Scattering of electromagnetic plane waves by a spheroid uniformly moving in free space

We investigate the scattering process, generated by a plane electromagnetic field that is incident upon a moving perfectly conducting spheroid. An accurate treatment of the electromagnetic waves interaction with scatterers in uniform motion is based on the special relativity principle. In the object's frame the incident wave is assumed to have a wavelength which is much larger than the characteristic dimension of the scatterer and thus the low‐frequency approximation method is applicable to the scattering problem. For the near electromagnetic field we obtain the zeroth‐order low‐frequency coefficients, while in the far field we calculate the leading terms for the scattering amplitude and scattering cross‐section. Finally, using the inverse Lorentz transform, we obtain the same approximations in the observer's frame. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electromagnetic scattering by a homogeneous chiral obstacle: scattering relations and the far‐field operator

Time‐harmonic electromagnetic waves are scattered by a homogeneous chiral obstacle. The reciprocity principle, the basic scattering theorem and an optical theorem are proved. These results are used to prove that if the chirality measure of the obstacle is real, then the far‐field operator is normal. Moreover, it is shown that the eigenvalues of the far‐field operator are the same as the eigenvalues of Waterman's T‐matrix. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the far field patterns for electromagnetic scattering by a chiral obstacle in a chiral environment

A time-harmonic plane electromagnetic wave is scattered by a chiral body in a chiral environment. The body is either a perfect conductor, or a dielectric, or a scatterer with an impedance surface. Using the Huygens's principle, we construct in closed forms both the left-circularly polarized and right-circularly polarized electric far field patterns for such chiral media. We prove reciprocity relations and general scattering theorems for chiral materials which are a generalization of those obtained by Twersky for achiral electromagnetic scattering. In the special case when the directions of incidence and observation are the same we prove the associated forward scattering theorems.     

Aspects of electromagnetic scattering in chiral media

In this work, we study two operators that arise in electromagnetic scattering in chiral media. We first consider electromagnetic scattering by a chiral dielectric with a perfectly conducting core. We define a chiral Calderon‐type surface operator in order to solve the direct electromagnetic scattering problem. For this operator, we state coercivity and prove compactness properties. In order to prove existence and uniqueness of the problem, we define some other operators that are also related to the chiral Calderon‐type operator, and we state some of their properties that they and their linear combinations satisfy. Then we sketch how to use these operators in order to prove the existence of the solution of the direct scattering problem. Furthermore, we focus on the electromagnetic scattering problem by a perfect conductor in a chiral environment. For this problem, we study the chiral far‐field operator that is defined on a unit sphere and contains the far‐field data, and we state and prove some of its properties that are preliminaries properties for solving the inverse scattering problem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electromagnetic scattering theorems for interior dipole excitation of a layered obstacle

A layered scatterer is excited by a time‐harmonic spherical electromagnetic wave, generated by a dipole located either in the interior or in the exterior of the scatterer. The scatterer's core may be perfect conducting, impedance or dielectric. This paper initiates the investigation of scattering theorems corresponding to the excitation of a layered scatterer by a dipole in its interior. We establish reciprocity and general scattering theorems relating the total electric fields with the corresponding far‐field patterns. The optical theorem, relating the scattering cross‐section with the electric field in the layer containing the dipole, is recovered as a corollary of the general scattering theorem. Furthermore, for a scatterer excited by a spherical and a plane wave, mixed scattering theorems are derived. Besides, all the derived theorems recover known results, concerning the excitation of a homogeneous scatterer by an exterior dipole. We also analyze numerical implementations of the optical theorem in certain concrete scattering applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Foldy–Lax approximation on multiple scattering by many small scatterers

The multiple scattering of time harmonic wave emitted by a localized source through a medium with many scatterers can be approximated by an Foldy–Lax self-consistent system when the relative radius of each scatterer is small and the distribution of scatterers is sparse. The scattering amplitude in the Foldy–Lax self-consistent system will be specified in terms of scatterer volume and scattering strength. By neglecting the self-interaction effect, the difference from the exciting field in the Foldy–Lax formula to the analytic wave field given implicitly by the Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation is compared. An upper bound of the difference is obtained in terms of scaled radius and sparsity of the distribution of the scatterers.     

