费米折射率平面波导激励的差分检测型对称结构表面等离子共振传感研究

为了实现被测折射率范围可调,提高检测灵敏度,将双波长差分检测技术应用于平面波导激励的金属-介质-金属组成的对称型表面等离子体共振传感结构中.通过对对称结构的模式特性分析,研究了该结构中激发等离子体表面波时,介质厚度与被测折射率的关系及双波长差分检测的原理.采用离子交换法制备平面波导,用费米函数拟合其渐变折射率分布.用光强调制方式,分别进行单波长和双波长差分检测,对折射率为1.33~1.428之间的甘油溶液进行测试,实验结果表明,该结构可激发等离子体表面波,与传统平面波导激励的表面等离子体共振传感结构相比,通过改变被测介质的厚度可以改变共振条件,进而改变折射率的测量范围.若被测范围选择合适,检测的线性较好,采用差分检测方法比单波长检测方法的灵敏度提高近一倍.     

聚合物波导型表面等离子体共振传感器的特性研究

基于表面等离子体共振理论,将SU-8作为波导芯层材料,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为下包层材料,设计了一款聚合物波导型SPR传感器。理论计算了波导芯层折射率、被测物折射率、不同金属薄膜及其厚度等因素对表面等离子体共振曲线的影响。分析结果表明,在可测试范围内,被测物折射率越大,灵敏度越高;波导芯层折射率减小,共振峰向长波方向移动,被测物检测范围整体向折射率小的方向偏移,波导芯层折射率增大则相反。     

基于金属-介质-金属多层膜结构的空芯光纤折射率传感器

提出了一种新型的基于金属-介质-金属的多层膜结构的空芯光纤折射率传感器,通过建立光学模型计算了该传感器的传输光谱。对介质膜材料分别为二氧化硅、环烯烃聚合物和碘化银时的传感器性能进行了分析。当空芯光纤内部检测液体折射率处于不同范围时,所设计的传感器分别利用导模共振、表面等离子体共振以及波导耦合表面等离子体共振的原理进行传感。相比于传统的空芯光纤传感器,所提的传感器不仅检测范围超大(1.3~1.64,几乎覆盖了全部液体介质的折射率)而且品质因数提高了一倍。     

基于辅助电介质层的棱镜表面等离子体共振效应研究

研究了一种基于棱镜基底-辅助电介质层-金膜-待测介质四层结构的表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)效应激励模型.采用薄膜光学与波导理论,探索了由辅助电介质层与金膜复合而成共振薄膜对SPR效应的激励机理与调制特性.借助时域有限差分方法,数值模拟得到辅助电介质层属性与共振能量传输特性关系.在此基础上,构建了波长调制型棱镜辅助电介质层结构SPR激励系统.研究结果表明,当待测介质折射率相同时,相较基于棱镜基底-金膜-待测介质三层结构的Kretschmann激励模型,辅助电介质层激励模型共振光谱整体向长波方向偏移且半波宽度出现显著展宽效应.而当待测介质折射率增大时,辅助电介质层型激励模型的共振光谱不仅会向长波方向偏移,而且折射率响应灵敏度比棱镜Kretschmann三层激励模型高出75%.因此该模型能够为诸如高灵敏度检测、新型光学滤波与调制器件设计等领域的研究应用提供理论与实践储备.     

基于方形谐振器的表面等离子体波导传感器

本文利用方形谐振器与两个金属/介质/金属型波导结构耦合设计了一个亚波长的表面等离子体波导传感器,并通过有限元分析研究了此结构的传输特性。研究表明,通过谐振器耦合能有效增强共振波长的表面等离子体波的透射能力,同时减小两侧波导结构与方形谐振器之间的金属势垒层宽度可提高透射率。传感器的共振波长与介质材料的折射率之间存在着线性关系,1阶共振模的灵敏度可达1100nm/RIU。这种传感器可实现器件的小型化,在生物、工业传感领域有着很大的潜力。     

内置调制层型光纤表面等离子体波共振传感器研究

研究了一种基于内置调制层结构的光纤表面等离子体波共振(SPR)传感器。通过在金膜与纤芯的内侧增覆具有不同厚度和属性的光学透明薄膜作为内调制层,构成了性能独特的光电复合薄膜,起到调节倏逝波矢量和金膜表面等离子体振荡波矢量的双重作用,进而控制共振效应,为调节灵敏度提供依据。采用时域有限差分方法对内置调制层结构光纤SPR共振激励模型属性进行数值仿真。在此基础上,研制了用于液体折射率测量的内置调制层型光纤SPR传感探针。实验结果表明,该传感器在1.335～1.392折射率范围内,随着待测液体折射率的增大,SPR共振光谱向长波方向偏移,且灵敏度达到2263.1nm/RIU,与基于纤芯-金膜-环境介质三层结构的常规光纤SPR传感器相比提高一倍,能够更好地满足环境折射率检测的需求。     

基于双电介质层的棱镜表面等离子共振传感的研究

为了提高表面等离子共振系统的分辨率,提出了一种五层结构的表面等离子共振效应的激励模型:棱镜基底-银膜-电介质层1-电介质层2-待测介质.采用薄膜光学和波导理论,讨论了银和双电介质层复合而成的共振薄膜对表面等离子共振效应的激励机理与调制特性的作用.借助有限元分析方法,数值模拟得到双电介质表面等离子共振激励模型的共振光谱.分析结果表明,当待测介质折射率相同时,双电介质表面等离子共振激励模型共振光谱的半峰宽约为传统棱镜表面等离子体共振的0.1倍,理论计算得到双电介质表面等离子共振激励模型的系统分辨率相较于传统棱镜表面提高了5.4倍.以乙二醇溶液为待测样本,分析得到传感器的灵敏度约为7.2°/RIU,品质因数约为465,证明了该结构设计的可行性,为设计高分辨率和高品质因数的传感系统提供了理论参考.     

