内混合强吸收气溶胶粒子光散射的等效性

以黑碳和水两种成分组成的内混合单分散气溶胶粒子为例,根据其各消光效率因子、吸收效率因子和散射相函数,分析了用等效折射率来描述含有不同成分的内混合气溶胶系统的适用性。结果表明：在瑞利散射区和几何光学区内,内核（碳粒）体积比为0.01,0.1,0.5,0.9时,消光效率在大多数尺度参数下等效性都很好,但在米散射区内相对较差;当体积比大于0.3时,其吸收效率、消光效率等效性较好;除瑞利散射区外,散射相函数在各体积比下的等效性都很差。当考虑内混合气溶胶粒子系统的散射和吸收特性时,一般不难找到等效折射率,但在光散射技术中,应用相函数反演等效折射率的可靠性还有待商榷。     

一种内混合气溶胶粒子模型光散射的等效性

以包含灰尘、黑碳和水三种成分的单分散内混合初次气溶胶为例,利用消光、吸收、散射效率因子和不对称因子,探讨了以等效折射率描述具有不同成分的内混合气溶胶粒子系统的适用性。结果表明,在尺度参数为0.1～25时不同半径比下,消光、吸收和散射效率因子的等效性较好,相对误差分别在3%、3%和4%以内;不对称因子的等效性相对稍差,相对误差在13%以内。当半径比a/b小于1/5,即内混合体中所含灰尘和黑碳较少时,等效折射率实部和虚部值基本可以确定,而不必考虑尺度参数的影响。用除散射相函数之外的其他光学量来等效时,较为容易找到等效的气溶胶粒子。     

外混合气溶胶粒子光散射的等效性

以两种典型的气溶胶粒子组成的单分散和多分散处理混合气溶胶粒子系统的光散射的各效率因子，各散射截面和散射相函数分析了以等效折射率描述由具有不同折射率的各种粒子组成的混合气溶胶粒子系统的适用性，结果表明，对单分散系统，本不同的混合比下对于许多尺度参数吸收效率因子和散射相函数的等效性很差，对多分散系统，在不同的混合比下等效性较稳定但各散射光学量的余差很大，因而对多分散系外混合气溶胶粒子系统如使用等效折射     

吸湿性均匀混合气溶胶粒子等效吸收系数计算分析

以两种典型的吸湿性气溶胶组分(氯化钠和硫酸铵)为例,采用米氏散射程序,计算了粒子的吸收效率因子等光学参量,并分析了吸湿性气溶胶粒子加热的等效吸收系数随时间的变化规律,着重分析了忽略粒子自身吸收对等效吸收系数的影响,常规计算值与等效吸收系数在1μs时相对误差可达到234.7%和255.2%。同时,就不同相对湿度、不同波长对等效吸收系数含时变化规律的影响进行了对比分析,并讨论了采用均匀混合模型计算结果的相对误差,在1μs时实际值与计算值相对误差最大,分别小于3.62%和7.07%。     

内混合气溶胶粒子体系有效吸收系数的计算

分析了以黑碳和水组成的内混合强吸收气溶胶粒子体系有效吸收系数随时间变化的规律,并讨论了不同波长、不同半径比等对有效吸收系数的影响。结果表明：波长越短,内混合气溶胶粒子体系有效吸收系数越大,在1~100 s内随时间增大的速度也越快,1~100 s内的增幅比100~1000 s内的大,最大增幅达到132.65%;不同的内外半径比对内混合气溶胶粒子体系的有效吸收系数有较大影响,内外半径比越大,有效吸收系数越大,在1~100 s有效吸收系数增加速度越快,1~100 s内增幅较大,最大增幅达到138.66%。     

气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究

利用米散射理论数值计算分析了尺度参数为0.1~100时球形典型气溶胶粒子的散射和吸收特性对复折射率的依赖性关系。气溶胶粒子复折射率的实部和虚部是一个有机的整体,粒子复折射率的实部和虚部可以分别影响其散射和吸收特性。若实际大气气溶胶粒子大多是成核模态和积聚模态的小粒子,基于气溶胶的散射和吸收特性可以获得其复折射率的唯一解。但是,如果大气中存在大量的粗模态粒子时,气溶胶散射和吸收特性对其复折射率的依赖性较为复杂,只有选择有限的合适复折射率库区间,才有可能获得更合适的有效复折射率。     

