石墨烯三维结构组装体制备及光热水蒸发和水处理研究进展

水资源短缺是世界长期面临的问题,当前全球80多个国家的约15亿人口面临淡水不足,其中26个国家的3亿人口完全生活在缺水状态。近年来,人们开发了新型太阳能界面水蒸发材料和技术,能够利用高效光热材料吸收太阳能转化为热能,实现大量的、快速的水蒸发,冷凝后收集便得到洁净水,是一种高效、绿色、低成本水处理和解决水资源短缺的方法。石墨烯三维组装体材料的物理和化学性质优异,光热转化效率高,同时其太阳光吸收率高,内部微纳孔道丰富,具有良好的水传输通道,表面水蒸发面积大,在太阳光照射下能够实现超高的水蒸发速率,在光热水处理方面展现了巨大的科学研究意义和实用价值。本文将综述石墨烯三维组装体的制备及光热水处理方面的研究进展,包括石墨烯三维结构组装体制备方法,其光热水蒸发性能,总结了石墨烯三维结构组装体在光热水蒸发及水处理方面的应用,最后分析了石墨烯三维结构组装体光热水处理面临的问题及展望。     

石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的设计及其在水处理中的应用

当今,资源和能源极度紧缺,改良传统吸附剂,开发高效、低成本、高性能的复合吸附剂成为一大研究课题。石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂结合了无机材料石墨烯和有机材料的优势,在水处理吸附领域有着广阔的应用前景。目前有关石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的设计思路、合成方法及其在水处理中的应用缺少相关的综述。因此,本文对近些年在石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的制备及其应用等方面取得的进展进行了综述,探讨和分析了不同类型石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的性能以及存在的问题,对其发展方向进行了展望,为后续开展石墨烯/有机物复合吸附剂的相关研究及应用提供了参考。     

石墨烯及其复合材料在水处理中的应用

石墨烯(graphene,GE)是一种由sp2杂化的碳原子以六边形排列形成的周期性蜂窝状二维碳质新材料,具有比表面积大、电子迁移率高和化学稳定性强等特性。本文重点总结了近年来石墨烯及其复合材料应用于水处理吸附剂及光催化剂两个方面的研究进展。石墨烯及其复合材料对于处理重金属、有机污染物等污染物质的吸附效果好,吸附容量高;与光催化材料结合后,石墨烯由于其独特的物理化学特性有效增强了复合材料的光催化特性。最后对各种石墨烯及其复合材料在水处理中的应用作出了评价,同时对它们在水处理中的应用前景做了展望。     

二维MoS2纳米材料及其复合物在水处理中的应用

纳米材料和纳米技术的快速发展为水处理及资源化技术的开发带来了全新的发展机遇,作为一种典型的类石墨烯结构的二硫化钼以其层状结构和独特的物理化学性能在众多纳米材料中受到重点关注。本文梳理和归纳了二维二硫化钼纳米材料及其复合物在水处理中吸附、膜分离、催化、抗菌和检测等方面的应用,重点介绍了其在吸附和膜分离方面的研究进展,以实现对水中各种离子、染料、抗生素、致病菌等多种环境污染物的高效去除。最后,对二硫化钼及其复合物在水处理中的应用作出了评价,探讨其未来发展方向以及面临的挑战,以期为解决水环境污染和水资源紧缺等问题提供一种新型的材料和技术手段。     

石墨烯基水凝胶的研究进展

石墨烯具有独特的导电、导热和力学性能,既能够自组装为电化学性能优良的石墨烯水凝胶,又可以与小分子和聚合物进行复合制备多功能性复合水凝胶,大幅度地拓展了传统水凝胶的应用范围。本文主要分为四部分来综述近些年来石墨烯基水凝胶的研究进展。第一部分简要介绍了石墨烯的研究背景和石墨烯基水凝胶的研究意义。第二部分主要根据石墨烯基水凝胶的组成将其分为石墨烯水凝胶、石墨烯/小分子和石墨烯/聚合物复合水凝胶三类,分别介绍了它们的制备方法、形成机理和凝胶性能。其中,对石墨烯/小分子复合水凝胶的介绍以石墨烯基超分子水凝胶为主,而对石墨烯/聚合物复合水凝胶的介绍以智能型水凝胶为主。第三部分主要介绍了石墨烯基水凝胶在超级电容器、水处理、控释药物、微流体开关、催化剂载体等方面的应用和发展。最后,对该领域所面临的挑战进行了总结和展望。     

