Synthetic studies towards Chlorahololides A: practical synthesis of a lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid core framework with a 5,6-double bond

Towards Chlorahololides A: a lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid framework that contains a 5,6-double bond was synthesized from simple starting materials. The reductive cyclization of a 1,6-enyne and an unusual endo-type intramolecular Heck reaction was used as key steps for ring closure.     

Chlorahololides C-F: a new class of potent and selective potassium channel blockers from Chloranthus holostegius

Four unusually fused polycyclic sesquiterpenoid dimers, chlorahololides C-F (1-4), were isolated from the whole plant of Chloranthus holostegius. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR and CD spectra. Chlorahololides C-F (1-4) exerted potent and selective inhibition on the delayed rectifier (I_K) K⁺ current with the IC₅₀ values of 3.6±10.1, 2.7±0.3, 27.5±5.1 and 57.5±6.1 μM, respectively.     

Multiconfigurational self-consistent field and multireference internally contracted configuration interaction studies on the excited states of weakly bonded NO2 dimer (N2O4)

In this paper, the vertical excitation energies of total of 32 states of N(2)O(4) including the lowest two singlet states and two triplet states of each of the A(g), B(3u), B(2u), B(1g), B(1u), B(2g), B(3g), and A(u) symmetries were calculated at multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) and the multireference internally contracted configuration interaction (MRCI) levels of theory on the active space (15o,16e) with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The potential energy curves of the eight singlet states(1 (1)A(g), 1 (1)B(3u), 1 (1)B(2u), 1 (1)B(1g), 1 (1)B(1u), 1 (1)B(2g), 1 (1)B(3g), and 1 (1)A(u)) and eight triplet states (1 (3)A(g), 1 (3)B(3u), 1 (3)B(2u), 1 (3)B(1g), 1 (3)B(1u), 1 (3)B(2g), 1 (3)B(3g), and 1 (3)A(u)) were calculated at MCSCF and MRCI levels of theory on the active space (15o,16e) with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set along the N-N distance. The vertical excitation energies of 1 (1)B(3u), 1 (1)B(2u), and 1 (1)B(1u) states with nonzero transition moment are 4.60 eV (269.6 nm), 6.06 eV (204.6 nm), and 7.71 eV (160.8 nm), respectively, at MRCI level of theory. The photodissociation asymptotics were assigned as NO(2)(X (2)A(1))+NO(2)(X (2)A(1)) for ground state 1 (1)A(g) and the 1 (3)B(1u) state, NO(2)(X (2)A(1))+NO(2)(1 (2)A(2)) for the 1 (1)B(1g), 1 (3)B(1g), 1 (1)A(u), and 1 (3)A(u) states, NO(2)(X (2)A(1))+NO(2)(1 (2)B(1)) for the 1 (1)B(3u), 1 (3)B(3u), 1 (1)B(2g), and 1 (3)B(2g) states, and NO(2)(X (2)A(1))+NO(2)(1 (2)B(2)) for the 1 (1)B(2u), 1 (3)B(2u), 1 (1)B(3g), and 1 (3)B(3g) states.     

NH_2基态和激发态的SAC－CI和量子拓扑方法研究

ＮＨ_２基态和激发态的ＳＡＣ－ＣＩ和量子拓扑方法研究郑世钧，蔡新华，宋天乐，孟令鹏，中迁博，波田雅彦（河北师范学院化学系，石家庄，０５００９１）（京都大学工程学院京都，日本）关键词ＳＡＣ－ＣＩ方法，激发态，电子密度，拓扑分析用量子拓扑学方法研究激发态...     