复杂成分内混合体光散射等效性分析的判据选取

使用离散偶极子近似算法DDSCAT7.1与米散射理论算法MIEV0研究复杂成分混合体等效性时, 由于两者为不同的原理和实现算法, 考察DDSCAT7.1和MIEV0所计算出的相同光学量的相对偏差将非常必要。通过比较两种算法所计算出的球形散射型粒子海盐和吸收型粒子含碳气溶胶的光学量的相对偏差, 结果表明: 两种算法所计算的非散射角函数光学量的相对偏差较小; 在瑞利散射区, 散射相矩阵分量M1和S21的相对偏差较小, 而M2和D21只在一定的散射角范围内相对偏差较小; 在米散射区, M1、M2、S21在有限的散射角范围内相对偏差较小, 而D21的相对偏差则普遍较大。在光散射等效性判据选取时, 非散射角函数光学量适合用来研究内混合体的等效性, 而散射相函数则不太适合用来研究内混合体等效性, 除非综合考虑粒子尺度参数以及选择合适的散射角等因素。在光散射技术中对粒子谱分布和折射率相当敏感的D21, 比较难以用在以两种方法为基础的内混合体等效性研究中。     

长柱状气溶胶粒子的光散射特性

以中纬度卷云中常见的长柱状冰晶为例,利用长柱状粒子光散射理论,探讨了入射光为线偏振时,电矢量平行和垂直于入射面情况下,单个长柱状粒子的散射光强度分布和偏振特性随入射角、尺度参数与偏振态的转化关系:随着入射角的增大,散射强度、偏振总体趋于对称且数值振荡频率降低,散射强度总体减小,偏振的改变程度总体增大;随着尺度参数的增大,散射强度、偏振的数值振荡频率增大,散射强度数值振荡峰的幅度整体减小,电矢量平行于粒子长轴时主偏振的数量、强度和位置皆有变迁,电矢量垂直于粒子长轴时前后主偏振位置相对固定;随着偏振度的减小,散射强度、偏振趋向于一致,两者的数值改变程度减小,当偏振度减小到0时,散射强度、偏振变得完全相同。选取火山尘埃和烟灰与冰晶对比,阐述了粒子散射光的强度分布和偏振特性随折射率的变化规律:折射率虚部不改变散射强度的整体趋势,但使散射强度和偏振的振荡峰幅度增大,当其数值较大时,使得偏振的数值振荡峰覆盖范围拓宽。     

随机取向椭球粒子的吸收特性

用Ｔ矩阵方法计算了折射率虚部的范围在０．００１至０．１的几种椭球粒子随机取向时在几种等效尺度参数下的光散射与吸收特性，并与等效的球形粒子的光散射结果进行了比较。分析结果表明：椭球粒子的吸收特性与等效的球形粒子的吸收特性存在着差别，这种差别随粒子的形状、尺度和折射率而改变，考虑到目前气溶胶粒子复折射率虚部的测量精度，以等效的球体粒子处理非球形粒子的吸收不会带来显著的误差。     

随机取向立方粒子光散射的数值分析

用离散偶极子近似法，计算了立方粒子随机取向时在几种等效尺度参数下的光散射特性，并与等效球形粒子的光散射特性进行了比较．结果表明：立方粒子和其他非球形粒子与其等效球形粒子光散射特性之间的差别大致相同，说明对于随机取向的非球形粒子的光散射问题，粒子的内在对称性和表面的突变不会带来明显的效果． 关键词：     

Stability in Debye series calculation for light scattering by absorbing particles and bubbles

The Debye-series decomposition is of importance for understanding of light scattering features and for the validity of the geometrical optics approximation to light scattering. The numerical stability and accuracy for calculating light scattering with Debye series is studied and an improved algorithm is proposed in this work. The ratios of the Riccati-Bessel functions and the logarithmic derivatives of the Riccati-Bessel functions are employed and calculated with proper recurrences. Exemplifying results are provided to show the improvement of the algorithm.     

Geometrical optics approximation for light scattering by absorbing spherical particles

By means of geometrical optics, an approximation method is presented to compute the light scattering intensity of absorbing spherical particles illuminated by a plane wave. For absorbing particles, the effective refractive index and the effective refractive angle are related to the complex refractive index and incident angle. The formulas for calculation of the break of phases of reflection and refraction, which are different from the case of transparent particles, are exactly derived. Verification of the geometrical optics approximation (GOA) was performed by case studies and comparison of the present results with the Mie scattering. It is found that agreement between the GOA and the Mie theory is excellent in forward directions for weakly/moderately absorbing particles. Differently, for strongly absorbing particles, good agreement between the calculation methods is in the forward directions and large scattering angles. The agreement between the GOA and the Mie theory is better for larger particles.     

