芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳胺的研究进展

综述了芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳胺的方法及近年的研究进展.其方法主要包括催化氢化法、CO/H2O还原法、金属还原法、硫化碱还原法、金属氢化物还原法、电化学还原法和光化学还原法.其中催化氢化法中的氢气还原法和水合肼还原法符合绿色化学的理念,并且反应收率高,选择性好,具有很高的应用价值.     

铁—磷—硼纳米金属玻璃的化学制备与穆斯堡尔研究

至今文献报道的纳米金属玻璃体系Fe—C和Fe—M—B(M=Co,Ni等),分别是由Fe(CO)_5在有机溶剂中的热分解和KBH_4在水溶液中还原金属离子的方法制成。由于类金属元素的种类对金属玻璃性质至关重要,我们曾用化学还原法制备Fe-P-B纳米金属玻璃体系,并观察到由于加入磷而出现的电子辐照收缩效应。本文初步考察了反应溶液的初     

蒽醌法生产过氧化氢用新型氢化催化剂的制备

 采用水合肼液相还原法制备了负载型镍催化剂，对其催化蒽醌加氢反应的活性进行了考察，采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱、X射线衍射以及H2化学吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征，并与用氢气还原法制备的催化剂进行了对比．结果表明，用水合肼还原制备的催化剂的Ni粒子较大，Ni分散度及H2吸附量较低，但其催化蒽醌氢化反应的活性高得多．     

金属纳米颗粒制备中的还原剂与修饰剂*

金属纳米颗粒由于其独特的光学、电学、化学性质以及各种潜在的应用价值,受到不少研究人员的广泛关注。实现金属纳米粒子尺寸、形貌可控,改善粒子分散性和稳定性,提高产率及纯度已成为具有挑战性的研究课题,不断发展和完善金属纳米粒子的合成方法则显得尤为重要。本文总结了目前制备金属纳米材料的几种化学方法：化学试剂还原法、电化学还原法、辐射还原法等,分类介绍了化学试剂还原法中常用的无机、有机还原剂,以及含氮、磷、羧基、巯基小分子有机化合物以及高分子聚合物等修饰剂并重点总结了其还原和修饰机理。     

单质铁纳米颗粒的液相还原制备

采用水合肼作还原剂, 在有柠檬酸存在的情况下, 以FeCl2为铁源, 通过液相化学还原制备粒径为15~50 nm的单质铁纳米颗粒. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对制备的Fe纳米粒子的结构、组成和形貌进行了表征, 并使用超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)对制备的Fe纳米粒子的磁学性能进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 在柠檬酸存在下, 可以用肼在常温常压下液相还原亚铁离子制备出单质铁纳米颗粒, 改变络合剂后还原无法进行, 并对可能的反应机理进行了讨论.     

石墨烯负载PtPd纳米催化剂的合成及其电催化氧化甲醇性能

采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯,然后以其为载体前驱体,以三嵌段共聚物P123为还原剂、保护剂和形貌控制剂,分别采用液相共还原法和连续还原法,制备了三种石墨烯负载PtPd(PtPd/G)纳米催化剂;氧化石墨烯与金属前驱体同步还原,从而达到原位负载的效果。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法分析了PtPd/G纳米催化剂的形貌、结构和组成,结果表明:采用共还原法得到的两种催化剂均为纳米枝结构;采用连续还原法得到了空心纳米结构。电化学循环伏安法和计时电流法研究表明:空心结构PtPd/G纳米催化剂抗CO中毒能力最强,100°C下共还原合成的PtPd/G纳米枝催化剂具有最佳的电催化氧化甲醇性能,约是商业化Pt/C催化剂的1.5倍。     

聚合物表面金属化的研究：Ⅰ.导电性能的研究

用还原法在ＮａＢＨ４溶液中制备了一系列表面金属化的聚丙烯腈薄膜。考察了含两种不同阴离子的铁金属盐和铁钴金属盐的ＰＡＮ还原后膜表面的导电性能。讨论了ＰＡＮ膜表面电导率与各种离子的结构关系。初步研究了还原剂浓度、还原时间、金属离子浓度及还原温度对ＰＡＮ膜表面导电性能的影响。     