铽与1-苯基-3-甲基-4-酰代吡唑啉-5-酮的三元配合物的合成、表征与荧光性能

合成了铽与1-苯基-3-甲基-4-异丁酰基吡唑啉-5-酮(HPMIBP)、1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基吡唑啉-5-酮(HPMBP)的四个三元配合物Tb(PMIBP)3.2H2O(A1), Tb(PMIBP)3.bpy(A2), Tb(PMBP)3.2H2O(B1)和Tb(PMBP)3.bpy(B2)(bpy=2, 2'-联吡啶)。用元素分析确定了它们的组成, 并用紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱、差热-热重谱对其进行了表征。研究了它们在固态和溶液中的荧光光谱, 并用频域法测定了它们在溶液中的荧光寿命, 结果表明A1和A2的荧光强度比相应的B1和B2强三个数量级, A2与A1或B2与B1相比, 荧光强度也有一定程度的增强,并且不同溶剂对其荧光强度和荧光寿命都有较大的影响。     

Ab initio calculations on low-lying electronic states of SbO2- and Franck-Condon simulation of its photodetachment spectrum

Geometry optimization and harmonic vibrational frequency calculations have been carried out on the low-lying singlet and triplet electronic states of the antimony dioxide anion (SbO2-) employing a variety of ab initio methods. Both large-core and small-core relativistic effective core potentials were used for Sb in these calculations, together with valence basis sets of up to augmented correlation-consistent polarized-valence quintuple-zeta (aug-cc-pV5Z) quality. The ground electronic state of SbO2- is determined to be the X (1)A1 state, with the a (3)B1 state, calculated to be approximately 48 kcal mole(-1) (2.1 eV) higher in energy. Further calculations were performed on the X (2)A1, A (2)B2, and B (2)A2 states of SbO2 with the aim to simulating the photodetachment spectrum of SbO(2) (-). Potential energy functions (PEFs) of the X (1)A1 state of SbO2- and the X (2)A1, A (2)B2, and B (2)A2 states of SbO2 were computed at the complete-active-space self-consistent-field multireference internally contracted configuration interaction level with basis sets of augmented correlation-consistent polarized valence quadruple-zeta quality. Anharmonic vibrational wave functions obtained from these PEFs were used to compute Franck-Condon factors between the X (1)A1 state of SbO2- and the X (2)A1, A (2)B2, and B (2)A2 states of SbO2, which were then used to simulate the photodetachment spectrum of SbO2-, which is yet to be recorded experimentally.     

X, A, B, C, and D states of the C6H5F+ ion studied using multiconfiguration wave functions

Electronic states of the C6H5F+ ion have been studied within C2v symmetry by using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) methods in conjunction with an atomic natural orbital basis. Vertical excitation energies (Tv) and relative energies (Tv') at the ground-state geometry of the C6H5F molecule were calculated for 12 states. For the five lowest-lying states, 1(2)B1, 1(2)A2, 2(2)B1, 1(2)B2, and 1(2)A1, geometries and vibrational frequencies were calculated at the CASSCF level, and adiabatic excitation energies (T0) and potential energy curves (PEC) for F-loss dissociations were calculated at the CASPT2//CASSCF level. On the basis of the CASPT2 T0 calculations, we assign the X, A, B, C, and D states of the ion to 1(2)B1, 1(2)A2, 2(2)B1, 1(2)B2, and 1(2)A1, respectively, which supports the suggested assignment of the B state to (2)(2)B1 by Anand et al. based on their experiments. Our CASPT2 Tv and Tv' calculations and our MRCI T0, Tv, and Tv' calculations all indicate that the 2(2)B1 state of C6H5F+ lies below 1(2)B2. By checking the relative energies of the asymptote products and checking the fragmental geometries and the charge and spin density populations in the asymptote products along the CASPT2//CASSCF PECs, we conclude that the 1(2)B1, 1(2)B2, and 1(2)A1 states of C6H5F+ correlate with C6H5+ (1(1)A1) + F (2P) (the first dissociation limit). The energy increases monotonically along the 1(2)B1 PEC, and there are barriers and minima along the 1(2)B2 and 1(2)A1 PECs. The predicted appearance potential value for C6H5+ (1(1)A1) is very close to the average of the experimental values. Our CASPT2//CASSCF PEC calculations have led to the conclusion that the 1(2)A2 state of C6H5F+ correlates with the third dissociation limit of C6H5+ (1(1)A2) + F (2P), and a preliminary discussion is presented.     

