高效催化氧还原及氧析出反应的掺杂石墨炔的设计与理论计算

在清洁和可再生能源的转化过程中, 氧还原反应和氧析出反应需要高效的电催化剂以克服其动力学限制. 本文设计了一系列掺杂杂原子的无金属石墨二炔, 以促进上述两类关键化学反应.为了评估电催化性能, 利用密度泛函理论研究了反应路径和吉布斯自由能变化. 计算结果表明, 掺杂剂可以优化中间体的吸附, 降低反应的过电位. 本文还得到了将催化剂性质与催化剂结构相关联的内在描述符, 该描述符可以加速开发和筛选新型电催化剂. 研究结果可为清洁能源技术(如燃料电池、 金属空气电池和电解水等)中碳基催化剂的设计提供指导.     

基于内嵌钴/氮掺杂多孔碳三维石墨烯笼的抗团聚高效氧还原电催化剂

氧还原反应是决定燃料电池、金属-空气电池等多种新型清洁能源存储与转化技术之性能与应用的关键反应. 铂及其合金是目前催化活性最好的氧还原反应催化剂,但其高昂的成本限制了规模化应用. 在小尺寸效应作用下,微纳米结构催化剂颗粒在电极制备与电化学反应过程中的团聚限制了催化剂本征催化活性的充分发挥. 本文基于喷雾热解技术,发展了一种基于内嵌钴/氮掺杂多孔碳三维石墨烯笼的高活性、抗团聚非贵金属氧还原反应催化剂. 此结构中,金属有机骨架化合物ZIF-67衍生的钴/氮掺杂多孔碳纳米结构是催化氧还原反应的活性中心,包覆其外的三维石墨烯笼不仅可在钴/氮掺杂碳纳米结构之间构建连续的三维载流子传导网络,且可高效抑制其在催化剂制备与电化学反应过程中的团聚与活性损失. 在碱性电解液中,此类非贵金属催化剂表现出可与铂基催化剂媲美的氧还原反应活性和优异的稳定性.     

高效的尖晶石铁钴氧/氮掺杂有序介孔碳催化剂应用于可充电锌-空气电池

以电催化为核心的新能源储存和转换技术为缓解能源与环境问题提供了有效手段.可充电锌空气电池因其理论能量密度(1086 Wh·kg–1)高、成本效益显著、安全系数高、环境友好及放电平稳等优点被认为是一种具有前景的能源存储/转换装置,有望在新能源汽车、便携式电源等领域广泛应用.氧还原反应(ORR)和氧析出反应(OER)是锌-空气电池中的核心反应,目前,虽然贵金属催化剂对上述反应表现出一定的电催化活性,但由于其稀缺性、高昂价格和低稳定性因素严重阻碍了它们在锌-空气电池中的广泛应用.而非贵金属催化剂所面临的瓶颈在于ORR/OER反应动力学缓慢,导致其在实际应用过程中存在电压效率低和催化剂腐蚀等问题.因此,为了推进锌-空气电池商业化进程,研制低成本、高效、稳定的非贵金属催化剂迫在眉睫.本文通过一步法将双金属前驱体嵌入氮掺杂有序介孔碳(NOMC)中,合成了具有尖晶石型铁钴氧化物的高性能非贵金属电催化剂(FexCo/NOMC,x代表铁钴的摩尔比).实验结果表明,在x=0.5时,所制备的催化剂具有最佳的催化活性,与商业贵金属催化剂相比,该催化剂展现更优的电催化活性和稳定性.电化学测试结果表明,其ORR的半波电位为0.89 V(vs.RHE),当OER电流密度为10 mA·cm–1时,过电势仅为0.31 V,且电流-时间曲线测试结果表明催化剂表现出较好的稳定性.通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、穆斯堡尔谱(M?ssbauer)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)等表征手段对电催化剂的物化性质进行表征,结果表明该材料优异的氧电催化性能归因于双金属氧化物的电子调控作用、NOMC的介孔结构、高导电性和高比表面积,其ORR与OER的催化活性位点分别是氮活化的碳(N-C)和双金属氧化物.以优化的Fe0.5Co/NOMC为正极组装可充电锌-空气电池,该电池在空气环境下展现出优良的充放电性能,其在电流密度为100 mA·cm–2条件下操作时能量密度达到820 Wh·kg–1,在1.0 V时功率密度达到153 mW·cm–2,它还表现出较好的稳定性,经过144 h的循环实验,活性没有明显下降.本文不仅制备了一种有前景的尖晶石型氧化物碳基氧电催化材料,还为高效氧电催化剂的合理开发与构筑提供了一条新的思路.     