Three dimensional electromagnetic scattering T-matrix computations

The infinite T-matrix method is a powerful tool for electromagnetic scattering simulations, particularly when one is interested in changes in orientation of the scatterer with respect to the incident wave or changes of configuration of multiple scatterers and random particles, because it avoids the need to solve the fully reconfigured systems. The truncated T-matrix (for each scatterer in an ensemble) is often computed using the null-field method. The main disadvantage of the null-field based T-matrix computation is its numerical instability for particles that deviate from a sphere. For large and/or highly non-spherical particles, the null-field method based truncated T-matrix computations can become slowly convergent or even divergent. In this work, we describe an electromagnetic scattering surface integral formulation for T-matrix computations that avoids the numerical instability. The new method is based on a recently developed high-order surface integral equation algorithm for far field computations using basis functions that are tangential on a chosen non-spherical obstacle. The main focus of this work is on the mathematical details required to apply the high-order algorithm to compute a truncated T-matrix that describes the scattering properties of a chosen perfect conductor in a homogeneous medium. We numerically demonstrate the stability and convergence of the T-matrix computations for various perfect conductors using plane wave incident radiation at several low to medium frequencies and simulation of the associated radar cross of the obstacles.     

ANALYSIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING OBSTACLE IN A HOMOGENEOUS CHIRAL ENVIRONMENT

The time-harmonic electromagnetic plane waves incident on a perfectly conducting obstacle in a homogeneous chiral environment are considered.A two-dimensional direct scat- tering model is established and the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the problem are discussed by an integral equation approach.The inverse scattering problem to find the shape of scatterer with the given far-field data is formulated.Result on the uniqueness of the inverse problem is proved.     

Electromagnetic Scattering by a Chiral Grating in a Homogeneous Chiral Environment and its Finite Element Method with Perfectly Matched Absorbing Layers

1 Introduction The phenomenon of optical activity in special materials has been known since the beginning of the last century. Whereas optical activity has been considered in optics and in quantum mechanics for many years, its analysis within the framewor…     

均匀手性介质中理想导体光栅的电磁散射

§1Introduction Phenomenaofopticalactivityinspecialmaterialshavebeenknownsincethe beginningoflastcentury.Thoughopticalactivityhasbeenconsideredinopticsandin quantummechanicsformanyyears,itsanalysiswithintheframeworkofclassical electromagneticfieldtheoryarosemuchlater.Recently,therehasbeenaconsiderable interestinthestudyofscatteringanddiffractionbychiralmedium.Ingeneral,the electromagneticfieldsinsidethechiralmediumaregovernedbyMaxwellequations togetherwithDrude-Born-Fedorovequationsinwhichth…     

The Atkinson-Wilcox expansion theorem for electromagnetic chiral waves

Consider the problem of scattering of a time-harmonic electromagnetic wave by a three-dimensional bounded and smooth obstacle. The infinite space outside the obstacle is filled by a homogeneous isotropic chiral medium. In the region exterior to a sphere that includes the scatterer, any solution of the generalized Helmholtz's equation that satisfies the Silver-Müller radiation condition has a uniformly and absolutely convergent expansion in inverse powers of the radial distance from the center of the sphere. The coefficients of the expansion can be determined from the leading coefficient, “the radiation pattern”, by a recurrence relation.     

The use of the linear sampling method for obtaining super-resolution effects in Born approximation

A two-step reconstruction scheme is introduced to solve fixed frequency inverse scattering problems in Born approximation conditions. The aim of the approach is to achieve super-resolution effects by constraining the inversion method to exploit some a priori knowledge on the scatterer. Therefore, the first step is to apply the linear sampling method to the far-field data in order to obtain an estimate of the support of the inhomogeneity. The second step is to apply the projected Landweber method to the linearized scattering equation in order to obtain super-resolution effects via out-of-band extrapolation. The effectiveness of the approach, which has a rather wide applicability power, is tested in the case of a two-dimensional problem for some scatterers of simple geometry.     

Near field imaging of small isotropic and extended anisotropic scatterers

In this paper, we consider two time-harmonic inverse scattering problems of reconstructing penetrable inhomogeneous obstacles from near field measurements. First, we appeal to the Born approximation for reconstructing small isotropic scatterers via the MUSIC algorithm. Some numerical reconstructions using the MUSIC algorithm are provided for reconstructing the scatterer and piecewise constant refractive index using a Bayesian method. We then consider the reconstruction of an anisotropic extended scatterer by a modified linear sampling method and the factorization method applied to the near field operator. This provides a rigorous characterization of the support of the anisotropic obstacle in terms of a range test derived from the measured data. Under appropriate assumptions on the material parameters, the derived factorization can be used to determine the support of the medium without a priori knowledge of the material properties.     

Multiple scattering and modified Green's functions

Exterior boundary-value problems for the Helmholtz equation can be reduced to boundary integral equations. It is known that the simplest of these fail to be uniquely solvable at certain ‘irregular frequencies.’ For a single smooth scatterer, it is also known that irregular frequencies can be eliminated by using a modified fundamental solution, one that has additional singularities inside the scatterer. This approach is extended to treat the three-dimensional exterior Neumann problem for any finite number of disjoint smooth scatterers, using a fundamental solution that has additional singularities inside every scatterer.     

