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1.
Peripherally hexachlorinated meso‐triphenyl subporphyrin 4 was prepared by chlorination of meso‐triphenyl subporphyrin 1 with N‐chlorosuccinimide and was effectively transformed to hexasulfanylated subporphyrins 5 – 8 via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions with the corresponding thiols under basic conditions. The structures of 5 – 8 have been all well characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. 1H NMR studies indicated that the meso‐phenyl substituents undergo restricted rotation for 5 – 8 , while the β‐sulfanyl substituents are conformationally flexible in 5 , 6 , and 8 , and are strictly regulated to an anti‐conformation in 7 . Judging from the absorption spectra, the oxidation and reduction potentials, and the DFT calculations, the substituent effects decrease in the order of 5 > 6 > 7 > 8 . Subporphyrin 8 effectively captures C60 in a 1:1 manner in [D8]toluene solution.  相似文献   

2.
The electronic influence of substituents on the free enthalpy of rotation around the N? B bond in aminoboranes was investigated in two series of compounds: (a) (CH3)2N?BCl (phenyl-p-X), containing the para-phenyl substituent at the boron atom, and (b) (p-X-phenyl)CH3N?B(CH3)2, containing the para-phenyl substituent at the nitrogen atom of the N? B linkage (X = ? NR2, ? OCH3, ? C(CH3)3, ? Si(CH3)3, ? H, ? F, ? Cl, ? Br, ? I, ? CF3 and ? NO2). By comparing the rotational barriers in corresponding compounds of both series, a reverse effect of the substituents could be observed. Electron-withdrawing substituents in the para position of the phenyl ring increase the ΔGc if the phenyl group is attached to the boron atom; on the other hand, a lower ΔGc is observed if the phenyl ring is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the N? B system. Substitution of the phenyl ring with electron-donating substituents in the paraposition exerts the opposite effect. Within each series of compounds, the differences of ΔGc values [δ(ΔGc) = ΔGc (X) ? ΔGc (X = H)] between substituted and unsubstituted compounds can be explained in terms of inductive and mesomeric effects of the ring substituents and can be correlated with the Hammett σ constant of each substituent. A comparison of the slopes of the plotted lines shows that the influence of the ring substituents is more pronounced in compounds with N-phenyl-p-X than in those with B-phenyl-p-X.  相似文献   

3.
Iridium‐catalyzed borylation of B‐aryl meso‐free subporphyrinato boron(III) complexes (hereinafter referred to simply as subporphyrins) with bis(pinacolato)diboron gave 2,13‐diborylated subporphyrins regioselectively, which served as promising synthetic precursors for 2,13‐diarylated subporphyrins and doubly β‐to‐β 1,3‐butadiyne‐bridged subporphyrin dimers. 2,13‐Diarylated subporphyrins display perturbed absorption spectra, depending upon the β‐aryl substituents. Doubly 1,3‐butadiyne‐bridged syn and anti subporphyrin dimers thus prepared exhibit differently altered absorption spectra with split Soret‐like bands, which have been accounted for in terms of exciton coupling.  相似文献   

4.
meso‐Tetraarylporphyrinato complexes 1a – g (ZnII, CuII, and NiII) bearing one or two nitro‐substituted aryl moieties react with 1,1,1‐trimethylhydrazinium iodide in the presence of tBuOK in THF at 0–5° or in the presence of KOH in DMSO at 60–70° according to a nucleophilic substitution of an H‐atom, thus affording porphyrins 2a – g and 3f , g with amino‐functionalized meso‐positioned aryl substituents in yields up to 73% (Scheme 1 and Table). The products obtained are attractive intermediates for further derivatization of porphyrins and may be of potential use as sensitizers in photodynamic cancer therapy.  相似文献   