Multi-mycotoxin analysis in eggs using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A reliable and rapid method has been developed for the determination of 10 mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, A1, B1, citrinin, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A) in eggs at trace levels. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been used for the analysis of these compounds in less than 7 min. Mycotoxins have been extracted from egg samples using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) without applying any further clean-up step. Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimised in order to increase sample throughput and sensitivity. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification. Blank samples were fortified at 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg(-1), and recoveries ranged from 70% to 110%, except for ochratoxin A and aflatoxin G1 at 10 μg kg(-1), and aflatoxin G2 at 50 μg kg(-1). Relative standard deviations were lower than 25% in all the cases. Limits of detection ranged from 0.5 μg kg(-1) (for aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1) to 5 μg kg(-1) (for enniatin A, citrinin and ochratoxin A) and limits of quantification ranged from 1 μg kg(-1) (for aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1) to 10 μg kg(-1) (for enniatin A, citrinin and ochratoxin A). Seven samples were analyzed and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and beauvericin were detected at trace levels.     

活性氮与SO2和SOCl2的传能反应

在流动余辉装置上, 研究了活性氮与SO2和SOCl2之间的反应过程. 在280～500 nm, 观察到了SO2( A1A2,B1B1→X1A1 )和SO2(a3B1→X1A1)的发射光谱. 对比由Ar(3P0,2)与N2碰撞反应产生的纯N2(A3Σu+)与SO2、SOCl2之间反应的实验结果, 可以说明, N2(A3Σu+)在活性氮与SO2的反应中是主要的能量载体, 它与SO2的直接能量转移反应形成了激发态的SO2(A1A2, B1B1); 在活性氮与SOCl2的反应中观测到的激发态SO2(a3B1), 则可能主要是通过N(4S)与SOCl2反应生成的N2O(X1Σ+)和N2(A3Σu+)与SOCl2反应生成的SO(X3Σ－)之间的化学反应过程产生.     

Vibrational energies for the X1A1, A1B1, and B1A1 states of SiH2/SiD2 and related transition probabilities based on global potential energy surfaces

Transition probabilities were evaluated for the X(1)A(1)-A(1)B(1) and A(1)B(1)-B(1)A(1) systems of SiH(2) and SiD(2) to analyze the X-->A-->B photoexcitation. The Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) and Einstein's B coefficients were computed by quantum vibrational calculations using the three-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the SiH(2)(X(1)A(1),A(1)B(1),B(1)A(1)) electronic states and the electronic transition moments for the X-A, X-B, and A-B system. The global PESs were determined by the multireference configuration interaction calculations with the Davidson correction and the interpolant moving least-squares method combined with the Shepard interpolation. The obtained FCFs for the X-A and A-B systems exhibit that the bending mode is strongly enhanced in the excitation since the equilibrium bond angle greatly varies with the three states; the barrier to linearity is evaluated to be 21,900 cm(-1) for the X state, 6400 cm(-1) for the A state, and 230-240 cm(-1) for the B state. The theoretical lifetimes for the pure bending levels of the A and B states were calculated from the fluorescence decay rates for the A-X, B-A, and B-X emissions.     

The 1 (2)A(1), 1 (2)B(2), and 1 (2)A(2) states of the SO(2) (+) ion studied using multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory

The 1 (2)A(1), 1 (2)B(2), and 1 (2)A(2) electronic states of the SO(2) (+) ion have been studied using multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and two contracted atomic natural orbital basis sets, S[6s4p3d1f]/O[5s3p2d1f] (ANO-L) and S[4s3p2d]/O[3s2p1d] (ANO-S), and the three states were considered to correspond to the observed X, B, and A states, respectively, in the previous experimental and theoretical studies. Based on the CASPT2/ANO-L adiabatic excitation energy calculations, the X, A, and B states of SO(2) (+) are assigned to 1 (2)A(1), 1 (2)B(2), and 1 (2)A(2), respectively, and our assignments of the A and B states are contrary to the previous assignments (A to (2)A(2) and B to (2)B(2)). The CASPT2/ANO-L energetic calculations also indicate that the 1 (2)A(1), 1 (2)B(2), and 1 (2)A(2) states are, respectively, the ground, first excited, and second excited states at the ground-state (1 (2)A(1)) geometry of the ion and at the geometry of the ground-state SO(2) molecule. Based on the CASPT2/ANO-L results for the geometries, we realize that the experimental geometries (determined by assuming the bond lengths to be the same as the neutral ground state of SO(2)) were not accurate. The CASPT2/ANO-S calculations for the potential energy curves as functions of the OSO angle confirm that the 1 (2)B(2) and 1 (2)A(2) states are the results of the Renner-Teller effect in the degenerate (2)Pi(g) state at the linear geometry, and it is clearly shown that the 1 (2)B(2) curve, as the lower component of the Renner splitting, lies below the 1 (2)A(2) curve. The UB3LYP/cc-pVTZ adiabatic excitation energy calculations support the assignments (A to (2)B(2) and B to (2)A(2)) based on the CASPT2/ANO-L calculations.     

A resonance Raman spectroscopic and CASSCF investigation of the Franck-Condon region structural dynamics and conical intersections of thiophene

Resonance Raman spectra were acquired for thiophene in cyclohexane solution with 239.5 and 266 nm excitation wavelengths that were in resonance with ～240?nm first intense absorption band. The spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion mostly along the reaction coordinates of six totally symmetry modes and three nontotally symmetry modes. The appearance of the nontotally symmetry modes, the C-S antisymmetry stretch +C-C=C bend mode ν(21)(B(2)) at 754?cm(-1) and the H(7)C(3)-C(4)H(8) twist ν(9)(A(2)) at 906?cm(-1), suggests the existence of two different types of vibronic-couplings or curve-crossings among the excited states in the Franck-Condon region. The electronic transition energies, the excited state structures, and the conical intersection points (1)B(1)/(1)A(1) and (1)B(2)/(1)A(1) between 2?(1)A(1) and 1?(1)B(2) or 1?(1)B(1) potential energy surfaces of thiophene were determined by using complete active space self-consistent field theory computations. These computational results were correlated with the Franck-Condon region structural dynamics of thiophene. The ring opening photodissociation reaction pathway through cleavage of one of the C-S bonds and via the conical intersection point (1)B(1)/(1)A(1) was revealed to be the predominant ultrafast reaction channel for thiophene in the lowest singlet excited state potential energy hypersurface, while the internal conversion pathway via the conical intersection point (1)B(2)/(1)A(1) was found to be the minor decay channel in the lowest singlet excited state potential energy hypersurface.     

Ab initio calculations on low-lying electronic states of TeO2 and Franck-Condon simulation of the (1)1B2 <-- X1A1 TeO2 absorption spectrum including anharmonicity

Ab initio calculations have been carried out on low-lying singlet and triplet states of TeO2 at different levels of theory with basis sets of up to the augmented-polarized valence-quintuple-zeta quality. Equilibrium geometrical parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and relative electronic energies of the X1A1, 1B1, 1B2, 1A2, 3A1, 3B1, 3B2, and 3A2 states of TeO2 have been calculated. Potential energy functions (PEFs) of the X1A1 and the (1)1B2 states were computed at the complete-active-space self-consistent-field multireference configuration interaction level, with a basis set of augmented-polarized valence-quadruple-zeta quality. Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) for the electronic transition between the X1A1 and (1)1B2 states of TeO2 were calculated with the above-mentioned ab initio PEFs. The (1)1B2 <-- X1A1 absorption spectrum of TeO2 was simulated employing the computed FCFs, which include Duschinsky rotation and anharmonicity, and compared with the recently published laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of Hullah and Brown [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 200, 261 (2000)]. The ab initio results and spectral simulation reported here confirm the upper electronic state involved in the LIF spectrum to be the (1)1B2 state of TeO2 and also confirm the vibrational assignments of Hullah and Brown. However, our simulated spectrum suggests that the reported LIF spectrum from 345 to 406 nm represents only a portion of the full (1)1B2 <-- X1A1 absorption spectrum of TeO2, which extends from ca. 406 to 300 nm. Another dye other than the two used by Hullah and Brown is required to cover the 345-300 nm region of the LIF band. Ab initio calculations show strong configuration mixing of the (1)1B2 electronic surface with higher 1B2 states in a region of large TeO bond length (> or = 2.0 A) and OTeO bond angle (> or = 135.0 degrees).     