Numerical solution of scattering problems using pseudo-differential impedance operators

Direct numerical solutions of scattering problems based on boundary-integral equations are computationally costly at high frequencies. A numerical method is presented that efficiently computes accurate approximations to unknown surface quantities given known surface data (an approximate Dirichlet-to-Neumann map). The method is based on a pseudo-differential impedance operator (PIO) numerically implemented using rational approximations. An example of a PIO is the so-called on-surface radiation condition (OSRC) method. For a convex obstacle, the method can be viewed as applying a parabolic equation directly on the surface of a scatterer. In contrast to past OSRCs, the use of rational approximations provides accuracy for wide scattering angles which is needed for grazing angles of incidence. Generalization to impedance operators for two-dimensional acoustic scatterers with concave parts is presented. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the Two-dimensional Inverse Scattering Problems in Electromagnetics

In recent years, inverse scattering problems have received much attention because of their important applications. Given the incident and scattered waves, an inverse scattering problem in general is to determine the properties of the scatterer. In radar or sonar a known incident wave and observed scattered wave are used to detect the properties and the presence of aircraft or submarine objects; in MRI scanning, tomography X-rays and ultrasound, scattered waves are used to determine the presence or properties of tumors by detecting density variations, to name a few. In this article, we are concerned with the two-dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering problem. An iterative algorithm for the transversal electric waves will be given based on a singular domain integral equation formulation. Basic features of a scattering object such as shape, location and index of refraction will be recovered from measurements of the field scattered by the object (when illuminated by electromagnetic waves with the magnetic vector polarized along the cylinder axis). Some numerical experiments are included to illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.     

Integral equations requiring small numbers of Krylov-subspace iterations for two-dimensional smooth penetrable scattering problems

This paper presents a class of boundary integral equations for the solution of problems of electromagnetic and acoustic scattering by two-dimensional homogeneous penetrable scatterers with smooth boundaries. The new integral equations, which, as is established in this paper, are uniquely solvable Fredholm equations of the second kind, result from representations of fields as combinations of single and double layer potentials acting on appropriately chosen regularizing operators. As demonstrated in this text by means of a variety of numerical examples (that resulted from a high-order Nyström computational implementation of the new equations), these “regularized combined equations” can give rise to important reductions in computational costs, for a given accuracy, over those resulting from previous iterative boundary integral equation solvers for transmission problems.     

A priori estimates for a singular limit approximation of the constitutive laws for chiral media in the time domain

The equations for the evolution of electromagnetic fields in chiral media, in the time domain, are nonlocal in time. In this work we study the validity of a singular limit (local in time) approximation for these nonlocal in time equations, by estimating the size of the difference of the fields as predicted by both models. In particular, we establish an a priori estimate for this difference, depending on the time horizon, properties of the domain, spatial properties of the initial data and the source terms and the chirality measure β of the approximating model.     

On the scattering amplitudes for elastic waves

Reciprocity and scattering theorems for the normalized spherical scattering amplitude for elastic waves are obtained for the case of a rigid scatterer, a cavity and a penetrable scattering region. Depending on the polarization of the two incident waves reciprocity relations of the radial-radial, radial-angular, and angular-angular type are established. Radial and angular scattering theorems, expressing the corresponding scattering amplitudes via integrals of the amplitudes over all directions of observation, as well as their special forms for scatterers with inversion symmetry are also provided. As a consequence of the stated scattering theorems the scattering cross-section for either a longitudinal, or a transverse incident wave is expressed through the forward value of the radial, or the angular amplitude, correspondingly. All the known relative theorems for acoustic scattering are trivially recovered from their elastic counterparts.Part of this work was done during the time that the first author was visiting the Department of Mathematics of The University of Tennessee at Knoxville. The authors want to thank the Greek Ministry of Research and Technology for partially supporting the present work.     

Combined boundary integral equations for acoustic scattering‐resonance problems

In this paper, boundary integral formulations for a time‐harmonic acoustic scattering‐resonance problem are analyzed. The eigenvalues of eigenvalue problems resulting from boundary integral formulations for scattering‐resonance problems split in general into two parts. One part consists of scattering‐resonances, and the other one corresponds to eigenvalues of some Laplacian eigenvalue problem for the interior of the scatterer. The proposed combined boundary integral formulations enable a better separation of the unwanted spectrum from the scattering‐resonances, which allows in practical computations a reliable and simple identification of the scattering‐resonances in particular for non‐convex domains. The convergence of conforming Galerkin boundary element approximations for the combined boundary integral formulations of the resonance problem is shown in canonical trace spaces. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.