基于差频中红外激光的痕量气体高分辨光谱检测研究

研究了基于差频光源的高分辨中红外激光光谱检测系统,差频中红外光源使用两台近红外半导体激光器作为种子光源,采用PPLN晶体作为非线性混频器件,结合准相位匹配技术实现了3.2~3.7 μm中红外相干光源输出,最大差频输出功率约为1 μW.以CH₄为例检验了系统的高分辨红外光谱检测特性,选择CH₄分子3 028.751 cm^-1 v₃基频吸收线作为分析谱线,10 cm光程的检测限为0.8 ppm.光谱数据分析表明,系统检测限主要受到标准具光学噪音的限制.     

基于差频中红外激光的痕量气体高分辨光谱检测研究

研究了基于差频光源的高分辨中红外激光光谱检测系统,差频中红外光源使用两台近红外半导体激光器作为种子光源,采用PPLN晶体作为非线性混频器件,结合准相位匹配技术实现了3.2～3.7μm中红外相干光源输出,最大差频输出功率约为1μW.以CH4为例检验了系统的高分辨红外光谱检测特性,选择CH4分子3028.751cm-1 v3基频吸收线作为分析谱线,10cm光程的检测限为0.8ppm.光谱数据分析表明,系统检测限主要受到标准具光学噪音的限制.     

红外甲烷气体浓度检测系统设计

为了精确测量甲烷气体的体积浓度,采用平行红外光源IRL715EN-PR设计了红外甲烷气体检测系统。整个检测系统由硬件电路和软件系统组成。在软件程序设计上设计了一种关于信号处理的新算法,同时设计了中断喂狗程序,大大延长了看门狗定时复位时间。利用Matlab对数据进行了拟合,得到了系统的浓度和电压的函数关系。实验表明,在体积浓度在0%~4%范围内,系统最大相对误差小于1%。     

基于红外差分检测的甲烷气体传感器

鉴于红外吸收法检测甲烷气体浓度时,误差的补偿是提高检测精度的核心。通常采用各种差分吸收技术来进行误差的补偿,减少各种干扰。基于红外差分检测原理,设计一种双波长差分甲烷传感器。利用旋转滤光盘控制滤波和光的通过,使测量光和参考光分时通过光路,实现了单光源单光路单探测器结构,消除了光源功率波动、光路损耗以及探测器的不稳定带来的误差,提高了检测精度。实验表明,在0～6%浓度范围内,该传感器最大相对误差小于1%。     

一种基于谐波检测技术的光纤甲烷气体传感器

甲烷是易燃易爆气体,是矿井瓦斯及天然气等多种气体燃料的主要成分.气体爆炸一直是困扰煤矿安全生产的重大难题,因此现场实时检测甲烷气体浓度对于工矿安全运行,人身安全有着至关重要的作用.基于甲烷气体近红外吸收的机理,研究了一种以DFB LD为光源的高灵敏度光谱吸收型光纤甲烷气体传感器.利用光源调制实现气体浓度的谐波检测,用二次谐波与一次谐波的比值来消除光路干扰.建立了谐波检测的数学模型,给出了甲烷气体的测量结果.利用光纤作为传光通道,使得探头可以与测量电?肥迪滞耆绺衾?增强了系统的安全性.     

基于双窄带LED光源的红外甲烷传感器的研制

利用甲烷气体分子在3.3μm处的主吸收峰,研制了一种基于非色散红外光谱技术的红外甲烷传感器.传感器的光学部分由峰值波长为3.4μm的测量发光二极管、峰值波长为2.7μm的参考发光二极管、截止波长为3.6μm的光电二极管及球面反射面组成;电路部分包括发光二极管驱动电路、光敏信号处理电路、温度测量电路、微处理器.采用短脉冲供电控制逻辑的工作模式,降低红外光源的上电时间,将光学测量器件的功耗降至16mW.实验研究了温度变化对传感器甲烷浓度测量结果的影响,通过数据分析及线性拟合,得出了温度补偿算法公式.补偿后的传感器及检测系统平台实验结果表明:传感器平均功耗为23.56mW,在-20～50℃的温度范围内温度变化对测量值的影响不超过真值的3%,湿度影响不超过真值的4%,响应时间小于25s,工作稳定性时间大于60天,性能指标均满足或优于AQ6211-2008煤矿用非色散红外甲烷传感器行业标准相关要求.与热辐射红外光源或激光检测原理的甲烷传感器相比,基于双窄带发光二极管的红外甲烷传感器功耗降低70%以上,能够满足便携式、无线化应用场合低功耗的技术要求.     