人工控制液相金属纳米粒子的组装

液相中金属纳米粒子或团簇粒子的研究是现代化学和物理学的一个重要方面, 是对气相和真空中纳米粒子研究的补充。由于受到介质的强烈影响, 体系更为复杂, 然而却有了人工控制纳米粒子的大小和结构的可能性。本文介绍利用电离辐射或光化学方法还原金属离子在液相中制备金属纳米粒子, 通过调节介质的组成及介质的性质(如pH 值等) ,可以有效地控制其颗粒度大小, 并有可能最终控制纳米粒子的结构。该方法还具有颗粒度分布均匀、无须添加化学还原剂以及可以制备纳米合金粒子等优点。利用脉冲式辐照(脉冲辐解技术) 可以对液相中金属纳米粒子形成的化学反应机理进行深入的基础研究。     

金属离子的光催化去除研究进展

利用光催化剂表面的光生电子或空穴等活性物种，通过还原或氧化反应去除水相中的金属离子，是与环境保护、贵金属回收或金属担载催化剂制备相关的重要过程。笔者结合半导体的结构特征，综述了利用光催化还原反应或氧化反应，对铬、汞、铜、镍、银及铂、钯等贵金属和锰、铀等的光催化去除效果，介绍了该技术在处理金属离子混合体系实现金属分离过程的应用。结合有关实验数据，对一些可能反应机制进行了探讨。对与环境保护及其它相关工艺过程的应用进行了介绍。     

原位红外光谱法研究中孔炭限域钌纳米催化剂的形成机理（英文）

炭载金属纳米催化剂广泛应用于精细化学品加氢反应及燃料电池等许多领域.炭载体因具有较高的表面积、易于调控的表面化学官能团以及特有的耐酸耐碱等性质而经常用作负载型金属催化剂的载体.但是相对于氧化物载体,炭载体表面较为惰性,与金属纳米粒子的相互作用较弱,采用后引入金属前体,如沉淀-沉积法和浸渍法等方法制备的催化剂,在液相和高温反应条件下,金属纳米粒子易流失和烧结.因此制备高稳定性的炭负载金属纳米催化剂仍是多相催化剂制备领域的一个重要课题.随着新型炭材料的出现及纳米孔材料制备科学的发展,极大丰富和推动了炭载金属催化剂制备方法的发展.近年来,通过炭热还原法即在制备中孔炭的过程中引入金属前体,一步制备炭载金属催化剂已经成为炭载金属催化剂的一个新的制备方法.此法制备的催化剂通常具有金属纳米粒子分散均匀、炭和金属活性中心之间的作用力强、热稳定性好、炭载体对负载金属纳米粒子具有限域作用等诸多优点,而且在诸多催化反应中具有优异的催化性能.例如本课题组曾以RuCl_3/SBA-15为硬模板,采用原位碳热还原法制备了Ru-OMC催化剂,它在液相苯环加氢、合成氨及费托合成反应中均具有优异的催化性能及稳定性,但是对于中孔炭中均匀分散的钌纳米颗粒形成的机理尚不清楚.基于此,本文采用原位的红外光谱结合热重表征技术对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化过程钌物种的形成过程及机理进行了研究,探讨了蔗糖在炭化过程中对高分散钌纳米颗粒形成过程的稳定机制.研究发现,尽管经历了高达850 oC的高温炭热处理,所得Ru-OMC催化剂中钌纳米粒子仍然可以均匀分散,钌粒径在1-2 nm之间.同时,由于这种方法中钌前体预先负载在SBA-15载体表面,在炭化过程中,钌纳米粒子可以均匀地分散在模板氧化硅和形成的炭骨架之间的界面上,去除氧化硅模板后,钌纳米粒子可以更多的暴露在中孔炭的孔道内侧,因而具备更好的催化剂性能.通过对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化过程中原位红外光谱表征发现,Ru~(3+)在炭化过程中逐步被还原,并和具有含氧官能团的炭前体形成类金属羰基配合物Ru(CO)x.这种配合物的生成可以有效抑制钌纳米粒子在热处理过程的迁移乃至长大,因而对得到均匀分散的钌纳米粒子具有至关重要的作用.同时Ru(CO)_x周围刚性的氧化硅模板和碳骨架可以有效地防止钌纳米粒子在高温处理过程中烧结和团聚.对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化中间体的X射线光电子能谱表征进一步证明了Ru~(3+)在350 oC之前即可被还原,钌的3p轨道结合能发生了位移,说明钌和炭载体之间具有较强的相互作用.该结果可为炭载贵金属催化剂的调控制备及高活性纳米催化剂的形成机理研究提供一定的参考.     

