷化合物的合成及其NMR的研究

最近Schmutzler等人合成了几种含有甲基六氟异丙氧基的五配位磷化合物,通过在不同温度下~(19)FNMR测试以及计算活化能,表明这类化合物在分子内配位基重组过程(intramolecula ligand reorganization)中,各配位基的空间效应是主要因素。我们采用另一路线合成了几种含有苯基六氟异丙氧基的五配位磷化合物,通过NMR的研究,进一步提供了关于这类化合物在假旋转(pseudorotation)时,配位基空间效应的影响。     

Structures of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of 14-Membered Macrocyclic Quadridentate Ligands

The structures of 41 Ni(II) and 17 Cu(II) complexes of macrocyclic quadridentate ligands have been analyzed, and are discussed about bond lengths, bond angles, conformations, and configurations, upon which many conclusions are formed. The inter- or intra-molecular hydrogen bonds exist among ligands and hydrates in many compounds and play an important role in the structures. There are exhibited two distinct peaks on the histogram of the average Ni-N distances, corresponding to four coordination and six coordination; these average Ni-N distances are 1.95(4) Å and 2.10(5) Å, respectively. The most probable structures of Ni(II) macrocyclic compounds have coordination number six for the metal ion, chair forms for six-membered rings, planar structure for the metal ion and the four donor atoms of the quadridentate ligand and an inversion center at the central metal ion.     

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and 3D molecular modeling of lead(II) complexes of unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff-base ligands

Solid complexes of Pb(II) with unsymmetrical Schiff-base ligands (H₂L) derived from 2-aminobenzophenone, thiosemicarbazide, semicarbazide, salicylaldehyde, 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde, and o-hydroxyacetophenone have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductance measurements, molecular weight measurement, and UV–Vis, FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The spectral studies suggest the ligands behave as dibasic tetradentate ligands with ONNO/ONNS donor atom sequences toward the central metal ion. From the microanalytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:1 (metal:ligand). The physicochemical data suggest a tetracoordinated environment around the metal ion. Three-dimensional molecular modeling and analysis of bond lengths and bond angles have also been conducted for a representative compound, [PbL¹], to substantiate the proposed structures.     

The lanthanide contraction revisited

A complete, isostructural series of complexes with La-Lu (except Pm) with the ligand TREN-1,2-HOIQO has been synthesized and structurally characterized by means of single-crystal X-ray analysis. All complexes are 1D-polymeric species in the solid state, with the lanthanide being in an eight-coordinate, distorted trigonal-dodecahedral environment with a donor set of eight unique oxygen atoms. This series constitutes the first complete set of isostructural complexes from La-Lu (without Pm) with a ligand of denticity greater than two. The geometric arrangement of the chelating moieties slightly deviates across the lanthanide series, as analyzed by a shape parameter metric based on the comparison of the dihedral angles along all edges of the coordination polyhedron. The apparent lanthanide contraction in the individual Ln-O bond lengths deviates considerably from the expected quadratic decrease that was found previously in a number of complexes with ligands of low denticity. The sum of all bond lengths around the trivalent metal cation, however, is more regular, showing an almost ideal quadratic behavior across the entire series. The quadratic nature of the lanthanide contraction is derived theoretically from Slater's model for the calculation of ionic radii. In addition, the sum of all distances along the edges of the coordination polyhedron show exactly the same quadratic dependence as the Ln-X bond lengths. The universal validity of this coordination sphere contraction, concomitant with the quadratic decrease in Ln-X bond lengths, was confirmed by reexamination of four other, previously published series of lanthanide complexes. Owing to the importance of multidentate ligands for the chelation of rare-earth metals, this result provides a significant advance for the prediction and rationalization of the geometric features of the corresponding lanthanide complexes, with great potential impact for all aspects of lanthanide coordination.     

Chelate ring geometry,and the metal ion selectivity of macrocyclic ligands. Some recent developments

Abstract

The idea (Hancock, 1992) that the dominant architectural feature in controlling metal ion selectivity in both open-chain and macro-cyclic ligands is the size of the chelate ring is pursued further. It is shown that when more than one or two six-membered chelate rings are present in the complex of a nitrogen donor macrocycle, the steric requirements of the six-membered chelate ring of a M-N bond length of 1.6 Å and N-M-N angle of 109.5° become particularly severe, and can only be met by a small tetrahedral metal ion. Thus, the ligand 16-aneN₄ (1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane) forms complexes of low stability with all metal ions studied to date, but a conformer of 16-aneN₄ is identified by MM calculation which is predicted to form complexes of high stability with very small tetrahedral metal ions. The question of the M-O bond length and O-M-O angles that will produce minimum strain in chelate rings containing neutral oxygen donor is addressed. The observation (Hay, 1993) that the geometry around an ethereal oxygen coordinated to a metal ion approximates to trigonal planar rather than tetrahedral leads to ideal M-O-C angles of about 126°, which leads to minimum strain energy with much longer M-L lengths in chelate rings containing neutral oxygen donors than neutral nitrogen donors. It is suggested that this fact accounts for the general tendency of crown ethers to form their most stable complexes with potassium out of the alkali metal ions, and also accounts for the very small macrocyclic effect observed in complexes of macrocycles containing mixed nitrogen and oxygen donor groups. The preferred geometry of four-membered chelate rings is discussed, and it is shown that higher coordination numbers of metal ions are associated with four membered chelate rings, and that four membered chelate rings may be used to engineer preference for larger metal ions. Very rigid reinforced chelate rings are discussed, and it is shown that open-chain ligands with reinforced bridges between the donor atoms can display all the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects associated with macrocyclic ligands.     