5.
Restricted rotation about the naphthalenylcarbonyl bonds in the title compounds resulted in mixtures of cis and trans rotamers, the equilibrium and the rotational barriers depending on the substituents. For 2,7-dimethyl-1,8-di-(p-toluoyl)-naphthalene (1) ΔH° = 3.66 ± 0.14 kJ mol?1, ΔS° = 1.67 ± 0.63 J mol?1 K?1, ΔHct = 55.5 ± 1.3 kJ mol?1, ΔHct = 51.9 ± 1.3 kJ mol?1, ΔSct = ?41.3±4.1 J mol?1 K?1 and ΔSct = ?42.9±4.1 J mol?1 K?1. The rotation about the phenylcarbonyl bond requires ΔH = ?56.9±4.4 kJ mol?1 and ΔS = ?20.5±15.3 J mol?1 K?1 for the cis rotamer, and ΔH = 43.5Δ0.4 kJ mol?1 and ΔS =± ?22.4Δ1.3 J mol?1 K?1 for the trans rotamer. The role of electronic factors is likely to be virtually the same for both these rotamers but steric interaction between the two phenyl rings occurs in the cis rotamer only. Hence, the difference of the activation enthalpies obtained for the cis and trans rotamers, ΔΔH?1 = 13.4 kJ mol?1, provides a basis for the estimation of the role of steric factors in this rotation. For the tetracarboxylic acid 2 and its tetramethyl ester 3 the equilibrium is even more shifted towards the trans form because of enhanced steric and electrostatic interactions between the substituents in the cis form. The barriers for the rotation around the phenylcarbonyl bond and the cis-trans isomerization are lowered; an explanation for this result is presented.  相似文献   

6.
Effective peripheral fabrication methods of meso‐aryl‐substituted subporphyrins were explored for the first time. Hexabrominated subporphyrins 2 were prepared quantitatively from the bromination of subporphyrins 1 with bromine. Hexaphenylated subporphyrins 3 and hexaethynylated subporphyrins 4 and 5 were synthesized by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and Stille coupling, respectively, in good yields. X‐ray crystal structures of 2 b , 3 b , 4 b , and 5 a revealed preservation of the bowl‐shaped bent structures with bowl depths similar to that of 1 . Hexaethynylated subporphyrins exhibit large two‐photon‐absorption cross‐sections due to effective delocalization of the conjugated network to the ethynyl substituents.  相似文献   

7.
Ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐ and meso‐lactide initiated by indium bis(phenolate) isopropoxides {1,4‐dithiabutanediylbis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenolate)}(isopropoxy)indium ( 1 ) and {1,4‐dithiabutanediylbis(4,6‐di(2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl)phenolate)}(isopropoxy)indium ( 2 ) is found to follow first‐order kinetics for monomer conversion. Activation parameters ΔH? and ΔS? suggest an ordered transition state. Initiators 1 and 2 polymerize meso‐lactide faster than rac‐lactide. In general, compound 2 with the more bulky cumyl ortho‐substituents in the phenolate moiety shows higher polymerization activity than 1 with tert‐butyl substituents. meso‐Lactide is polymerized to syndiotactic poly(meso‐lactides) in THF, while polymerization of rac‐lactide in THF gives atactic poly(rac‐lactides) with solvent‐dependent preferences for heterotactic (THF) or isotactic (CH2Cl2) sequences. Indium bis(phenolate) compound rac‐(1,2‐cyclohexanedithio‐2,2′‐bis{4,6‐di(2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl)phenolato}(isopropoxy)indium ( 3 ) polymerizes meso‐lactide to give syndiotactic poly(meso‐lactide) with narrow molecular weight distributions and rac‐lactide in THF to give heterotactically enriched poly(rac‐lactides). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 4983–4991  相似文献   

8.
Treatment of the salt [PPh4]+[Cp*W(S)3]? ( 6 ) with allyl bromide gave the neutral complex [Cp*W(S)2S‐CH2‐CH?CH2] ( 7 ). The product 7 was characterized by an X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Complex 7 features dynamic NMR spectra that indicate a rapid allyl automerization process. From the analysis of the temperature‐dependent NMR spectra a Gibbs activation energy of ΔG (278 K)≈13.7±0.1 kcal mol?1 was obtained [ΔH≈10.4±0.1 kcal mol?1; ΔS≈?11.4 cal mol?1 K?1]. The DFT calculation identified an energetically unfavorable four‐membered transition state of the “forbidden” reaction and a favorable six‐membered transition state of the “Cope‐type” allyl rearrangement process at this transition‐metal complex core.  相似文献   