Potentiometric determination of free acidity in presence of hydrolysable ions and a sequential determination of hydrazine

A simple potentiometric method for the determination of free acidity in presence of hydrolysable ions and sequential determination of hydrazine is developed and described. Both free acid and hydrazine are estimated from the same aliquot. In this method, free acid is titrated with standard sodium carbonate solution after the metal ions in solutions are masked with EDTA. Once the end point for the free acid is determined at pH 3.0, an aliquot of formaldehyde is added to liberate the acid equivalent to hydrazine which is then titrated with the same standard sodium carbonate solution using an automatic titration system. The described method is simple, accurate and reproducible. This method is especially applicable to all ranges of nitric acid and heavy metal ion concentration relevant to Purex process used for nuclear fuel reprocessing. The overall recovery of nitric acid is 98.9% with 1.2% relative standard deviation. Hydrazine content has also been determined in the same aliquot with a recovery of nitric acid is 99% with 2% relative standard deviation. The major advantage of the method is that generation of corrosive analytical wastes containing oxalate or sulphate is avoided. Valuable metals like uranium and plutonium can easily be recovered from analytical waste before final disposal.     

Synthesis of gadolinium-based nanoparticles in a system of direct surfactant micelles and study of their magnetic properties

Synthesis method is suggested and the size and shape of Pt-Gd particles formed in reduction of metal ions in an aqueous system of direct micelles were determined in relation to the concentration of surfactants and reducing agents: hydrazine hydrate, quercetin, and rutin. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles obtained were studied.     

A novel one step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using room temperature ionic liquid and their biocidal activity

This article reports the synthesis of silver Nan particles (SNPs) using 1-(dodecyl) 2 amino-pyridinium bromide ionic liquid. This is a new one phase method for the synthesis of uniform monodispersed crystalline silver nanoparticles in a water-ionic liquid system. In this work, the functionalized room temperature IL acts as stabilizing agent and solvent. Hydrazine hydrate acts as reducing agent. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using this ionic liquid. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles is very primarily studied by UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis. The TEM and particle size distribution was used to study morphology and size of the particles. The charge on synthesized SNPs was determined by Zeta potential. The silver nanoparticles have been known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effect. The investigation of antibacterial activities of ionic liquid stabilized silver nanoparticles was performed by measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration.     

Controllable synthesis and property of graphene-based magnetic metal nanostructures

A facile and effective solution phase reduction method was developed to synthesize graphene-based magnetic metal nanocomposites. Metals (Co, and Ni) or alloys (Fe₅₁Co₄₉, Fe₄₈Ni₅₂, Ni₄₉Co₅₁, Co₅₁Cu₄₉, and Ni₅₂Cu₄₈)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by reduction of the corresponding aqueous metal ions and ethylenediamine (EDA)–graphene oxide (GO) with hydrazine hydrate at 353 K for 1 h under N₂ atmosphere. The effects of synthetic parameters such as metal ions concentration, adding sequence of NaOH and N₂H₄·H₂O, linkage agent and reaction time on the formation of nanocomposites were investigated. The experimental results showed that using ethylenediamine and adding sequence played critical roles in the formation of metals or alloys/RGO nanocomposites. Magnetic hysteresis measurements revealed that the as-synthesized metals or alloys in nanocomposites showed excellent soft magnetic behavior with enhanced saturation magnetization, and could have promising applications in biotechnology, catalysis, and magnetic storage devices.     

Ligand-accelerated liquid membrane extraction of metal ions

A method has been developed to enhance the liquid membrane extraction of heavy metals such as cobalt, copper and nickel. The method consists of introducing anion ligands, such as acetate, to the aqueous solution containing metal ions. In the absence of a ligand in the aqueous phase, it takes about 15 min for a 80% cobalt recovery, while only 2 min are needed for a 95% recovery with the addition of 0.1 M acetate in the feed solution. The ligand effects on liquid membrane extraction are rationalized in terms of the labile nature of the ligand—metal complexes, the distribution coefficients of the metal ions, the interfacial and surface tensions, and by the nuclear magnetic r̀esonance (NMR) spectra of the metal—organic complexes.     