球形碳掺杂钴基催化剂用于HER和锌空电池阴极反应

电催化水裂解是一种制备清洁氢气的潜在方法,寻找一种催化剂提高电催化阴极析氢反应(HER)速率是研究热点。通过制备球形碳掺杂钴基催化剂并对其进行硫化或磷化处理以提高其催化性能。三种产物中,CoP/C催化性能最优。在酸性和碱性条件下,电流密度为10 mA·cm^-2时的析氢过电位分别为154 mV和89 mV,并且稳定性优良。该催化剂被进一步用作空气阴极,以构建用于能量转换的锌-空气电池。该电池的开路电压为1.35 V,维持50 h没有衰减,并且通过27 h的长期循环试验评估了其可充电性,电压间隙为1.2 V。这项工作为设计球形非贵金属多组分HER催化剂提供了新的策略。     

水电解制氢非贵金属催化剂的研究进展

氢能作为零碳排放能源是被公认的最清洁能源之一,如何有效可持续地产氢是未来人类步入氢能经济首先要解决的问题。电解水技术基于电化学分解水的原理,利用可再生电能或太阳能驱动水分解为氢气和氧气,被认为是最有前途和可持续性的产氢途径。然而,无论是光解水还是电解水,均需要高活性、高稳定性的非贵金属氢析出和氧析出催化剂以使水电解反应经济节能。本文介绍了我们研究所近三年在水电解方面的研究进展,其中着重介绍了：（ⅰ）氢析出催化剂,包括利用低温磷化过渡金属（氢）氧化物的方法制备过渡金属磷化物,同时过渡金属硫化物、硒化物以及碳化物等均被成功合成并被应用为有效的阴极析氢催化剂;（ⅱ）氧析出催化剂,主要包括金属磷化物、硫化物、氧化物/氢氧化物等;（ⅲ）双功能催化剂,主要包括过渡金属磷化物、硒化物、硫化物等。最后,总结展望了发展水电解非贵金属催化剂所面临的挑战与未来发展方向。     

燃料电池碳基氧还原催化剂的设计与应用

燃料电池以高比能、低污染等独特优势,备受研究者的广泛关注。然而,燃料电池的商业化应用受到电极催化剂的性能、隔膜性能与成本等方面的限制。其中,氧还原反应作为燃料电池阴极的关键电极反应,其催化剂的电催化活性显著影响燃料电池性能和生产成本。因此,氧还原催化剂一直是燃料电池研究重要方向之一。碳基催化剂表现出了类似贵金属的电催化活性,通过优化碳基催化剂的结构及表面电子性质,能够降低氧还原反应过电势,促进氧还原四电子的反应过程,从而实现更高的能量转化效率。针对碳基催化剂在燃料电池中的基础应用,本文综述了近年来杂原子掺杂以及非贵金属与杂原子协同掺杂碳基催化剂的设计思路、电催化性能和潜在的催化机理等最新研究进展,并对未来发展方向进行了总结与展望。     

析氧反应铁镍基预催化剂的表界面调控与进展

析氧反应（OER）是水分解中重要的半反应, 为提高其催化性能,开发高效非贵金属催化剂已成为当前的研究重点。铁镍（FeNi）基材料被认为是最好的预催化剂, 在催化过程中,它们的表面将转变成高价态金属氧化物或氢氧化物作为真正的活性物质。FeNi基预催化剂的结构和形貌在很大程度上影响了其催化性能, 因此, 优化和调整FeNi基预催化剂的结构和化学环境可以提高电催化性能。基于我们的研究工作, 我们撰写了FeNi基预催化剂的表面结构调控促进电化学析氧反应的研究进展。我们首先介绍了碱性OER的反应机理, 然后从杂原子掺杂、表面成分改性、选择性结构转变、表面化学状态调节、异质结构构建和载体效应等方面讨论了FeNi基预催化剂表面调控对析氧反应性能的影响。尽管在OER反应中FeNi都被认为转变成高价态的金属活性物质, Fe/Ni体系的表面结构、形貌和化学状态仍然能够显著影响其最终的催化性能, 即FeNi基预催化剂的性质会影响析氧反应的催化性能。通过精细设计并尽量提高Fe和Ni的协同作用将有利用提升氧析出的催化性能。我们希望本综述能够对FeNi基预催化剂的制备和表界面性质调控与电催化析氧反应性能的理解有所帮助。     