Structural aspects of metal–amide complexes

An exhaustive survey of crystal structure data on simple amides and metal complexes containing monodentate amide ligands has been performed. Statistical analysis of structural features are reported as a function of the degree of alkylation of the amide functional group, the type of metal ion in the amide complex, and the type of binding to the metal ion. Average values are reported for bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles. Orientational preferences of the coordinated amide ligand are discussed in terms of M–O–C bond angles and M–O–C–N torsion angles.     

Crystal structures of lanthanide(III) complexes with cyclen derivative bearing three acetate and one methylphosphonate pendants

A series of lanthanide(III) complexes formulated as M[Ln(Hdo3ap)].xH(2)O (M = Li or H and Ln = Tb, Dy, Er, Lu, and Y) with the monophosphonate analogue of H(4)dota, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic-10-methylphosphonic acid (H(5)do3ap), was prepared in the solid state and studied using X-ray crystallography. All of the structures show that the (Hdo3ap)(4-) anion is octadentate coordinated to a lanthanide(III) ion similarly to the other H(4)dota-like ligands, i.e., forming O(4) and N(4) planes that are parallel and have mutual angle smaller than 3 degrees . The lanthanide(III) ions lie between these planes, closer to the O(4) base than to the N(4) plane. All of the structures present the lanthanide(III) complexes in their twisted-square-antiprismatic (TSA) configuration. Twist angles of the pendants vary in the range between -24 and -30 degrees, and for each complex, they lie in a very narrow region of 1 degree. The coordinated phosphonate oxygen is located slightly above (0.02-0.19 Angstroms) the O(3) plane formed with the coordinated acetates. A water molecule was found to be coordinated only in the terbium(III) and neodymium(III) complexes. The bond distance Tb-O(w) is unusually long (2.678 Angstroms). The O-Ln-O angles decrease from 140 degrees [Nd(III)] to 121 degrees [Lu(III)], thus confirming the increasing steric crowding around the water binding site. A comparison of a number of structures of Ln(III) complexes with DOTA-like ligands shows that the TSA arrangement is flexible. On the other hand, the SA arrangement is rigid, and the derived structural parameters are almost identical for different ligands and lanthanide(III) ions.     

堆积模型在萃取中的应用I: 水相介质协同效应

根据推积模型提出一种新的协萃体系,即:(简单阴离子)1+(简单阴离子)2+萃取剂,并以实验证实了水相混合介质的协同效应.研究了UO2/OAc,C1/TBP-二甲苯体系的协萃效应,测定了萃合物的组成以及各种影响分配比的因素.     

Structures of lanthanide shift reagent complexes by molecular mechanics computations

Molecular mechanics calculations have been applied to the structure determination of 7-coordinate lanthanide complexes. To circumvent problems in defining oxygen—lanthanide—oxygen bond angles, the energy of angle deformations at the metal center are not evaluated explicitly. Instead the standard approach to molecular mechanics calculations is modified by including 1,3-nonbonded interactions between atoms that are both bonded to the metal center. Geometry optimization for two known lanthanide complexes afforded structures that are in reasonable agreement with X-ray crystal structures, and small discrepancies are attributed to cyrstal packing forces.     

Tris[3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1‐(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)naphthalen‐2‐olato‐κ2N,O]aluminium(III) toluene sesquisolvate

The central Al^III atom of the title compound, [Al(C₂₇H₂₈NO)₃]·1.5C₇H₈, has octahedral geometry in which the three N atoms are arranged in a meridional fashion. One of the toluene solvent molecules is located on a general position, while the second is disordered around a centre of inversion. The ligand molecule has axial chirality, and two of the three ligands in the complex exhibit the same stereochemistry. The three independent chelate rings exhibit significantly different bite angles at the metal atom, with one [83.72 (8)°] notably smaller than the other two [87.22 (8) and 87.13 (8)°]. Calculation of the solid angle covered by the ligands at the metal atom reveals that coverage is greatest for the ligand group with the shortest Al—O bond distance.     

Exact ligand cone angles

Many properties of transition‐metal complexes depend on the steric bulk of bound ligands, usually quantified by the Tolman (θ) and solid (θ) cone angles, which have proven utility but suffer from various limitations and coarse approximations. Here, we present an improved, mathematically rigorous method to determine an exact cone angle (θ°) by solving for the most acute right circular cone that contains the entire ligand. The procedure is applicable to any ligand, planar or nonplanar, monodentate or polydentate, bound to any metal center in any environment, and it is ideal for analyzing structures from quantum chemical computations as well as X‐ray crystallography experiments. Exact cone angles were evaluated for a wide array of phosphine and amine ligands bound to palladium, nickel, or platinum by optimizing structures using B3LYP/6‐31G* density functional theory with effective core potentials for the transition metals. The mean absolute deviations of the standard θ and θ parameters from the exact cone angles were 15–25°, mostly caused by distortions from the assumed idealized structures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.