基于中红外光谱吸收技术的一氧化碳气体检测系统

基于中红外光谱吸收技术,利用一氧化碳(CO)气体分子在4.6 μm处的基频吸收带,采用新脉冲的红外光源和双通道的热释电探测器,研制了一种CO浓度检测系统。该系统主要由脉冲调制式宽带热光源、开放式椭球聚光镜/气室、双通道探测器、主控及信号处理模块构成。通过优化开放式椭球聚光镜/气室,气体吸收光程达到40 cm, 探测器输出电信号的幅度增加约为原来的2~3倍。因此,采用椭球聚光镜后,将在一定程度上提高系统的信噪比从而改善系统的性能指标。利用配备的CO气体样品,研究了该系统对CO气体的传感特性。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为10 ppm,在该浓度点的测量误差约为14%;在20~25 000 ppm范围内的测量误差小于7.8%;对0 ppm气体样品的连续50分钟测量结果的最大偏差约为3 ppm,标准差约为0.18 ppm。同基于量子级联激光器和分布反馈激光器的CO检测系统相比,该系统具有性价比高、光路结构简单等优势,从而在煤矿、环保等场合下的CO检测方面具有较好应用前景。     

中红外甲烷二氧化碳双气体传感系统的研制

为了实现对甲烷和二氧化碳双气体一体化测量,设计了以两个窄带中红外发光二极管(LED)作为甲烷和二氧化碳测量光源、以两个光电二极管(PD)作为探测器敏感元件的双LED-PD光学测量结构,研制了中红外甲烷二氧化碳双气体传感系统。对谱线及光学器件的选择、双LED光源脉冲电流调制、温度补偿算法进行了研究。根据甲烷和二氧化碳气体的红外线吸收光谱特征进行光学测量结构的设计,利用LED器件高速响应特性完成双光源脉冲电流调制时序算法,即采用窄脉冲模式进行电流驱动。在温度实验分析的基础上,采用中值归一数据预处理得到温度影响因子,然后对温度影响因子进行线性拟合得出温度补偿算法。实验结果表明:传感系统的平均功耗低至38.3 mW;甲烷测量误差最小为0.06%(体积分数),二氧化碳测量误差最小为0.05%(体积分数),可满足煤矿中甲烷和二氧化碳双气体浓度低功耗、稳定可靠实时测量的要求。     

甲烷红外吸收光谱原理与处理技术分析

由于工业监控和环境检测的需要,基于红外吸收光谱分析原理,研制甲烷传感系统,日益得到人们的关注。文章描绘了甲烷中红外的基频吸收带和近红外的ν₂+2ν₃组合带、2ν₃泛频带的吸收光谱强度分布,并给出了相应的吸收光谱曲线。定量数据表明,甲烷的基频吸收要比泛频吸收高两个数量级以上,较组合频吸收高3个数量级以上。文章还介绍了甲烷检测的差分技术、谐波技术、腔光谱增强技术、以及光声技术,给出了相应检测方法的理论公式、能够达到的检测灵敏度以及系统的结构。这些技术的有效性已经被研究报道所证明。     