CASSCF and CASPT2 study on O- and Cl-loss predissociation mechanisms of OClO (A(2)A2)

For studying O- and Cl-loss predissociation mechanisms of OClO (A(2)A(2)), we calculated O- and Cl-loss dissociation potential energy curves (adiabatic minimum-energy dissociation paths) of several low-lying doublet and quartet states at the CASPT2 level and located the MECPs (minimum energy crossing points) for many pairs of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) at the CASPT2 and CASSCF levels. On the basis of our calculation results (including the spin-orbit couplings at the MECPs), we predict three processes for O-loss predissociation of A(2)A(2) and four processes for Cl-loss predissociation of A(2)A(2). The most favorable process for O-loss predissociation is OClO (A(2)A(2)) → A(2)A(2)/1 (2)B(2) MECP → 1 (2)B(2) (1 (2)A') → O ((3)P(g)) + ClO (X(2)Π) (the first O-loss limit), and the needed energy for this process from X(2)B(1) is 2.92 eV. The most favorable process for Cl-loss predissociation is OClO (A(2)A(2)) → A(2)A(2)/1 (2)B(2) MECP → TS1 (1 (2)B(2)) → 1 (2)B(2)/1 (2)A(1) MECP → Cl ((2)P(u)) + O(2) (X(3)Σ(g)(-)) (the first limit), and the needed energy is 3.08 eV. In the previously suggested mechanisms (processes), the A(2)A(2) state was considered to go to the important 1 (2)B(2) state via 1 (2)A(1) (A(2)A(2) → 1 (2)A(1) → 1 (2)B(2)). In the present study we have found that the A(2)A(2) state can directly go to 1 (2)B(2) (at the located A(2)A(2)/1 (2)B(2) MECP the CASPT2 energy (relative to X(2)B(1)) and CASSCF spin-orbit coupling are 2.92 eV and 61.3 cm(-1), respectively). We have compared our processes (A(2)A(2) → 1 (2)B(2) → ...) with the processes (A(2)A(2) → 1 (2)A(1) → 1 (2)B(2) → ...) suggested in the previous MRCI studies and rewritten by us using our calculation results. Energetically the MRCI process for O-loss predissociation (to the first limit) is only slightly (0.13 eV) more favorable than our process, and the MRCI processes for Cl-loss predissociation (to the first and second limits) need the same energies as our processes. By considering the probabilities of radiationless transitions, the MRCI processes are less favorable than our processes since the MRCI processes proceed via more PES/PES crossings (more MECPs). The experimental facts concerning the photodissociation are explained.     

Tautomeric behavior of 3-(arylhydrazono)methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalines between the hydrazone imine and diazenyl enamine forms in acidic media. Solvent and substituent effects

The 3-(arylhydrazono)methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalines 1a-h and 2a-e showed tautomeric equilibria between the hydrazone imine A and diazenyl enamine B forms in a series of mixed trifluoroacetic acid/dimethyl sulfoxide media. The substituent and solvent effects on the tautomer ratios of A to B in a series of mixed media were studied for compounds 1a-h and 2a-e by the nmr spectroscopy. In compounds 1a-h and 2a-e , the ratios of the tautomer B gradually increased with elevation of acid concentration, and the tautomer B exclusively existed in trifluoroacetic acid media. The various acid concentrations (C v/v%, C' mol/1) giving the 1:1 tautomer ratios [C(A:B = 1:1), C'(A:B = 1:1)] were obtained from all compounds (Figures 1–13), and the linear correlation of the Hammett σ_p values with the log C'(A:B = 1:1) values were observed for compounds 1a-h. The larger Hammett σ_p values brought about the larger acid concentrations C(A:B = 1:1) in compounds 1a-h and 2a-e , indicating that the higher acid concentration was required for the stabilization of tautomer B possessing the electron-withdrawing p-substituents R¹, which weakened the basicity of the azo nitrogen atom. Moreover, the ester group R² of compounds 2a-e was found to decrease the electron density of the azo nitrogen atom, since the acid concentration C(A:B = 1:1) of compound 2c (R¹ = H, R² = COOMe, σ_p = O) was 52%, whose value was larger than that of compound 1b (R¹ = CN, R² = H, σ_p = 0.66) [C(A:B = 1:1) = 42%].     