带有T型腔的MIM波导的法诺共振特性研究

设计了一种带有枝节的金属-介质-金属(MIM)波导与T型谐振腔侧耦合的表面等离子体光波导结构。利用有限元法(FEM),数值分析了改变耦合距离、T型腔几何尺寸及其不对称性、枝节高度对法诺(Fano)共振谱线的影响。结合电磁场分布进一步揭示了Fano共振现象产生的物理机理,由此可以动态调节表面等离子体波在结构中传输时产生的Fano共振特性。另外,研究表明在T型腔内填充不同折射率的材料,利用所设计的波导结构可以实现灵敏度高达940nm/RIU的纳米尺度的折射率传感器。最后研究了结构的慢光传输特性,可以在Fano峰值附近实现约0.025ps的光学延迟。这种新型的表面等离子体光波导可能会在光子器件集成、慢光效应及纳米传感领域有着较大的应用前景。     

带有开口方环谐振腔的MIM波导的Fano谐振特性研究

本文设计了一种支持Fano谐振传输特性的金属-介质-金属(MIM)型表面等离子体光波导结构,该结构由带有枝节谐振腔的直波导和一个开口方环谐振腔组成。利用数值方法详细研究了Fano谐振传输特性对几何参数的依赖关系,并通过时域耦合模理论(CMT)对给定参数条件下的传输谱进行了拟合验证。同时,也对该结构在折射率传感器方面的应用进行了研究,通过计算介质折射率变化引起的Fano谐振峰的波长变化可以发现,传感器的灵敏度高达1500nm/RIU,品质因子超过1800。这种表面等离子体光波导结构在光子器件集成及纳米滤波器、快速光开关以及折射率传感器等领域有一定的应用前景。     

基于局域表面等离子体共振效应的聚合物波导传感器特性研究

以SU-8光刻胶作为波导芯层材料,设计了基于金纳米粒子的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)波导传感器。根据Mie理论,建立了金纳米粒子的消光模型,理论分析了纳米粒子半径、待测物折射率等因素对局域表面等离子体共振曲线的影响。分析表明:当待测液体折射率增大时,LSPR共振峰的位置发生红移。随着金纳米粒子半径的逐渐增大,传感器灵敏度增加。共振吸收峰逐渐由单峰变为双峰,其中一个峰位于520 nm波长附近,主要由表面等离子体吸收造成;另一个峰随金纳米粒子半径的增大而逐渐红移,主要由表面等离子体散射造成。     

Symmetric surface plasmon resonance sensing structure excited by a planar waveguide

In this paper, we describe a novel waveguide surface plasmon resonance sensing structure, which consists of a symmetric structure and a planar waveguide. The core component is the symmetric structure of the metal layer, tested sample, and metal layer. The refractive index matching condition of this structure can be adjusted through the thickness of the sample. The planar waveguide is used to excite the surface plasmon wave, and then the parameters are tested and analyzed. The surface plasmon wave is excited when glycerin solutions with concentrations of 0%–70% are used to detect at thicknesses of 300 and 500 nm. The problem that the effective refractive index of the ion exchange planar waveguide is large and using this index to excite the surface plasmon wave between the metal and dielectric for detection is difficult to achieve can be countered by appropriately choosing the thickness of the dielectric in order to be able to measure different refractive indices.     

Analysis of surface and guided wave plasmon polariton modes in insulator–metal–insulator planar plasmonic waveguides

Theoretical and experimental study of the surface plasmon–polariton and guided wave plasmon polariton modes is presented for the Sapphire/Ag/Polycarbonate/Air structure. Theoretical results are obtained by solving complex multilayer eigenvalue equations as well as the reflectivity equation for this structure. It is proposed that the mode attenuation can be significantly reduced by inserting a low index dielectric buffer between the metal and the guiding dielectric layer. The dispersion and attenuation curves are generated. Both the surface plasmon and guided wave plasmon polariton modes are studied experimentally. The experimental values of the effective refractive indices agree well with the theoretical values. The electric field profiles are generated and used to examine the nature of modes. After optimization of various parameters the condition for low loss single mode guiding is obtained for the proposed structure. Effect of metal thickness on surface plasmon mode is also discussed. It is inferred that in a properly optimized plasmonic waveguide, the losses can be reduced by a factor of 4.     