石墨烯基铁氧化物磁性材料的制备及在水处理中的吸附性能

石墨烯及其衍生物氧化石墨烯均有良好的物理和化学性质,其巨大的表面积和丰富的官能团使其成为良好的吸附材料。石墨烯基磁性材料则综合了石墨烯的吸附能力和磁性材料易分离的特性,是水处理过程中具有巨大应用潜力的吸附材料。本文在论述了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯及铁氧化物磁性材料对水体中的重金属离子、有机染料及含苯环的芳香类污染物的吸附富集性能的基础上,重点介绍了石墨烯基铁氧化物磁性材料的不同合成方法及复合材料在水处理中去除污染物的能力,探讨了复合材料在水处理中的应用前景。     

石墨烯基水凝胶的研究进展

石墨烯独特的分子结构使其具有优异的物理化学性质,这引起了国内外学者的研究兴趣。研究者们相继制备出了各种石墨烯基复合材料,其中,石墨烯基水凝胶是一种实用而吸引人的材料,有着广泛的应用前景。本文对石墨烯基水凝胶的研究进展进行了综述,对其在超级电容器、生物医药、水处理等方面的应用做了相关介绍,并对石墨烯基水凝胶的发展前景进行了展望。     

石墨烯在聚合物阻燃材料中的应用及作用机理

本文从聚合物基底的阻燃复合材料类别角度出发,详细介绍了石墨烯在不同种类聚合物阻燃材料中的应用现状与作用机理。 包括有:石墨烯/聚乙烯、石墨烯/聚丙烯、石墨烯/聚苯乙烯、石墨烯/环氧树脂、石墨烯/聚氨酯、石墨烯/聚乙烯醇等多种石墨烯/聚合物复合阻燃材料。 同时还介绍了石墨烯基材料在其中所发挥的作用,该综述为发展出新型的石墨烯基/聚合物复合阻燃材料提供了很好的理论支持。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料的制备及应用

石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料由于其优异的电学、热学、电化学性能和机械性能等特点,吸引了研究者们的广泛关注。本文对近几年来石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料的发展状况进行了简单介绍,首先总结了原位聚合法、界面聚合法、自组装法、溶液共混法等不同制备方法对石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料结构和性能的影响。由于石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料结合了石墨烯和聚苯胺两者的优点,展现出更加优异的性能,因此本文还对其在超级电容器、传感器、燃料电池、太阳能电池等方面的应用进行了详细介绍。     

石墨烯用于金属腐蚀防护的研究

单层无缺陷石墨烯具有优异的屏蔽性能,能阻隔氧气、水分子等腐蚀因子到达金属基体表面,被认为是已知最薄的腐蚀防护涂层。基于石墨烯在金属腐蚀防护领域巨大的应用潜力,本文从石墨烯薄膜防护涂层、石墨烯/有机防护涂层以及石墨烯-导电高分子/有机防护涂层等方面进行系统总结,重点围绕石墨烯薄膜存在的问题以及石墨烯在有机涂层中均匀分散等进行详细分析和介绍,同时对石墨烯基防腐涂料的未来发展进行了展望。     

钯基氧还原反应电极的构筑及其在水处理领域的研究进展

发展氧气还原反应(ORR)的二电子高效电催化剂一直是燃料电池领域的研究热点,但针对具有二电子还原特征且可应用于水处理领域电极材料的研究还处在起步阶段。本综述介绍了近年来二电子还原特征的贵金属电极材料及其在电催化处理水中污染物的研究进展。在Fe~(2+)存在下,Pd基电极材料催化氧气还原合成H_2O_2,间接催化氧化水中有机污染物,实现有机物的矿化降解和水质的净化;Pd基电极催化还原水中有机污染物、无机盐等,将其转化为低毒性、易处理产物并彻底去除;Pd基催化电极的高效电子传导性能增强了水中重金属离子的氧化/还原转化,实现重金属去除。本综述展望了纳米电极材料在水处理应用的机遇与发展方向。     

原位合成H2O2在水处理技术中的应用研究进展

从过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的原位生成技术角度总结了近年来利用原位合成H₂O₂处理水中污染物的研究,分析了当前可充当氢源材料的种类及不同的氢源材料对于提高H₂O₂产率的影响,以及不同的催化剂材料和催化反应环境提高H₂O₂利用率对污染处理效果的影响因素,并对原位合成H₂O₂在水处理领域中面临的挑战和发展前景做了展望,从而为该技术的大规模应用提供指导和借鉴。     

Electrochemical technologies for the treatment of pesticides

Pesticides are used worldwide in large quantities to increase yield in agriculture. On the other hand, they are in general toxic/persistent organic pollutants presenting strong adverse effects to the environment and human health, including acute and chronic toxicity. Consequently, water polluted by pesticides should be treated efficiently before its release into receiving water bodies to protect the natural aquatic environment. Different methods have been used for the treatment of water contaminated by pesticides. Among them, electrochemical technology seems to be very efficient in removing pesticides from water. Therefore this review aims to provide an overview of the recent works on the treatment of pesticide wastewater using electrochemical technology with a special focus on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes that demonstrated high efficiency in the removal of various types of pesticides from contaminated water.     