9.
Synthetic and structural aspects of the phosphanylation of 1,3‐benzazaphospholides 1Li , ambident benzofused azaphosphacyclopentadienides, are presented. The unusual properties of phospholyl‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholes inspired us to study the coupling of 1Li with chlorodiazaphospholene 2 , which led to the N‐substituted product 3 . Reaction of 1Li with chlorodiphenyl‐ and chlorodicyclohexylphosphane likewise gave N‐phosphanylbenzazaphospholes 4 and 5 , whereas with the more bulky di‐tert‐butyl‐ and di‐1‐adamantylchlorophosphanes, the diphosphanes 6 and 7 are obtained; in the case of 7 they are isolated as a dimeric LiCl(THF) adduct. Structural information was provided by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and solution NMR spectroscopy experiments. 2D exchange spectroscopy confirmed the existence of two rotamers of the aminophosphane 5 at room temperature; variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy studies of 6 revealed two dynamic processes, low‐temperature inversion at ring phosphorus (ΔH=22 kJ mol?1, ΔS=2 J K?1 mol?1) and very low‐temperature rotation of the tBu2P group. Quantum chemical studies give evidence that 2‐unsubstituted benzazaphospholides prefer N‐phosphanylation, even with bulky chlorophosphanes, and that substituents at the 2‐position of the heterocycle are crucial for the occurrence of P–N rotamers and for switching to alternative P‐substitution, beyond a threshold steric bulk, by both P‐ and 2‐position substituents.  相似文献   

10.
meso‐Free BIII 5,10‐bis(p‐dimethylaminophenyl)subporphyrins were synthesized. They display red‐shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, bathochromic behaviors in polar solvents, a high fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF=0.57), and a small HOMO–LUMO gap mainly due to destabilized HOMO as compared with meso‐free BIII 5,10‐diphenylsubporphyrin. This subporphyrin serves as a nice precursor of various meso‐substituted BIII subporphyrins such as BIII meso‐nitrosubporphyrin, BIII meso‐aminosubporphyrin, and meso‐meso’ linked BIII azosubporphyrin dimer. Reactions of meso‐free BIII subporphyrins with NBS or bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)bromonium hexafluorophosphate gave meso‐meso′ linked subporphyrin dimers, often as a major product along with meso‐bromosubporphyrins.  相似文献   

11.
The C-2—N bond of 2-N,N-dimethylaminopyrylium cations has a partial π character due to the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair with the ring. The values of ΔG, ΔH, ΔS parameters related to the corresponding hindered rotation have been determined by 13C NMR total bandshape analysis. This conjugation decreases the electrophilic character of carbon C-4 so that the displacement of the alkoxy group is no longer possible. Such a hindered rotation also exists in 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyrylium cations and the corresponding ΔG parameters have been evaluated. Comparison of these two cationic species shows that hindered rotation around the C—N bond is larger in position 4 than in position 2. Furthermore, the barrier to internal rotation around the C-2? N bond decreases with increasing electron donating power of the substituent at position 4. ΔG values decreases from 19.1 kcal mol?1 (79.9 kJ mol?1) to 12.6 kcal mol?1 (52.7 kJ mol?1) according to the following sequence for the R-4 substituents: -C6H5, -CH3, -OCH3, -N(CH3)2.  相似文献   

12.
The pseudo‐Michael reaction of 1‐aryl‐2‐aminoimidazolines‐2 with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEM) was investigated. Extensive structural studies were performed to confirm the reaction course. For derivatives with N1 aromatic substituents, it was found that the reaction course was temperature dependent. When the reaction temperature was held at ?10 °C only the formation of 1‐aryl‐7(1H)‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroimi‐dazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine‐6‐carboxylates ( 4 ) was observed in contrast to earlier suggestions. Under the room temperature conditions, the same reaction yielded mixtures, with varying ratio, of isomeric 1‐aryl‐7(1H)‐oxo‐ ( 4a‐4f ) and 1‐aryl‐5(1H)‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine‐6‐carboxylates ( 5a‐5f ). The molecular structure of selected isomers, 4b and 5c , was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Frontal chro‐matography with delivery from the edge was applied for the separation of the isomeric esters. The isomer ratio of the reaction products depended on the character of the substituents on the phenyl ring. The 1‐aryl‐7(1H)‐oxo‐carboxylates ( 4a‐4f ) were preferably when the phenyl ring contained H, 4‐CH3, 4‐OCH3 and 3,4‐Cl2 substituents. Chloro substitution at either position 3 or 4 in the phenyl ring favored the formation of isomers 5a‐5f . The isomer ratios were confirmed both by 1H NMR and chromatography. The reaction of the respective hydrobromides of 1‐aryl‐2‐aminoimidazoline‐2 with DEEM, in the presence of triethylamine, gave selectively 5(1H)‐oxo‐esters ( 5a‐5f ).  相似文献   