Limitations on retrieval of complex refractive index of spherical particles from scattering measurements

On the base of a lookup table approach we performed sensitivity tests of dual-polarization polar nephelometer (D2PN) data to optical and microphysical parameters of ensembles of spherical particles. Measurement errors were modeled as Gaussian random variables. It is shown that D2PN data enable to retrieve some microphysical parameters (depending on the case) along with the assessment of the complex refractive index. In the case of the low absorbing particles, measurement errors substantially reduce the sensitivity to the imaginary part of the refractive index and only the range of the imaginary part can be estimated, whereas the real part of the refractive index and the microphysical parameters can be retrieved. When the absorption of spherical particles is moderate, i.e., 10⁻⁴?χ?0.5, the real n and imaginary χ parts of the refractive index can be deduced along with the microphysical parameters. In the case when the absorption of spherical particles is high, only the microphysical characteristics and the imaginary part can be retrieved. These limitations on retrieval should be valid for data of other instruments measuring the same magnitudes as D2PN with the same errors, at least for aerosols made of spherical particles.     

测量气溶胶单粒子折射率方法研究

设计了一种粒子计数器,它可以测量粒子的动力学粒径和两个散射角下的散射光强度,而粒子的散射强度可以根据Mie散射理论从光学等效粒径和粒子折射率出发计算出来。当可以近似认为动力学粒径与光学等效粒径相同时,利用上述测量结果可以反演计算单个粒子的折射率。     

Experimental determination of scattering matrices of dust particles at visible wavelengths: The IAA light scattering apparatus

We present a new apparatus for measuring the complete scattering matrix as a function of the scattering angle of dust irregular particles. The design is based on the well-known apparatus located in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In this improved version we have extended the scattering angle ranging from 3° to 177°. Moreover, the measurements are performed with a tunable argon–krypton laser that emit at a wavelength (λ) of 483, 488, 520, 568, or 647 nm. The apparatus has been developed at the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Granada, Spain. To measure the scattering matrix elements we use a number of different optical components such as polarizers, a quarter-wave plate, and an electro-optic modulator. These components are used to manipulate the polarization state of light. By using eight different combinations for the orientation angles of the optical components, all scattering matrix elements are obtained as functions of the scattering angle. The accuracy of the instrument is tested by comparing the measured scattering matrices of water droplets at 488, 520, and 647 nm with Lorenz–Mie calculations for a distribution of homogeneous water droplets.     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子.根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律.结果显示:当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射.     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子．根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律．结果显示：当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射．     

大气气溶胶粒子光吸收系数的测量

采用核孔过滤膜累积气溶胶粒子的方法设计了气溶胶粒子光吸收系数的测量系统。该系统由双光路组成,可以减小光路损耗和电路噪声带来的各种测量误差。同时,具有体积小、光路易于调节、可进行实时测量、定标容易等特点。用200和400nm孔径的过滤膜,分别测量了实验室内大气气溶胶粒子对不同波长激光的吸收系数。随着累积时间的增加,系统的测量精度也不断的提高,在累积时间为900s时,系统测量误差为9.849×10-6/m。     

Light scattering modeling of small feldspar aerosol particles using polyhedral prisms and spheroids

The use of simplified particle shapes for modeling scattering by irregularly shaped mineral-dust particles is studied using polyhedral prisms and spheroids as model particles. Simulated phase matrices averaged over shape and size distributions at wavelength 633 nm are compared with a laboratory-measured phase matrix of feldspar particles with known size distribution with effective radius of . When an equi-probable shape distribution is assumed, prisms and oblate spheroids agree with measurements to a similar degree, whereas prolate spheroids perform markedly better. Both spheroids and prisms perform much better than spheres. When an automatic fitting method is applied for finding optimal shape distributions, it is found that the most elongated spheroids are most important for good fits, whereas nearly-spherical spheroids are generally of very little importance. The phase matrices for the different polyhedral prisms, on the other hand, are found to be similar, thus their shape-averaged phase matrices are insensitive to the shape distribution assumed. For spheroids, a simple parameterization for the shape distribution, where weights increase with increasing departure from spherical shape, is proposed and tested. This parameterization improves the fit of most phase matrix elements attained with an equi-probable shape distribution, and it performs particularly well for reproducing the measured phase function.