职前化学教师教学反思能力及影响因素研究

以已学习教师教育类系列课程的化学教育专业大三师范生为研究对象,分析其教学反思视频与教学反思日志,研究职前化学教师教学反思能力的广度和深度,并结合访谈探讨影响职前化学教师教学反思能力的主要因素。研究发现,职前化学教师的教学反思能力广度在2～8之间,其中反思到4个维度的最多,总体呈正偏态分布,69.1%的职前化学教师的反思不超过4个维度。职前化学教师的教学反思能力水平较低,47.1%处于技术合理性水平,仅8.7%处于批判反思水平。职前化学教师教学反思能力受到其自身教学反思知识、教师指导、反思环境等多重因素的影响。依据以上研究结果,对职前教师、教师教育机构提出了建议。     

基于科学论证视角的职前科学教师培养研究述评

目前基于科学论证的教学设计研究成果缺乏,且科学教师论证水平普遍较低,且未养成习惯。通过文献法,关注国际本主题相关实证研究成果,发现职前科学教师对科学论证具有不同的理解,科学论证对职前科学教师科学本质观、科学概念和论证能力有影响。基于文献总结,从培养论证能力的专业课程设置、社会性科学议题教学和学科知识强化等3个方面提出建议。     

职前化学教师教学信念的调查研究

采用半结构化访谈、问卷调查等研究方法设计职前化学教师教学信念的调查问卷,了解职前化学教师教学信念的现况,并且从性别和是否为班干部等方面分析影响职前化学教师教学信念的因素。在问卷调查和个案访谈的基础上分析职前化学教师教学信念的类型及取向。大多数职前化学教师教学信念趋向于中间类型(建构与传统的过渡),职前化学教师教学信念的建构落后于化学课程改革设计的需求。     

论化学职前教师教学设计能力培养策略

高等师范院校承担着职前教师的教育教学能力的培养,其中教学设计能力是一项非常重要的指标。针对目前化学职前教师在进行教学设计时存在的困惑,提出了培养化学职前教师教学设计能力的策略:通过概念图制作,完善化学学科知识结构;通过专题训练,积累理论性知识;通过教学设计训练,使理论性知识有效转化为实践性知识;通过优秀教学设计案例,进一步积累实践性知识;通过网络资源,积累教学设计经验;通过档案袋评价,激励教育教学能力进步。     

新加坡职前化学教师教育模式:评析与启示

新加坡职前化学教师教育独具特色,基于职业兴趣的教师准入制度、贯穿全程的实践教学体系以及完善的评价机制均为其教师教育发展注入活力与动力。通过解读并分析新加坡职前化学教师教育课程设置、培养模式及其特点,借鉴新加坡的成功经验,期望为我国职前化学教师培养提供参考和启示。     

职前化学教师化学建模能力测评研究*

化学教师化学建模能力水平的高低直接影响着所培养学生建模能力的强弱。基于Rasch模型从模型表征能力、模型建构能力、模型应用能力3个维度开发四水平测查的《职前化学教师化学建模能力问卷调查》,对83名职前化学教师的化学建模能力进行测评,研究发现:被调查的职前化学教师化学建模能力总体较差,参照《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》对化学建模能力的具体要求,分别仅有88%、42%、54%的职前化学教师的模型表征能力、模型建构能力、模型应用能力达标。因此,建议高等师范院校加强对职前化学教师化学建模能力的培养。     

以培养卓越化学教师为目标的职前教师教育课程设置研究

以"卓越教师培养计划"的实施为背景,从顺应科学教育范式转变和促进化学教师专业发展2方面分析了化学教师教育的现状,提出了以培养"卓越化学教师"为目标的职前教师教育课程设置问题。着重论述了化学教师的化学科学素养、化学教育实践能力的培养。指出要从关注条块分割的知识体系培养转变为关注教育者的全面发展培养,并从化学学科知识体系、科学与技术哲学、化学教师教育实践等方面进行课程优化,促进职前卓越化学教师既懂化学科学,又懂化学教育,还懂化学教育研究。     

职前化学教师科学本质教学的影响因素研究*

本研究旨在探究职前化学教师在常规化学教学中融入科学本质教学时的影响因素。数据源包括参与者的教学设计、课堂录像、反思日志、小组讨论录音、焦点群体访谈等多元质化数据,运用归纳法和不断比较法对数据进行分析。结果显示,阻碍职前化学教师进行科学本质教学的因素包括教师的知识结构、过往的学习经历和有限的教学材料;而个人动机和期望、团队的支持、持续的参与和反思等因素则起到了积极的促进作用。     

职前教师教育视角下的中学化学名师课堂提问的案例研究

基于职前教师教育视角,师范院校的化学教学论教师和化学师范生共同围绕一线名师保志明的课堂提问进行案例研究,通过其教学设计、教学视频截取精彩提问设计,从课堂的导入、关注科学概念、化学实验教学、关注微观视角的化学原理等多角度进行研究,从中体会基于学科观念的化学课堂提问设计意图,提供职前化学教师学习的思路。     

职前理科教师学科教学知识发展策略研究

虽然学科教学知识（PCK）在教师教育和科学教育领域已经得到世界范围内的广泛关注,但在国内,仍然有许多教师教育者和中学理科教师并不知晓学科教学知识。学科教学知识研究尚未对国内中学理科教师的职前培养与职后培训产生实质影响。依据建构的职前理科教师PCK"四要素"结构模型,并在剖析借鉴国内外教师PCK发展经验的基础上,探索提出了包含四要素独立发展、四要素分别拓展、PCK形成、PCK整体拓展4个阶段性目标的"阶段式PCK发展策略"。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。