Te掺杂对MoPO/SiO2催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛反应的影响

 考察了Te的添加及Te含量对MoPO/SiO2催化剂催化丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛反应性能的影响. MoPO/SiO2催化剂对丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛反应的中间产物丙烯选择性较高,而Te的添加促进了丙烯向丙烯醛的转化. N2吸附、XRD、Raman、XPS、H2-TPR、丙烷脉冲、NH3-TPD和Py-IR等实验结果表明,催化剂添加Te后虽然比表面积有所下降,但单位比表面积上的酸量增加,催化剂低温可还原性得到改善,从而有利于丙烷的转化. Te可能有利于丙烯α-H的脱除和/或烯丙基的插氧反应.     

MoPO／SiO2催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛

 研究了MoPO／SiO2催化剂对丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛的催化性能．MoO／SiO2催化剂主要表现出对丙烷氧化脱氢的催化性能，在该催化剂中添加磷后，丙烷转化率和选择氧化产物丙烯醛的选择性明显提高．催化剂的X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、程序升温还原、吡啶吸附红外光谱和程序升温脱附等表征结果表明，MoO／SiO2催化剂主要含有MoO3晶相，添加磷后，形成了表面多钼酸物种，磷以PO4四面体结构存在于表面，可能形成部分Mo—O—P键，从而抑制了MoO3在MoPO／SiO2上的形成，起到分隔活性中心的作用．在MoO／SiO2催化剂中添加磷后，催化剂的B酸和L酸酸性均增强，有利于丙烷在MoPO／SiO2催化剂表面活性的提高．由此可见，催化剂表面结构和酸性的变化可能是导致MoPO／SiO2催化性能提高的原因．     

丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛MoBiTeO/SiO2催化剂中Te组分的作用

用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Te含量的MoBiTeO/SiO2催化剂, 并用XRD、Raman、XPS、NH3-TPD、吡啶吸附FT-IR和催化剂性能评价等方法考察了Te组分对催化剂的结构、酸性及其丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛性能的影响. 结果表明, 催化剂中Mo氧化物与Te氧化物之间发生了相互作用, 通过形成Mo—O—Te 桥氧键生成了Te多钼酸盐物种,在一定程度上分散了Mo-O活性中心, 同时TeOx具有脱除丙烯α-H、插氧并将其转化为丙烯醛的功能, 因此, 在MoBiO/SiO2催化剂中添加Te组分使丙烯醛选择性有显著的提高. 但是Te的加入同时也使催化剂中B 酸增强, 这不利于丙烯醛生成. 因此, Te添加量有一最佳范围, nTe/nMo为0.05-0.1 时催化剂具有较好的催化性能.     

BiMo 基复合氧化物催化剂晶格氧性质与丙烷选择氧化性能

研究了不同组成、结构的BiMo基复合氧化物催化剂的丙烷选择氧化至丙烯醛的性能.X射线衍射(XRD)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、原位傅里叶变换激光拉曼光谱(FT-LRS)、电子顺磁共振(ESR)等多种表征结果表明,BiMo基复合氧化物催化剂上丙烷经由中间物丙烯选择氧化至丙烯醛,催化剂的晶格氧为选择性活性氧物种.丙烷直接氧化下丙烷至丙烯醛的选择性和收率与催化剂的Mo=O物种的氧化-还原性质密切关联,而Mo=O物种的性质又取决于Mo离子的配位环境,Mo=O物种的选择性转化丙烷经由丙烯至丙烯醛活性随畸变MoO6八面体、共顶点八面体、共边八面体、MoO4四面体配位环境递增.组成、结构优化调变的催化剂上丙烷选择氧化至丙烯醛选择性和收率可达45%和13.5%,催化剂中具有选择氧化活性的晶格氧物种数可达258 μmol/g.     

丙烷选择氧化用VPO／SiO2催化剂的研究

 摘要：对比研究了VPO和VPO／SiO2催化剂的结构、表面元素氧化态、还\r\n原性及其对丙烷选择氧化反应的催化性能．与VPO催化剂相比，VPO／S\r\niO2催化剂具有较大的比表面积；VPO主要以（VO）2P2O7的形式高度分散于SiO2表面；VPO／SiO2催化剂的还原温度较低；VPO／SiO2催化剂与丙烷的相互作用较强；在反应条件下，VPO／SiO2催化剂的活性较高，但产物丙烯的选择性较低，并有丙烯醛等C3含氧化合物生成．这可能是由于VPO／SiO2催化剂表面的V与Si发生了相互作用之故．随着VPO担载量的增加，VPO／SiO2催化剂的比表面积减小；催化剂的还原温度略有升高，可还原的晶格氧量增加；催化剂表面与丙烷的相互作用增强；丙烷转化率升高而丙烯选择性降低，丙烯醛选择性在5％VPO／SiO2催化剂上最高．这可能是由于随着VPO担载量的增加，催化剂表面晶格氧的密度增大所致．     

丙烯、氧气和环氧丙烷在Cu-NaCl/SiO2催化剂上吸附的红外光谱研究

 用红外光谱法研究了丙烯、丙烯/氧气混合气以及环氧丙烷(PO)在Cu-NaCl/SiO2催化剂上的吸附. 结果表明,丙烯在载体和催化剂上的吸附是完全可逆的. 丙烯和氧气在催化剂上共吸附后生成了丙烯醛,未观察到环氧丙烷(PO)生成. PO在载体和未还原催化剂上的吸附行为表明,PO与载体的硅羟基有强相互作用,PO发生开环反应生成开环物种. 而PO在还原态催化剂上的吸附行为较复杂,可能生成了酮类化合物.     

丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛催化剂中Ce的作用

考察了一系列助剂如:Cu、Zn、Mn、W、Ce、Pr、Nd等对Ag-Mo-P-O催化剂丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛的影响.其中添加助剂Ce的Ag-Mo-P-O催化性能较好.添加Ce降低了丙烷氧化反应的活化能并有利于中间产物丙烯转化为丙烯醛.采用BET、XRD、H2-TPR、O2-TPD、C3H8-TPD和EPR等方法,研究了含Ce催化剂的结构和性质.结果表明,助剂Ce改善了催化剂的可还原性,并调变了催化剂中Mo5＋/Mo6＋比例,有利于催化剂上丙烷选择氧化生成丙烯醛,这可能归因于催化剂中形成Ce3＋＋Mo6＋Ce4＋＋Mo5＋氧化-还原循环的缘故.     

负载于二氧化硅上的小尺寸氧化亚铜物种促进丙烯选择性氧化生成丙烯醛

氧化物负载的含铜材料是丙烯选择性氧化制备丙烯醛的理想催化剂,一直以来都受到人们的广泛关注.然而,对于该催化体系的结构与性能之间的关系仍不是很清楚.因此,我们以碳酸钠为沉淀剂,通过沉积沉淀法将铜负载于高比表面的二氧化硅载体上,从而得到了均匀分散且小尺寸的Cu/SiO2催化剂.另外,采用浸渍法制得了相同负载量的分散不均匀、大尺寸的Cu/SiO2催化剂.丙烯选择性氧化反应活性测试发现,沉积沉淀法制备的催化剂比浸渍法制备的更有利于丙烯醛的生成,表现出了优异的催化性能:在300℃反应时,丙烯的转化率达到25.5%,丙烯醛的选择性达到66.8%,对应的丙烯醛的生成速率高达10.5 mmol·h^-1·gcat.^-1或111.2 mmol·h^-1·gCu^-1,远远超出了浸渍法制备的催化剂性能(1.7 mmol·h^-1·gcat.^-1或17.2mmol·h^-1·gCu^-1)和文献中报道的结果.结合高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(HAADF-STEM)和X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)技术,对沉积沉淀法制备的催化剂进行表征,发现在反应后铜物种的结构发生了明显的变化,由小尺寸的氧化铜(CuO)团簇转变为氧化亚铜(Cu2O)团簇,并且铜物种的尺寸没有明显的增大.为了进一步探索铜物种在预处理(氢气还原)以及催化反应时(丙烯+氧气)的结构变化,对不同方法合成的两种催化剂进行了原位X射线粉末衍射测试,发现不同尺寸的铜物种在还原和反应时都经历了从氧化铜(CuO)变为金属Cu再到Cu2O的结构变化,并且Cu2O在320 min的反应过程中可以稳定存在,说明它是该催化反应的活性物种.另外,通过原位双光束傅里叶变换红外光谱追踪反应时气体分子在催化剂表面的吸脱附状态,发现丙烯可以有效地吸附在小尺寸Cu/SiO2催化剂表面,随着Cu2O的形成,检测到了烯丙基中间体(CH2=CHCH2*)的产生,该物种可以与邻近Cu2O上的一个氧发生反应,从而生成丙烯醛,因此结合N2O滴定实验,我们可认为,高度分散的小尺寸的Cu2O物种是丙烯进行高效选择性氧化反应生成丙烯醛的活性物种.     

丙烯氧化反应的Redox机理

以流动床微分反应器研究了Bi_2MO_3O_(12)-Bi_2O_3催化剂上的丙烯氧化动力学。丙烯和氧的分压范围分别为0.05—0.95atm和0.07—0.80atm。当氧和丙烯分压低于0.30atm时, 丙烯醛的生成速度对丙烯为一级对氧为0.5级。表观活化能为30.1 kcal mol~(-1)。当丙烯和氧分压高于0.30atm时, 丙烯醛生成反应的动力学不能用幂速度方程描述。丙烯醛的生成速度对丙烯和氧分压存在着极大值。热脱附实验表明, 在低于150 ℃时, 分子态丙烯可以吸附于氧化态催化剂。但当温度高于300 ℃时, 丙烯则不以分子态吸附, 且脱附物为丙烯醛、一氧化碳和二氧化碳。在广阔的温度区(25—500 ℃)氧皆不以分子态处于催化剂上。因此, 建议了以表面双位反应为速控步骤的氧化还原机理。     

丙烯、氧气和环氧丙烷在Cu-NaC1／SiO2催化剂上吸附的红外光谱研究

用红外光谱法研究了丙烯、丙烯／氧气混合气以及环氧丙烷(PO)在Cu-Nacl／SiO2催化剂上的吸附，结果表明，丙烯在载体和催化剂上的吸附是完全可逆的，丙烯和氧气在催化剂上共吸附后生成了丙烯醛，未观察到环氧丙烷(PO)生成，PO在载体和未还原催化剂上的吸附行为表明，PO与载体的硅羟基有强相互作用，PO发生开环反应生成开环物种，而PO在还原态催化剂上的吸附行为较复杂，可能生成了酮类化合物。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。