体全息成像系统中非周期体光栅的深度选择性研究

由一束球面波和一束平面波或者两束球面波干涉所形成的体全息光栅,由于其光栅矢量在全息图体积内是随位置的变化而变化的,所以被称为非周期型的体光栅。主要研究了用于体全息三维成像系统的非周期体光栅的深度选择特性。根据叠加的原理,将非周期体光栅看作多个固定周期的基元体光栅的叠加,结合耦合波理论分析非周期体光栅的衍射特性。采用这一方法,利用Matlab软件模拟,研究了两束记录光夹角对所记录的非周期体光栅深度选择性的影响和在两束记录光夹角相同时,球面参考光体全息成像系统及平面参考光体全息成像系统深度选择性的差别,最后在光折变晶体材料中进行非周期型和周期型体光栅的记录和再现,对模拟结果进行了实验验证。     

基于铋纳米颗粒的自由沉降法 制作X射线吸收光栅

利用深反应离子刻蚀技术或湿法腐蚀在硅上制作光栅结构,将与光栅浸润的液体作为载体携带铋纳米颗粒进入光栅结构内,形成致密排列,从而制作出X射线吸收光栅.致密地填充了周期为42μm、刻蚀深度为150μm的光栅结构,比较了其与微铸造法制作的铋块体吸收光栅的X射线吸收性能,并通过填充周期为24μm和6μm的光栅结构,研究了光栅周期与填充致密性之间的关系.扫描电镜测试结果显示自由沉降法可有效制作较大周期光栅,但对周期为6μm光栅结构填充的致密性不佳。分析结果表明,对于小周期吸收光栅,需筛选所用填充颗粒,以保证颗粒粒径远小于光栅槽宽.基于纳米颗粒的自由沉降法可降低光栅制作成本及技术门槛,方便实现大面积吸收光栅的制作.     

光纤端面微型传感单元的共振模式及影响因素

首先在光纤端面设计一种由金光栅-介质-金薄膜构成的复合结构,并研究多种共振模式随介质层厚度的变化及其场分布特点。然后研究限制在金光栅和金薄膜纳米级间距的波导共振模,通过反射谱的变化和谐振模式的电场分布特点研究不同阶次的纳米谐振效应。此外,还仿真计算金光栅的宽度、厚度及周期、中间介质层折射率和金反射薄膜厚度的变化对纳米谐振腔光谱特性的影响,根据波导模干涉的相位差公式定性分析其谐振频率的变化,并计算获得纳米谐振腔对腔内介质折射率和腔长的灵敏度。最后,搭建微位移平台,验证光纤端面与金薄膜所构成的Fabry-Perot干涉光谱随间距的变化,并提出光纤端面纳米谐振结构的实现方案。     

纳米银掺杂的高效率全息聚合物分散液晶光栅制备

报道了一种基于掺杂纳米银聚合物分散液晶(PDLC)材料的高衍射率全息电控光栅的制备及特性。通过在原有聚合物分散液晶材料体系中添加适量的纳米银颗粒以制备体全息光栅,实验研究了掺杂不同质量比的纳米银颗粒对全息聚合物分散液晶(H-PDLC)体光栅的衍射效率、驱动阈值电压、响应时间的影响。实验结果表明,通过掺杂纳米银材料,能够优化聚合物和液晶两相分离结构,使聚合物与液晶分离更加彻底,显著提高H-PDLC体光栅的一级衍射效率,同时能改善体光栅的电光特性,缩短响应时间。初步分析表明,由于纳米银颗粒的表面等离子体效应和体系折射率匹配的优化改善了H-PDLC光栅的特性。     

体积相位全息光栅的设计与制备

本文指出全息干版薄膜在曝光后处理过程中的收缩性和折射率变化对制备全息光栅的周期、倾斜度、布喇格入射角及衍射角的影响问题,并根据实验数据对光栅设计进行修正,再结合Kogelnik衍射方程及折射率调制度和曝光量的线性关系,在实验中基本上能准确设计出指定周期、倾斜度和衍射效率的全息光栅。     

体积相位全息光栅的设计与制备

本文指出全息干版薄膜在曝光后处理过程中的收缩性和折射率变化对制备全息光栅的周期、倾斜度、布喇格入射角及衍射角的影响问题，并根据实验数据对光栅设计进行修正，再结合Ｋｏｇｅｌｎｉｋ衍射方程及折射率调制度和曝光量的线性关系，在实验中基本上能准确设计出指定周期、倾斜度和衍射效率的全息光栅。     

线偏振高斯光束通过复合型衍射光栅的传输特性

提出一种集合浮雕和折射率周期分布调制的复合型衍射光栅,并利用角谱表示和严格的模式理论研究了线偏振高斯光束通过这种复合型衍射光栅的传输特性.数值计算结果表明,在光栅的同一透射深度处复合型衍射光栅光强的起伏频率要比浮雕型光栅光强的起伏频率小.最后使用复合型衍射光栅模型,研究了亚波长体积相位全息光栅的表面起伏和入射光束的束腰宽度对衍射效率的影响. 关键词： 复合型衍射光栅 亚波长体积相位全息光栅 高斯光束 严格模式理论     