利用MOF-253衍生氮掺杂碳限域效应促进Pt纳米单晶电催化剂的氧析出反应

目前,为了有效解决电化学能量转化反应动力学过程缓慢和商业化应用等问题,需要大力提高催化剂的电催化活性和稳定性,并大幅降低贵金属催化剂的用量.通常,铂(Pt)基催化剂对燃料电池的氧还原反应(ORR)和水电解过程的氢析出反应(HER)表现出很高的活性.然而,对于高效的金属-空气电池和水电解装置,其中的氧析出反应(OER)则需要高活性的非Pt电催化剂来降低电化学过电位及提高其对高电位的耐受性.虽然相较于Pt催化剂,IrO2和RuO2等贵金属催化剂表现出了更高的OER活性,然而,它们的稳定性差,难以满足实际应用需求,严重阻碍了其在金属-空气电池和水电解中的应用.通常,Pt对OER的低效催化主要归因于在OER电催化过程中Pt与电解液直接接触,导致Pt表面快速被氧化,形成Pt氧化物(Pt^+4O2和Pt^+2O)层.形成的Pt氧化物对OER不起催化作用,从而降低了Pt的利用率和总的水电解效率.为了避免Pt表面的快速氧化,实现高的OER性能,我们将Pt金属纳米粒子有效地限域在超薄功能多孔碳层内.前期,已有大量的有关金属基ORR和HER催化剂研究证明,这种策略对于稳定金属纳米颗粒非常有效,可有效避免金属催化剂的快速氧化,而且还可抑制金属颗粒迁移和团聚;此外,还有利于增强催化剂的导电性和离子物种的扩散能力,从而提高催化剂的电催化性能.然而,要达到提高金属催化剂OER电催化性能的目的,还需要设计一种具有优良结构的功能化异质原子掺杂多孔碳基限域材料.金属有机框架(MOF),特别是MOF-253,由于具有较高的柔韧性、丰富的孔、可控的几何结构和高比表面积,被认为是制备功能多孔碳基限域材料的理想前驱体.为此,通过结合功能多孔碳基材料的限域作用及MOF-253和超细Pt纳米单晶的优势,本文合成了MOF-253衍生氮掺杂碳(N/C)限域的Pt纳米单晶(Pt@N/C)核壳型电催化剂.制备的Pt-N-C框架不仅具有超薄的氮掺杂活性多孔碳保护层壳体(平均厚度为0.51 nm),还有具高度分散和稳定化的Pt纳米单晶核体;值得指出的是,因受到碳层的限域作用,即使经900℃的高温处理,Pt纳米单晶仍保持了较小的晶体尺寸(平均粒径仅为6.7 nm);此外,该催化剂的Pt载量较低,仅为6.1wt%(Pt@N/C-10).将其作为OER电催化剂,表现出优异的OER性能:在10 mA cm^-2电流密度下,其过电位仅为298 mV,低于商业IrO2催化剂(353 mV);而且,经2000周加速电位扫描后,其电位仅降低19.4 mV,也低于IrO2(23.3 mV).本文很好地证明了通过构建空间限域结构可以有效解决Pt等金属催化剂因表面氧化而导致OER动力学活性和稳定性低的问题.     