New triterpene constituents, foliasalacins A(1)-A(4), B(1)-B(3), and C, from the leaves of Salacia chinensis

Four dammarane-type, three lupane-type, and an oleanane-type triterpenes named foliasalacins A(1) (1), A(2) (2), A(3) (3), A(4) (4), B(1) (5), B(2) (6), B(3) (7), and C (8) were isolated from the leaves of Salacia chinensis LINN. collected in Thailand. The structures of new triterpene constituents (1-8) were characterized on the basis of chemical and physiochemical evidence.     

Density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction studies on low-lying excited states of TiO2

Using density functional theory at the BPW916-311+G(3df) level, optimized geometries and energies of the lowest singlet, triplet, and quintet A(1), A(2), B(1), B(2)(C(2v)) states of the TiO(2) molecule were obtained. TiO(2) has a (1)A(1) ground state in C(2v) symmetry. Adiabatic excitation energies of the low-lying singlet and triplet states range from 2.1 to 3.0 eV. The (1,3)A(2) states optimize at bond angles of about 140 degrees , lying only 0.06 eV below linear (1,3)Delta(u), whereas (1,3)B(1) and (1,3)B(2), with bond angles of 120 degrees and 96 degrees , respectively, lie 0.3-0.4 eV below the respective (1,3)Pi(u) or (1,3)Delta(u) states. Minima with short O-O distances of approximately 1.46 A, at energies of 4.2 and 4.7 eV, were found for (1)A(1) and (3)A(1). The C(2v) minima of the lowest (1)B(1) and (3)B(1) states are saddle points, suggesting lower-energy structures in C(s) symmetry. The C(2v) quintet states start at energies of 5.7 eV. Multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) methods, employing a polarized valence triple-zeta basis set, lead to similar geometries and energies. MRCI vertical excitation energies up to 4.6 eV and oscillator strengths are given. The calculated excitation energy of 2.2 eV for (1)B(2) agrees well with 2.3 eV from a fluorescence spectrum. The vertical electron detachment energy of TiO(2) (-) is 1.5 eV, in good agreement with 1.6 eV from anion photoelectron spectroscopy. An observed second photoelectron band corresponds to (1)B(2) and/or (3)B(2), but the assignment of a third band could not be verified. Vibrational frequencies, ionization energies, electron affinities, and dissociation energies are given.     

Radicamines A and B: synthesis and revision of the absolute configuration

[reaction: see text] Starting from D-xylose, enantioselective syntheses of 1 and 2, the proposed structures for radicamines A and B, were accomplished. Both (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of 1 and 2 were identical with those of the natural products, but the optical rotation measurements identified that 1 and 2 were actually the enantiomers of the natural radicamines A and B, respectively.     

Novel dolabellane-type diterpene alkaloids with lipid metabolism promoting activities from the seeds of Nigella sativa

[structure: see text] Four new dolabellane-type diterpene alkaloids, nigellamines A(1) (1), A(2) (2), B(1) (3), and B(2) (4), were isolated from the seeds of Nigella sativa. Their absolute stereostructures were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Nigellamines A(1) (1), B(1) (3), and B(2) (4) were found to show potent lipid metabolism promoting activity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes, and their activities were equivalent to that of a PPAR-alpha agonist, clofibrate.