Design of Highly Sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Using Planar Metallic Films Closely Coupled to Nanogratings

We investigate the sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance （SPR） sensors using planar metallic films closely coupled to nanogratings. The strong coupling between localized surface plasmon resonances （LSPRs） presenting in metallic nanostructures and surface plasmon polaritons （SPPs） propagating at the metallic film surface leads to changes of resonance reflection properties, resulting in enhanced sensitivity of SPR sensors. The effects of thickness of the metallic films, grating period and metal materials on the refractive index sensitivity of the device are investigated. The refractive index sensitivity of nanograting-based SPR sensors is predicted to be about 543 nm/RIU （refractive index unit） using optimized structure parameters. Our study on SPR sensors using planar metallic films closely coupled to nanogratings demonstrates the potential for significant improvement in refractive index sensitivity.     

Construction of the refractive index profiles for few-mode planar optical waveguides

We present a nondestructive technique to predict the refractive index profiles of isotropic planar waveguides, on which a thin gold film is deposited to as the cladding. The negative dielectric constant of the metal results in significant differences of effective indices between TE and TM modes. The two polarized modes and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with abundant information of the surface index can be used to construct the refractive index profiles of single-mode and two-mode waveguides at a fixed wavelength.     

Characteristics analysis of hybrid plasmonic waveguide for low-loss lightwave guiding

It has been experimentally demonstrated that a low-loss guided hybrid mode is supported if a metal strip is embedded in a low index polymer layer surrounded by two high index slabs. In this paper, further numerical analyses on the guided hybrid modes are reported to fully elucidate the characteristics of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide. For a one-dimensional slab structure with a metal film of infinite width, simulation results exhibit that low-loss guided hybrid modes are associated with surface plasmon modes and dual dielectric slab modes. The optical properties of the guided modes are improved by increasing the field intensity which is confined into lossless dielectric layers by decreasing the metal film thickness and increasing the refractive index and thickness of the high-index slabs. The finite element method is used to investigate the lateral mode confinement of the optical guided modes by the corresponding metal strip. By reducing the metal film width, the guided modes are confined in the plane transverse to the direction of propagation and the characteristics are significantly improved. The hybrid plasmonic waveguide can be exploited for long-range propagation-based application such as optical interconnection.     

Hybrid photonic surface-plasmon-polariton ring resonators for sensing applications

We introduce a hybrid photonic surface plasmon ring resonator which consists of a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) dielectric traveling-wave ring resonator vertically coupled to a thin layer of metallic strip ring resonator made of Silver (Ag) on top. The cladding is assumed to be porous alumina on top of the metal layer, which provides more surface area for the adsorption of target molecules and their efficient interaction with the surface plasmon wave excited at the metal-cladding interface. Simulations show that this hybrid structure has a large refractive index sensitivity due to the excitation of surface plasmon waves and also a relatively narrow resonance linewidth due to the large quality factor of the photonic ring resonator. The Finite Element method is used to systematically design the hybrid structure and to investigate the performance of the hybrid resonator as a refractive index sensor. The proposed structure is very compact and can be implemented on a chip in an integrated platform. Thus, it can be used for lab-on-a-chip sensing applications and is capable of being spectrally and spatially multiplexed for muti-analyte sensing.     

平面波导衍射特性分析

从电磁波的瑞利－索末菲标量衍射积分公式出发，利用罗兰圆结构特殊的光学性能，在平面坐标系中简化标量衍射积分公式，推导出横截面折射率阶跃分布的平面波导端口衍射场分布的计算公式，并导出常用的对称结构介质平面波导和金属平面波导端口衍射场的空间频谱，阐明平面波导端口衍射场就是驻波衍射场的本质。     

A hybrid long-range surface plasmon waveguide comprising a narrow metal stripe surrounded by the low-index dielectric regions

A novel hybrid long-range surface plasmon waveguide structure comprising a narrow metal stripe, two relative low-index dielectric regions and dielectric ridges is proposed and analyzed. With the dielectric ridges and the two relative low-index dielectric regions symmetrically distributed on both sides of the narrow metal stripe, a symmetric hybrid long range mode with low electromagnetic transmission loss and subwavelength scale confinement is achieved. By optimizing the parameters, the propagation length of the proposed waveguide is increased to over two times to that of the conventional symmetric dielectric loaded surface plasmon waveguide, but the mode size only increases about 20%. For this benefit, the hybrid long-range surface plasmons waveguide is a good candidate for realizing high density photonic integration circuits.     

A novel plasmonic refractive index sensor based on gold/silicon complementary grating structure

A novel complementary grating structure is proposed for plasmonic refractive index sensing due to its strong resonance at near-infrared wavelength.The reflection spectra and the electric field distributions are obtained via the finite-difference time-domain method.Numerical simulation results show that multiple surface plasmon resonance modes can be excited in this novel structure.Subsequently,one of the resonance modes shows appreciable potential in refractive index sensing due to its wide range of action with the environment of the analyte.After optimizing the grating geometric variables of the structure,the designed structure shows the stable sensing performance with a high refractive index sensitivity of 1642 nm per refractive index unit(nm/RIU)and the figure of merit of 409 RIU^-1.The promising simulation results indicate that such a sensor has a broad application prospect in biochemistry.