Determination of haloacetic acids in aqueous environments by solid-phase extraction followed by ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection.

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) were determined in different water samples by a new, fast and simple analysis method based on enrichment of 50-ml water samples at pH 1.8 by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography (LC) separation and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection in the negative ionization mode. Deprotonated (M-H)-haloacetates and decarboxylated (M-COOH)- ions were detected. Different polymeric SPE sorbents were tested, and LiChrolut EN was found to be the best material for the extraction. Complete LC separation of all compounds could only be achieved by ion-pair chromatography using triethylamine as volatile ion-pairing reagent. The detection limits were in the low microg/l range. High microg/l concentration levels for the chlorinated and brominated haloacetates were found in drinking water from a drinking water treatment plant in Barcelona, and the corresponding tap water. In swimming pool water samples from Catalonia mg/l levels and in surface river water from Portugal microg/l values were detected. These results confirm other recent reports on the ubiquitous occurrence of HAAs in aqueous environments.     

明胶/胶原改性的研究进展

明胶/胶原因其优良的理化性质和生物学性能而在生物材料、食品包装等方面得到了广泛的应用,但其热稳定性差、机械强度低、水汽阻隔性能差等缺点限制了它的应用,因此在很多应用场合需要对明胶/胶原进行交联改性处理。本文主要综述了近年来国内外对明胶/胶原进行共混和化学交联改性以及物理改性的研究进展,并对其作用效果进行了分析。     

多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的研究进展

叙述了国内外多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的现状,简单地介绍了多种新型多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的原料、合成方法及其在水处理中的应用,并对多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. An increase in the amount of NOM has been observed over the past 10-20 years in raw water supplies in several areas, which has a significant effect on drinking water treatment. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water and drinking water treatment processes, including (i) negative effect on water quality by causing colour, taste and odor problems, (ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant doses (which in turn results in increased sludge volumes and production of harmful disinfection by-products), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants. NOM can be removed from drinking water by several treatment options, of which the most common and economically feasible processes are considered to be coagulation and flocculation followed by sedimentation/flotation and sand filtration. Most of the NOM can be removed by coagulation, although, the hydrophobic fraction and high molar mass compounds of NOM are removed more efficiently than hydrophilic fraction and the low molar mass compounds. Thus, enhanced and/or optimized coagulation, as well as new process alternatives for the better removal of NOM by coagulation process has been suggested. In the present work, an overview of the recent research dealing with coagulation and flocculation in the removal of NOM from drinking water is presented.     

Oil/Water Separation with Selective Superantiwetting/Superwetting Surface Materials

The separation of oil from oily water is an important pursuit because of increasing worldwide oil pollution. Separation by the use of materials with selective oil/water absorption is a relatively recent area of development, yet highly promising. Owing to their selective superantiwetting/superwetting properties towards water and oil, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic surfaces and underwater superoleophobic surfaces have been developed for the separation of oil/water‐free mixtures and emulsions. In this Review, after a short introduction to oil/water separation, we describe the principles of materials with selective oil/water absorption and outline recent advances in oil/water separation with superwetting/superantiwetting materials, including their design, their fabrication, and models of experimental setups. Finally, we discuss the current state of this new field and point out the remaining problems and future challenges.     

Comparison of polyelectrolytes applied in drinking water treatment

The applicability of an inorganic, polyaluminium-type flocculent was tested comparing to polyacrylamides — an organic-type flocculent — used in the drinking water treatment process. The efficiency of this inorganic flocculent in the removal of suspended solids and also in minimizing the residual concentrations of the dissolved organic and inorganic micro-pollutants was checked in the case of purifying filter backwash water. Experimental data showed the advantage of the inorganic flocculent applying procedure as a part of recent water treatment technology. The applied polyaluminium-salt was economically competitive, improved the process stability and also ensured good water quality parameters.     

饮用水生物稳定影响因素、控制指标及测定方法研究进展

饮用水生物稳定性是近年来水处理领域的研究热点。论文对影响饮用水生物稳定性的若干因素进行了探讨,分析比较了生物可同化有机碳(AOC)和生物可降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)等化学指标作为饮用水生物稳定性控制指标的优缺点,对AOC和BDOC分析测定方法进行了阐述比较,并详细论述了这些分析监测方法的研究进展。论文还探讨了饮用水生物稳定性中磷限制因子的作用。