超短脉冲激光光束被局域体全息光栅衍射的性质分析

利用二维耦合波理论,分析了超短脉冲激光光束被完全重叠型的局域体全息光栅衍射的时空变化性质,给出了衍射和透射脉冲激光光束沿光栅出射边界的强度时空分布。以LiNbO3晶体为例,数值研究了衍射光脉冲强度沿光栅出射边界的分布和脉冲波形的变化及光栅的总衍射效率受光栅二维尺寸、入射角度、光栅折射率调制度及入射脉冲的脉冲时域半峰全宽等条件的影响而变化的情况。与一维体全息光栅对超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质,及此光栅对连续光衍射的性质作比较,给出了合理选择光栅参量及入射条件以在光栅出射边界上得到总衍射效率较大且分布较均匀的衍射光脉冲的方法。     

基于体全息光栅的光学相控阵放大级设计

为了扩展光学相控阵的角度扫描范围,设计了基于体全息光栅的放大级,研究了光栅结构参数及其制作误差对性能的影响规律,提出了容差优化方法。研究结果表明:光栅厚度和折射率调制度是影响衍射效率的主要参数,光栅周期和光栅厚度是影响角度选择性的主要参数。光栅出入射角由光栅周期和光栅矢量倾斜角决定,在保持角放大率不变时,可以通过在出入射面内旋转介质调节这两个参数。实际制作中,光栅周期误差和光栅矢量倾斜角误差会导致衍射角偏离设计值,读出光波长越长,光栅周期误差的影响越小;光栅后面介质折射率越高,光栅矢量倾斜角误差影响越小。增加光栅厚度设计值可以减小光栅厚度误差对衍射效率的影响,而减小光栅厚度设计值可以减小折射率调制度误差对衍射效率的影响,实际制备时,需结合系统需求进行综合设计。     

基于折射率调制的表面等离子体全息衍射效率分析

针对折射率调制的表面等离子体全息显示方案,采用严格耦合波计算方法,仿真了变折射率薄膜正弦光栅结构参数与衍射效率的关系.结果表明,银作为表面等离子体激发材料时,0.2μm为光栅最优厚度,在此基础上,一级次光衍射效率与折射率差值、周期呈正比增长关系.对折射率范围进行了拓展,确定了折射率调制范围在1.34～1.8、周期为0.9μm时,对应的衍射效率可达33%以上.研究结果对于优化设计表面等离子体全息显示结构具有参考意义.     

Nonlinear diffraction in gratings based on polymer–dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles

In this letter we report a simple technique to produce volume holographic gratings based on photopolymerizable composites containing TiO₂ nanoparticles. Diffraction gratings with high refractive index modulation amplitude (up to 1.25 × 10⁻²) have been formed due to the periodic distribution of high refractive index nanoparticles in a low refractive index polymer matrix. The diffraction efficiency increases strongly on increasing the nanoparticle concentration. Taking the mixture with 10 wt.% TiO₂ nanoparticles, gratings with high diffraction efficiency, low level of scattering and high transparency in the visible-wavelength range have been obtained. This will ultimately lead to different applications of diffractive optical elements based on nanocomposites. The dependence of the gratings’ diffraction efficiency on the intensity of probe laser pulses at 1064 nm has been explored. It is shown that the nonlinear response of the gratings is attributed mainly to the nonlinear properties of the TiO₂ nanoparticles embedded in the polymer matrix. The mechanism of the grating formation and the reasons for the nonlinear behavior of the diffraction efficiency are discussed.     

Formation of positive and negative anisotropic holographic gratings depending on recording energy in photoreactive liquid crystalline copolymer films

Anisotropic diffractive gratings formed by birefringent molecular alignment are fabricated by a holographic technique using a photo-cross-linkable liquid crystalline copolymer (PLCCP). Depending on the exposure energy used for holographic recording, bright or dark regions of the interference fringe can be chosen for the molecular-aligned region, analogous to positive- and negative-type photoresist processing in photolithography. In conjunction with simultaneously generated surface relief gratings, the anisotropic refractive index modulation inherent in the PLCCP film exhibits different diffraction properties depending on the incident beam polarization. The anisotropic refractive index grating profiles are quantitatively presented for two cases determined by the exposure energy, based on the Fourier analysis of diffractive optics. The selection of different grating formations selected by varying only the exposure energy could provide a strategy for the fabrication of functionalized diffractive optical elements.     

Impact of the sublinear photoconductivity law on the interpretation of holographic results in BaTiO3

Thick holographic refractive index gratings are written in nominally pure and in iron doped BaTiO₃ crystals. The phase shift between refractive index grating and light pattern is studied as a function of an externally applied electric field by a direct phase shift measuring technique. The choice of the method is suggested by a theoretical analysis which allows for the effect of a nonlinear relation between photoconductivity and light intensity on the holographic writing process.     