13.
Crystallization experiments with the dinuclear chelate ring complex di‐μ‐chlorido‐bis[(η2‐2‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐5‐{[(propan‐2‐yloxy)carbonyl]methoxy}phenyl‐κC1)platinum(II)], [Pt2(C15H19O4)2Cl2], containing a derivative of the natural compound eugenol as ligand, have been performed. Using five different sets of crystallization conditions resulted in four different complexes which can be further used as starting compounds for the synthesis of Pt complexes with promising anticancer activities. In the case of vapour diffusion with the binary chloroform–diethyl ether or methylene chloride–diethyl ether systems, no change of the molecular structure was observed. Using evaporation from acetonitrile (at room temperature), dimethylformamide (DMF, at 313 K) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, at 313 K), however, resulted in the displacement of a chloride ligand by the solvent, giving, respectively, the mononuclear complexes (acetonitrile‐κN)(η2‐2‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐5‐{[(propan‐2‐yloxy)carbonyl]methoxy}phenyl‐κC1)chloridoplatinum(II) monohydrate, [Pt(C15H19O4)Cl(CH3CN)]·H2O, (η2‐2‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐5‐{[(propan‐2‐yloxy)carbonyl]methoxy}phenyl‐κC1)chlorido(dimethylformamide‐κO)platinum(II), [Pt(C15H19O4)Cl(C2H7NO)], and (η2‐2‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐5‐{[(propan‐2‐yloxy)carbonyl]methoxy}phenyl‐κC1)chlorido(dimethyl sulfoxide‐κS)platinum(II), determined as the analogue {η2‐2‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐5‐[(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy]phenyl‐κC1}chlorido(dimethyl sulfoxide‐κS)platinum(II), [Pt(C14H17O4)Cl(C2H6OS)]. The crystal structures confirm that acetonitrile interacts with the PtII atom via its N atom, while for DMSO, the S atom is the coordinating atom. For the replacement, the longest of the two Pt—Cl bonds is cleaved, leading to a cis position of the solvent ligand with respect to the allyl group. The crystal packing of the complexes is characterized by dimer formation via C—H…O and C—H…π interactions, but no π–π interactions are observed despite the presence of the aromatic ring.  相似文献   

14.
Nonplanar conformations of pyrazine‐fused ZnII diporphyrins could be controlled by the choice of the meso‐aryl substituents and an axial ligand on the central metals. ZnII diporphyrins bearing sterically demanding meso‐aryl groups with ortho‐substituents led to a twisted chiral D2 conformation, while an achiral C2h form was preferred in the case of aryl groups without ortho‐substituents. Helical chirality induction on ZnII diporphyrins in the twisted conformation was achieved by controlling their handedness of the molecular twist through coordination of optically active 1‐phenethylamine.  相似文献   

15.
Hindered internal rotation about the C‐N single bonds joining the thiuram disulfide was studied by 1H NMR complete line‐shaped analysis in different dimethyl sulfoxide‐chloroform (DMSO‐CDCl3) mixtures. From the temperature dependence of methyls proton spectra, activation parameters (Ea, ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) were obtained. The Arrhenius plots showed a distinct isokinetic temperature at about 35 °C at which the exchange rate is more or less independent of the solvent composition. The resulting ΔH against TΔS plot showed a firmly good linear correlation, indicating the existence of an enthalpy‐entropy composition in an exchange process.  相似文献   