基于中红外分布反馈量子级联激光器的光声光谱技术用于痕量甲烷气体检测

由于工业监控和环境检测的需要,甲烷气体检测日益得到人们的关注。研究了基于中红外分布反馈量子级联激光器(DFB-QCL)的光声光谱技术,并应用于痕量甲烷的检测。自主研发的DFB-QCL室温工作时的激射波长在7.6μm附近,覆盖了甲烷的特征吸收谱线1 316.83cm-1。待测甲烷气体充入亥姆霍兹光声谐振腔中,DFB-QCL的工作频率为234Hz、室温脉冲工作时峰值功率为80mW。中红外光经过甲烷吸收后,产生的声波信号经麦克风检测,由锁相放大器对信号进行采集并输入计算机进行处理。按信噪比为1计算,得到甲烷的探测极限为189nmol.mol-1。     

Wide dynamic detection range of methane gas based on enhanced cavity absorption spectroscopy

Integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) is an effective technique in trace gase detection. The strong absorption due to the long optical path of this method makes it challenging in the application scenes that have large gas concentration fluctuation, especially when the gas concentration is high. In this paper, we demonstrate an extension of the dynamic range of ICOS by using a detuned laser combined with an off-axis integrating cavity. With this, we improve the upper limit of the dynamic detection range from 0.1% (1000 ppm) to 20% of the gas concentration. This method provides a way of using ICOS in the applications with unpredictable gas concentrations such as gas leak detection, ocean acidification, carbon sequestration, etc.     

Detection of methane with mid-infrared polarization spectroscopy

We report on the application of polarization spectroscopy in the mid-infrared spectral region for the detection of methane by probing its asymmetric ro-vibrational transitions. Tunable infrared laser radiation, near 3.4 m, was obtained from difference-frequency generation in a LiNbO₃ crystal. Infrared polarization spectroscopy (IRPS) spectra of the P, Q and R branches of the ₃ band, recorded with both linearly and circularly polarized pump beams, are presented. The experiments were performed in an atmospheric pressure gas jet with methane diluted with Ar. An IRPS spectrum with signal-to-noise ratio better than 10⁴ was observed. The dependence of the IRPS signal intensity on the methane mole fraction and on the pumping laser power density was investigated. PACS 33.20.Ea; 52.35.Mw     

Pulsed laser surface fragmentation and mid-infrared laser spectroscopy for remote detection of explosives

Stand-off technology for the remote detection of explosives and their traces on contaminated surfaces is a field of research that has recently gained much interest. Optical methods are well established in applications for counterterrorism because they facilitate analysis without contact between human being and hazardous materials. In this paper, to our knowledge for the first time, a remote stand-off detection system is developed by combination of pulsed laser fragmentation and pulsed mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. Since the absorption of explosives is more efficient for infrared wavelengths laser radiation in the eye safe region around λ=1.47 μm rather than the conventional Nd:YAG laser line at λ=1.06 μm is preferred for the fragmentation. Generated product gases such as nitric oxide are probed by a synchronized distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) at λ≈5.3 μm. The ratio of NO and NO₂ is a measure to distinguish between energetic and non-energetic materials. PACS 42.62.Fi; 07.07.DF; 42.55.Px     

High repetition rate mid-infrared laser source

An efficient, high-power mid-infrared laser source based on ZnGeP₂ (ZGP) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is presented. Using a Q-switched Ho:YAG laser as the pump source a total output power of 10.6 W was obtained in the 3–5 μm band at 10 kHz and 8.5 W at 20 kHz. The Ho:YAG laser was pumped by two diode-pumped polarization coupled Tm:YLF lasers. Optical-to-optical efficiency achieved is >8.8% (laser-diode 792 nm to mid-IR 3–5 μm). With a commercial PtSi infrared camera (256×256 pixel focal plane array, 24 μm pitch) the pointing stability of Ho pump, signal and idler beam was measured to be better than 30 μrad. Whilst propagating the OPO beams over 100 m, little absorption for the idler beam was observed, resulting in a significant higher peak-to-peak value of ±22%, whereas the peak-to-peak stability of the signal pulses remained unchanged (±13%). To cite this article: M. Schellhorn et al., C. R. Physique 8 (2007).     