Features of the dynamic self-action of light beams during holographic recording in photopolymers

The influence of changes in the average refractive index and thickness of a working medium layer on the holographic record of sloped transmission gratings in photopolymerizable compositions (PPCs) was studied. The parameters of holographic gratings change with increasing slope of grating lines. It is shown that shrinkage of the PPC layer is the main factor influencing the direction and rate of the energy exchange between recording beams and medium during the holographic recording in PPCs.     

基于多路复用体全息光栅的角度放大器设计

为设计基于多路复用体全息光栅的角度放大器, 建立了多路复用角度放大器(MAM)模型, 从效率均衡性和角度分布均匀性两个方面归纳了其设计规则; 研究了光刻过程中的误差对MAM性能的影响; 分析了实际发散光束对MAM性能的影响. 研究表明:控制光栅空间频率和光栅倾斜角可以实现需要的MAM角度分布, 控制光栅厚度和折射率调制深度可以实现MAM最佳衍射效率; MAM最大复用路数不超过10路; 增大光栅倾角或者记录光与工作光波长之比有利于抑制参考光角度误差带来的MAM出射角分布误差, 减小光栅厚度有利于抑制厚度误差与折射率调制深度误差对衍射效率的影响; 当远场发散角大于光栅角半宽时, 最佳衍射效率下降到50%以下且角度选择曲线失去局部最小值; 增大空间频率或者光栅厚度可以减小所需的折射率调制深度, 增多MAM可复用路数, 但是不利于效率均衡性设计和抑制发散光束的影响.     

基于多路复用体全息光栅的角度放大器设计

为设计基于多路复用体全息光栅的角度放大器, 建立了多路复用角度放大器(MAM)模型, 从效率均衡性和角度分布均匀性两个方面归纳了其设计规则; 研究了光刻过程中的误差对MAM性能的影响; 分析了实际发散光束对MAM性能的影响. 研究表明:控制光栅空间频率和光栅倾斜角可以实现需要的MAM角度分布, 控制光栅厚度和折射率调制深度可以实现MAM最佳衍射效率; MAM最大复用路数不超过10路; 增大光栅倾角或者记录光与工作光波长之比有利于抑制参考光角度误差带来的MAM出射角分布误差, 减小光栅厚度有利于抑制厚度误差     

Holographic formation of dynamic transmission diffraction gratings in a photopolymer material in the process of two-beam interaction at low contrasts

In the present study, the process of formation of holographic transmission diffraction gratings in photopolymer media is investigated at low contrasts with allowance for self-diffraction of recording waves. A theoretical model for the first spatial harmonics of the refractive index grating is constructed based on a solution of the coupled kinetic photopolymerization and diffraction equations. The temporal dynamics of amplitude and phase spatial profiles of harmonics, diffraction efficiency, and angular selectivity of recorded gratings is theoretically investigated. The calculated and experimental data are compared. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 35–42, November, 2006.     

Formation of Holographic Transmission Diffraction Gratings in Absorbing Photopolymer Media

The formation of holographic transmission gratings in absorbent photopolymer materials (PPM) is studied theoretically. Analytical model describing a spatiotemporal transformation of holographic grating field during record is developed with allowance for optical absorption and diffusion processes. It is demonstrated that optical attenuation during record causes the spatial inhomogeneity of refractive index grating profile and of the its growth kinetics. A degree of influence of optical attenuation on the integral diffraction characteristics is evaluated based on numerical simulation. The kinetics of record of high-efficient transmission holograms in PPM is experimentally investigated. Based on a comparison of theoretical and experimental time dependences of diffraction efficiency, physical parameters of the examined PPM are determined and adequacy and tendency in the development of the suggested mathematical model are evaluated.     

90°全息记录衍射效率分析与提高

对光折变全息记录特别是双中心全息记录中90°记录结构下较低的衍射效率进行了研究,采用局域衍射理论对90°记录结构的衍射进行了分析,表明在同样的折射率变化和2 mm的光束宽度的情况下,只有当折射率光栅振幅大于10^-4时,90°记录结构衍射效率才能够与小角度透射记录结构的衍射效率大致相当。针对环境干扰导致的干涉条纹振动影响光栅记录,提出了有效调制度概念,根据分析90°记录结构的干涉条纹间距很小,容易受外界环境干扰而导致低的折射率变化率,因此应采用主动条纹锁定系统。此外在双中心全息记录中,微观光学参量的优化对衍射效率影响也很重要。     

A method for the evaluation of the grating envelope in volume holographic media

A novel method for measuring the three-dimensional spatial distribution of gratings in a volume holographic medium is described. In this method, the diffraction of a uniform probe light wave is measured as a function of the deviation (either in angle or wavelength) from the Bragg condition. The envelope function of the grating is obtained by solving the coupled wave equations inversely. Not only the amplitude but also the phase of the envelope function is obtained. This method allows for the depletion of the probe light wave in the hologram and is applicable to both dielectric (refractive index) and absorption gratings. The resolution and the maximum measurable depth in this method are discussed.