16.
The rate constants for the reaction of 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐4‐nitroanisole with some substituted anilines have been measured by spectrophotometric methods in methanol at various temperatures. The data are consistent with the SNAr mechanism. The effect of substituents on the rate of reaction has been examined. Good linear relationships were obtained from the plots of log k1 against Hammett σpara constants values at all temperature with negative ρ values (?1.68 to ?1.11). Activation parameters ΔH varied from 41.6 to 54.3 kJ mol?1 and ΔS from ?142.7 to ?114.6 J mol?1 K?1. The δΔH and δΔS reaction constants were determined from the dependence of ΔH and ΔS activation parameters on the σ substituent constants, by analogy with the Hammett equation. A plot of ΔH versus ΔS for the reaction gave good straight line with 177°C isokinetic temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 203–210, 2010  相似文献   

17.
Second‐order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for reactions of 2,6‐dimethoxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine 1 with 4‐X‐substituted phenoxide anions (X = OMe, Me, H, Cl, and CN) 2a–e in aqueous solution at various temperatures. The effect of phenoxide substituents on the reaction rate was examined quantitatively on the basis of kinetic measurements, leading to nonlinear correlations of ΔH and ΔS with Hammett's substituent constants (σ). Each Hammett plots exhibits two intersecting straight lines for the reactions of 1 with the phenoxide anions 2a–e , whereas the Yukawa–Tsuno plots for the same reactions are linear. The large negative ρ values (?4.03 to ?3.80) obtained for the reactions of 1 with the phenoxide anions possessing an electron‐donating group supports the proposal that the reactions proceed through a single‐electron transfer mechanism.  相似文献   

18.
The kinetics of the interactions between three sulfur‐containing ligands, thioglycolic acid, 2‐thiouracil, glutathione, and the title complex, have been studied spectrophotometrically in aqueous medium as a function of the concentrations of the ligands, temperature, and pH at constant ionic strength. The reactions follow a two‐step process in which the first step is ligand‐dependent and the second step is ligand‐independent chelation. Rate constants (k1 ~10?3 s?1 and k2 ~10?5 s?1) and activation parameters (for thioglycolic acid: ΔH1 = 22.4 ± 3.0 kJ mol?1, ΔS1 = ?220 ± 11 J K?1 mol?1, ΔH2 = 38.5 ± 1.3 kJ mol?1, ΔS2 = ?204 ± 4 J K?1 mol?1; for 2‐thiouracil: ΔH1 = 42.2 ± 2.0 kJ mol?1, ΔS1 = ?169 ± 6 J K?1 mol?1, ΔH2 = 66.1 ± 0.5 kJ mol?1, ΔS2 = ?124 ± 2 J K?1 mol?1; for glutathione: ΔH1 = 47.2 ± 1.7 kJ mol?1, ΔS1 = ?155 ± 5 J K?1mol?1, ΔH2 = 73.5 ± 1.1 kJ mol?1, ΔS2 = ?105 ± 3 J K?1 mol?1) were calculated. Based on the kinetic and activation parameters, an associative interchange mechanism is proposed for the interaction processes. The products of the reactions have been characterized from IR and ESI mass spectroscopic analysis. A rate law involving the outer sphere association complex formation has been established as   相似文献   

19.
The complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of various 2‐acetamido‐3‐mercapto‐3‐methyl‐N‐aryl‐butanamides and 2‐acetamide‐3‐methyl‐3‐nitrososulfanyl‐N‐aryl‐butanamides with p‐methoxy, o‐chloro and m‐chloro substituents is reported. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
B‐Methoxy β‐(4‐methoxyphenylsulfinyl)subporphyrin and B‐phenyl β‐(4‐methoxyphenylsulfinyl)subporphyrin were synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding β‐sulfanylsubporphyrins with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid and were separated into diastereomers, respectively. B‐Methoxy subporphyrin diastereomers were interconverted to each other in methanol or ethanol, whereas such interconversion was not observed for B‐phenyl subporphyrin diastereomers even at high temperature. Diastereomeric interconversions of B‐methoxy subporphyrins were dramatically accelerated by addition of trifluoroacetic acid. These results suggest that the diastereomeric interconversions of B‐methoxy subporphyrins, namely, their bowl inversions, proceed via a mechanism involving protonation‐induced generation of subporphyrin borenium cations followed by nucleophilic attacks by alcohols.  相似文献   

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