通过铁掺杂和造孔提高氮掺杂石墨烯/碳纳米管复合物电催化氧还原性能的研究（英文）

氧还原反应催化剂的性能直接影响着能源转换和存储器件如燃料电池和金属-空气电池的性能. 开发低成本、高性能的非铂族金属氧还原催化剂对于这类器件的实际应用和商业化十分重要,因此备受关注. 氮掺杂的石墨烯/碳纳米管复合物同时具备碳纳米管的良好导电性能和有利于传质的三维网络结构优点,以及氮掺杂石墨烯的高活性优点,因此有望发展为这类可替代铂族催化剂的氧还原电催化剂之一,但目前其催化性能还需进一步提高. 本文研究发现通过在氮掺杂石墨烯/碳纳米管复合物的过程中引入铁元素可以有效提高催化剂的氧还原活性,并且发现通过在热处理和氮掺杂过程中加入二氧化硅纳米颗粒及随后除去二氧化硅,可以在氮掺杂的石墨烯/碳纳米管复合物材料中有效地形成多孔结构. 这种多孔结构的形成不仅可以在复合物中引入更多的高活性催化位点,而且有利于暴露更多的催化活性位并促进氧还原反应中的传质过程. 结合碳纳米管、石墨烯和多孔结构的三者优点,所制备的多孔氮掺杂碳材料表现出优异的电催化氧还原性能. 进一步的实验表明,这类材料还表现出优异的抗甲醇中毒能力和良好的稳定性,因此在性能改进后有望用于燃料电池等能量转换与存储器件.     

铂/石墨烯氧还原电催化剂的共还原法制备及表征

使用硼氢化钠共还原法制备40% (w)铂/石墨烯电催化剂用于氧还原反应. 通过循环伏安测试发现, 这种方法制备所得铂/石墨烯催化剂对氧还原反应活性较铂/碳催化剂差, 但稳定性有所提高. 在稳定性测试中,铂/石墨烯电催化性能衰减为50%, 较铂/碳(79%)好. X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征发现在铂/石墨烯催化剂中两者存在明显交互作用, 这可能是阻止石墨烯再堆垛和防止铂颗粒团聚的主要原因. 通过对单电池性能测试也发现铂/石墨烯催化剂更有利于电池长期稳定.     

A review of transition metal‐based bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices play a key role in the development of clean, sustainable, and efficient energy systems to meet the sustainable growth of our society. However, challenging issues including the sluggish kinetics of oxygen electrode reactions involving the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are present, limiting the implementation of devices such as metal‐air batteries, water electrolyzers, and regenerative fuel cells. In this review, various monometallic and bimetallic transition metal oxides (TMOs) and hydroxides are summarized in terms of their application for ORR/OER, in which the merits and demerits of various precious metal and carbon‐based metal oxide materials are discussed, with requirements for better electrocatalysts and catalyst support being introduced as well. Following this, different approaches to improve catalytic activity such as the introduction of doping and defects, the manipulation of crystal facets, and the engineering of supports, compositions, and morphologies are summarized in which TMOs with improved ORR/OER catalytic activities can be synthesized, further improving the speed, stability, and polarization of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. Finally, perspectives into the improvement of performance and the better understanding of ORR/OER mechanisms for bifunctional electrocatalysts using in situ spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations are also discussed.     

Recent Progress on Nickel-Based Oxide/(Oxy)Hydroxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Developing clean and sustainable energies as alternatives to fossil fuels is in strong demand within modern society. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting process in plenty of key renewable energy systems, such as electrochemical water splitting and rechargeable metal–air batteries. In this regard, ongoing efforts have been devoted to seeking high-performance electrocatalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency. Apart from traditional precious-metal-based catalysts, nickel-based compounds are the most promising earth-abundant OER catalysts, attracting ever-increasing interest due to high activity and stability. In this review, the recent progress on nickel-based oxide and (oxy)hydroxide composites for water oxidation catalysis in terms of materials design/synthesis and electrochemical performance is summarized. Some underlying mechanisms to profoundly understand the catalytic active sites are also highlighted. In addition, the future research trends and perspectives on the development of Ni-based OER electrocatalysts are discussed.     

Earth-Abundant Transition-Metal-Based Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting in Alkaline Media

The depletion of fossil fuels has accelerated the search for clean, sustainable, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier because of its advantageous properties, and the electrolysis of water is considered as an efficient method for its industrial production. However, the high-energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical water splitting requires cost-effective and highly active electrocatalysts. Therefore, researchers have aimed to develop high-performance electrode materials based on non-precious and abundant transition metals for conversion devices. Moreover, to further reduce the cost and complexity in real-world applications, bifunctional catalysts that can be simultaneously active on both the anodic (i.e., oxygen evolution reaction, OER) and cathodic (i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) sides are economically and technically desirable. This Minireview focuses on the recent progress in transition-metal-based materials as bifunctional electrocatalysts, including several promising strategies to promote electrocatalytic activities for overall water splitting in alkaline media, such as chemical doping, defect (vacancy) engineering, phase engineering, facet engineering, and structure engineering. Finally, the potential for further developments in rational electrode materials design is also discussed.     

Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Borides and Borates for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Electrochemical water splitting is a clean and sustainable process for hydrogen production on a large scale as the electrical power required can be obtained from various renewable energy resources. The key challenge in electrochemical water splitting process is to develop low-cost electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the anode. OER is the most important half-reaction involved in water splitting, which has been extensively studied since the last century and a large amount of electrocatalysts including noble and non-noble metal-based materials have been developed. Among them, transition metal borides and borates (TMBs)-based compounds with various structures have attracted increasing attention owing to their excellent OER performance. In recent years, many efforts have been devoted to exploring the OER mechanism of TMBs and to improving the OER activity and stability of TMBs. In this review, recent research progress made in TMBs as efficient electrocatalysts for OER is summarized. The chemical properties, synthetic methodologies, catalytic performance evaluation, and improvement strategy of TMBs as OER electrocatalysts are discussed. The electrochemistry fundamentals of OER are first introduced in brief, followed by a summary of the preparation and performance of TMBs-based OER electrocatalysts. Finally, current challenges and future directions for TMBs-based OER electrocatalysts are discussed.     

Polyoxometalate-Based Compounds for Photo- and Electrocatalytic Applications

Photo/electrocatalysis of water (H₂O) splitting and CO₂ reduction reactions is a promising strategy to alleviate the energy crisis and excessive CO₂ emissions. For the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) involved, the development of effective photo/electrocatalysts is critical to reduce the activation energy and accelerate the sluggish dynamics. Polyoxometalate (POM)-based compounds with tunable compositions and diverse structures are emerging as unique photo/electrocatalysts for these reactions as they offer unparalleled advantages such as outstanding solution and redox stability, quasi-semiconductor behaviour, etc. This Minireview provides a basic introduction related to photo/electrocatalytic HER, OER and CO₂RR, followed by the classification of pristine POM-based compounds toward different catalytic reactions. Recent breakthroughs in engineering POM-based compounds as efficient photo/electrocatalysts are highlighted. Finally, the advantages, challenges, strategies and outlooks of POM-based compounds on improving photo/electrocatalytic performance are discussed.     

FeNi Alloy Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Shells Supported on N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon as Efficient and Stable Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts

The development of cost-effective and durable oxygen electrocatalysts remains highly critical but challenging for energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, a novel FeNi alloy nanoparticle core encapsulated in carbon shells supported on a N-enriched graphene-like carbon matrix (denoted as FeNi@C/NG) was constructed by facile pyrolyzing the mixture of metal salts, glucose, and dicyandiamide. The in situ pyrolysis of dicyandiamide in the presence of glucose plays a significant effect on the fabrication of the porous FeNi@C/NG with a high content of doped N and large specific surface area. The optimized FeNi@C/NG catalyst displays not only a superior catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR, with an onset potential of 1.0 V and half-wave potential of 0.84 V) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, the potential at 10 mA cm⁻² is 1.66 V) simultaneously in alkaline, but also outstanding long-term cycling durability. The excellent bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalytic performance is ascribed to the synergism of the carbon shell and FeNi alloy core together with the high-content of nitrogen doped on the large specific surface area graphene-like carbon.     