Highly-efficient fully-fiberized mid-infrared differential frequency generation source and its application to laser spectroscopy

Widely-tunable, fully-monolithic, mid-infrared (mid-IR) deference frequency generation source (DFG) is presented. By using a custom designed fiber-pigtailed periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal module the idler beam was generated with an efficiency of 21%/W, yielding 2.6 mW of optical output power. The proposed all-fiber configuration radically simplified the optical frequency conversion setup, making it robust and easily configurable. The usefulness of the constructed source was verified by performing simultaneous wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) laser trace gas detection of methane, near 2999 cm^?1, and ethane, near 2997 cm^?1, via two independently generated, tunable idler beams.     

Environmental trace gas detection using laser spectroscopy

This special issue of Applied Physics B – Lasers and Optics attempts to document the current status and trends of environmental trace gas detection through a collection of 32 invited papers motivated in part by the need for and importance of a detailed understanding of our environment. Although numerous traditional optical methods, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry have served us extremely well in atmospheric and environmental trace gas detection, promising new sensing and precise measurement techniques based on laser spectroscopy have emerged and been successfully used in numerous applications. The concept and timing of this special issue has been stimulated to some extent by recent exciting developments of several novel technologies, such as diode and fiber lasers for the optical communications industry, diode-pumped solid-state lasers, and novel bulk and waveguide infrared nonlinear materials. These can be applied to the ultra-sensitive, highly selective detection and real-time analysis of a large number of trace gas species by means of absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared fingerprint region, which contains virtually all the fundamental vibrational modes of molecules. Reduction of cost and complexity makes such spectroscopic sources more universally available and user friendly to both established and new fields that include air quality, atmospheric chemistry, industrial, traffic, and rural emissions, chemical analysis and process control, and medical applications.This issue, consisting of two parts, chronicles some of the most significant and representative current research trends. It is hoped that this issue will inspire new directions to both specialists and newcomers in which to drive this exciting field and envision future applications of environmental sensing.Part I: Spectroscopic air monitoring techniques and instrumentation

Potentials and limits of mid-infrared laser spectroscopy for the detection of explosives

Optical methods are well-established for trace gas detection in many applications, such as industrial process control or environmental sensing. Consequently, they gain much interest in the discussion of sensing methods for counterterrorism, e.g., the detection of explosives. Explosives as well as their decomposition products possess strong absorption features in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region between λ=5 and 11 μm. In this report we present two different laser spectroscopic approaches based on quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) operating at wavelengths around λ=5 and 8 μm, respectively. Stand-off configuration for the remote detection of nitro-based explosives (e.g., trinitrotoluene, TNT) and a fiber coupled sensor device for the detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) are discussed. PACS  42.62.Fi; 07.07.Df     

Food monitoring based on diode laser gas spectroscopy

Food is frequently packed in a controlled environment of gas, in order to extend shelf life. It is of great importance to be able to monitor the status of the packed food to ensure quality. We demonstrate a technique to monitor the gas inside packages non-intrusively by using a laser spectroscopic method in scattering solid materials. The technique named GASMAS (GAs in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy) is based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy and relies on the fact that free gas inside solid materials absorbs much sharper spectrally than the bulk material. Results from time dependent measurements of molecular oxygen and water vapour in packages of minced meat, bake-off bread, and the headspace of a milk carton are presented. We show that the technique allows gas measurements inside the food through the package, and assessment of the integrity of the package.     

基于超窄带激光器扫描技术的气体检测研究

基于气体的差分吸收检测原理和超窄带半导体激光器的光谱扫描技术,设计了一种高精度分布式二氧化碳气体检测网络.系统采用超窄带可调谐半导体激光器作为光源,设计了新型气室结构,通过方波信号对光源光谱进行调制,消除了其他气体成分和灰尘颗粒的干扰,并结合空分复用技术,实现了二氧化碳的实时分布式检测.利用超窄带光谱扫描技术测得了不同...