Low temperature synthesis of cubic phase zinc sulfide quantum dots

In this study, we report on a new method for the synthesis of ZnS quantum dots (QDs). The synthesis was carried out at low temperature by a chemical reaction between zinc ions and freshly reduced sulfide ions in ethanol as reaction medium. Zinc chloride and elemental sulfur were used as zinc and sulfur sources, respectively and hydrazine hydrate was used as a strong reducing agent to convert elemental sulfur (S₈) into highly reactive sulfide ions (S²⁻) which react spontaneously with zinc ions. This facile, less toxic, inexpensive route has a high yield for the synthesis of high quality metal sulfide QDs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) reveal that ZnS QDs are less than 3 nm in diameter and are of cubic crystalline phase. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum shows an absorption peak at 253 nm corresponding to a band gap of 4.9 eV, which is high when compared to the bulk value of 3.68 eV revealing strong quantum confinement. PL emission transitions are observed at 314 nm and 439 nm and related to point defects in ZnS QDs.     

The influence of ultrasonic waves on selenium hydrosol

The influence of ultrasonic waves on selenium hydrosol prepared by the reduction of SeO₂ with sulphur dioxide and hydrazine hydrate is studied. It is observed that the sols when exposed to ultrasonic waves become unstable, and get finally completely coagulated. The sol prepared by the reduction with hydrazine hydrate is found to be more resistant to the action of ultrasonic waves which may be due to the adsorbed impurities presumably hydrazine hydrate. The specific conductivity and hydrogen ion concentration increases with the time of exposure to ultrasonic waves. The coagulation of the sol may be due to the fact that the adsorbed SeO₃ ^? ions get free by the ultrasonic energy. In the presence of non-electrolytes as ethyl alcohol or acetone the sol becomes more stable to the action of ultrasonic waves.     

Conditions for the formation of copper nanoparticles by reduction of copper(II) ions with hydrazine hydrate solutions

Optimal conditions were found for the preparation of copper nanoparticles in aqueous solution via reduction of copper(II) ions with hydrazine hydrate. The effects of ligand environment of copper(II) in the initial solution (hydrate, ammonia, citrate, and glycine complexes), concentration, pH, surfactants, temperature, and mode of heating were examined. The obtained colloidal systems were studied by optical spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. The examined colloids were found to contain generally spherical copper nanoparticles with a diameter of about 10 nm, which were coated with a copper(I) or copper(II) oxide and hydroxide film.     

催化转移氢化还原腈类化合物成胺

本文报道了在碱性条件下, 用水合肼处理氯化镍(NiCl2.6H2O)得到活性镍催化剂, 不经分离直接用于催化转移氢化还原腈类化合物成胺。方法温和简便, 收率中等(35～82%)。α, β-不饱和腈还原时收率较低(12～17%)。     

聚邻氨基苯甲酸-铜复合薄膜修饰电极的制备及其电化学性能

利用聚合物官能团对金属离子的配位作用,在电极表面原位制备了金属粒子。 首先在玻碳电极（GCE）表面电沉积聚邻氨基苯甲酸(PoABA),再化学吸附铜离子(Cu2+),用水合肼还原得到单质铜(Cu0)。 采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析表征了聚邻氨基苯甲酸 铜(PoABA-Cu0)复合薄膜的表面形貌和元素构成,研究了PoABA-Cu0修饰电极的电化学性能,并以其检测了过氧化氢（H2O2）。 结果表明,电极表面被修饰上了一层PoABA-Cu0复合薄膜;制备的修饰电极对H2O2具有良好的电催化性能,在邻氨基苯甲酸的聚合圈数为10、Cu2+的吸附时间为10 min、工作电压为-0.3 V时,该修饰电极对H2O2表现出了最佳的检测性能,其线性浓度范围为5.0×10-5～1.0×10-2 mol/L,灵敏度为96.3 μA·L/(mmol·cm),检测限为5.0×10-5 mol/L,且具有较好的稳定性。