导电金属有机框架材料在电催化中的成就，挑战和机遇

To fulfill the demands of green and sustainable energy, the production of novel catalysts for different energy conversion processes is critical. Owing to the intriguing advantages of the intrinsic active species, tunable crystal structure, remarkable chemical and physical properties, and good stability, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively investigated in various electrochemical energy conversions, such as the CO₂ reduction reaction, N₂ reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction. More importantly, it is feasible to change the chemical environments, pore sizes, and porosity of MOFs, which will theoretically facilitate the diffusion of reactants across the open porous networks, thereby improving the electrocatalytic performance. However, owing to the high energy barriers of charge transfer and limited free charge carriers, most MOFs show poor electrical conductivity, thus limiting their diverse applications. As reported previously, MOFs were used as a porous substrate to confine the growth of nanoparticles or co-doped electrocatalysts after annealing. The conductive MOFs can combine the advantages of conventional MOFs with electronic conductivity, which significantly enhance the electrocatalytic performance. In addition, conductive MOFs can achieve conductivity via electronic or ionic routes without post-annealing treatment, thereby extending their potential applications. Different synthesis strategies have recently been developed to endow MOFs with electrical conductivity, such as post-synthesis modification, guest molecule introduction, and composite formatting. The performance of conductive MOFs can even outperform those of commercial RuO₂ catalysts or Pt-group catalysts. However, it is difficult to endow most MOFs with high conductivity. This review summarizes the mechanisms of constructing conductive MOFs, such as redox hopping, through-bond pathways, through-space pathways, extended conjugation, and guest-promoted transport. Synthetic methods, including hydro/solvothermal synthesis and interface-assisted synthesis, are introduced. Recent advances in the use of conductive MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts in electrocatalysis have been comprehensively elucidated. It has been reported that conductive MOFs can demonstrate considerable catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability in different electrochemical reactions, revealing the immense potential for future displacement of Pt-group catalysts. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of conductive MOFs in electrocatalysis are discussed. Based on systematic synthesis strategies, more conductive MOFs can be constructed for electrocatalytic reactions. In addition, the morphology and structure of conductive MOFs, which can change the electrochemical accessibility between substrates and MOFs, are also crucial for catalysis, and thus, they should be extensively studied in the future. It is believed that a breakthrough for high-performance conductive MOF-based electrocatalysts could be achieved.     

Application of In Situ Techniques for the Characterization of NiFe‐Based Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Electrocatalysts

Developing high‐efficiency and affordable electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a crucial bottleneck on the way to the practical applications of rechargeable energy storage technologies and water splitting for producing clean fuel (H₂). In recent years, NiFe‐based materials have proven to be excellent electrocatalysts for OER. Understanding the characteristics that affect OER activity and determining the OER mechanism are of vital importance for the development of OER electrocatalysts. Therefore, in situ characterization techniques performed under OER conditions are urgently needed to monitor the key intermediates together with identifying the OER active centers and phases. In this Minireview, recent advances regarding in situ techniques for the characterization of NiFe‐based electrocatalysts are thoroughly summarized, including Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy. The results from these in situ measurements not only reveal the structural transformation and the progressive oxidation of the catalytic species under OER conditions, but also disclose the crucial role of Ni and Fe during the OER. Finally, the need for developing new in situ techniques and theoretical investigations is discussed to better understand the OER mechanism and design promising OER electrocatalysts.     

电化学合成纳米材料和小分子材料在电解制氢领域的应用

氢气是一种清洁、高效、可再生的新型能源,并且是未来碳中和能源供应中最具潜力的化石燃料替代品。因此,可持续氢能源制造具有极大的吸引力与迫切的需求,尤其是通过清洁、环保、零排放的电解水方法。然而,目前的电解水反应受到其缓慢的动力学以及低成本/能源效率的制约。在这些方面,电化学合成通过制造先进的电催化剂和提供更高效/增值的共电解替代品,为提高水电解的效率和效益提供了广阔的前景。它是一种环保、简单的通过电解或其他电化学操作,对从分子到纳米尺度的材料进行制造的方法。本文首先介绍了电化学合成的基本概念、设计方法以及常用方法。然后,总结了电化学合成技术在电解水领域的应用及进展。我们专注于电化学合成的纳米结构电催化剂以实现更高效的电解水制氢,以及小分子的电化学氧化以取代电解水制氢中的析氧共反应,实现更高效、 增值的共电解制氢。我们系统地讨论了电化学合成条件与产物的关系,以启发未来的探索。最后,本文讨论了电化学合成在先进电解水以及其他能量转换和储存应用方面的挑战和前景。     

导电MOFs在能源转化中的应用

可再生能源供应方案包括析氢反应(HER)、析氧反应(OER)、氧还原反应(ORR)和二氧化碳还原反应(CO2RR)等多种反应,电催化剂对这些反应至关重要。到目前为止,已有一系列导电MOFs作为与能源相关电催化电极材料的报道。本文从提高MOFs导电能力和对产物的选择性、增强MOFs的化学稳定性及增加MOFs的反应活性位点等方面介绍了导电MOFs作为电催化剂的设计策略,重点综述了其在能源转化涉及的HER、OER、ORR以及CO2RR方面的应用,并从材料制备和应用需求角度出发, 对高性能导电MOFs材料在电催化领域所面临的挑战和前景进行了展望。