Plant polysaccharides VII. Polysaccharides ofMorus and their hypoglycemic activity

Water-soluble polysaccharides, pectin substances, and hemicelluloses have been isolated fromMorus leaves, and their qualitative and quantitative compositions have been determined. The polysaccharides obtained by extraction with hot water have been investigated for hypoglycemic activity. A polysaccharide fromMorus alba proved to have the highest sugar-lowering activity.Materials presented at the IInd International Symposium of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 789–791, November–December, 1997.     

Carbohydrates of cultivated varieties ofAlthea rosea

The polysaccharides of three cultivated varieties ofAlthea rosea have been investigated. The amounts of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances in various organs of the plant have been determined. It has been shown that the maximum amount of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances is present in the flowers. Their monosaccharide compositions have been studied. The physicochemical characteristics of the pectin substances are given.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. A. Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedineii, No. 5, pp. 643–646, September–October, 1993.     

Composition of the lipids and carbohydrates of the seeds ofAmaranthus caudatus

The chemical composition of the seed lipids ofAmaranthus caudatus L. has been investigated. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids have been determined. The hydrocarbon components ofA. caudatus have been identified and its alcohol-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble polysaccharides, and pectin substances have been characterized.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 40 64 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 797–799, November–December, 1997.     

Carbohydrate compositions of preparations of fungal origin

The fractional composition of the polysaccharides formed by some local strains of basidial fungi (Panus tigrinus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Fomes formentarius, andPhanarechaeta chrysosporium) in a submerged medium on various plant wastes (spent cottonseed pulp and cottonplant stems) has been investigated. Water-soluble polysaccharides, pectin substances, and hemicelluloses have been isolated from the products synthesized by the fungi, and their qualitative and quantitative monosaccharide compositions have been determined.Materials presented at the Second International Symposium of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds (SCNC, Eskiehir, Turkey, October 22–24, 1996).Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 352–357, May–June, 1977.     

Carbohydrates and lipids ofBrassica oleracea

Lipids and polysaccharides have been obtained from the leaves ofBrassica oleracea. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the lipid complex have been studied. The fatty acid compositions of the total neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids have been determined. The carbohydrate complex of cabbage includes water-soluble polysaccharides, low-methoxyl pectins, hemicelluloses, and free monosugars. The polypeptides have been characterized by their mannoside compositions. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 612–615, September–October, 1994.     

Polysaccharides of the cell walls of fungi pathogenic for the cotton plant

The dynamics of the secretion of polysaccharides by fungi pathogenic for the cotton plant — Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum — have been studied. An alkaline hydrolysate of the fungal cell walls has been obtained. Total fractions of the polysaccharides have been separated on Sephadex G-50 and Acrilex P-4, and their monosaccharide compositions have been determined.Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 41 71 29. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 198–201, March–April, 1995. Original article submitted October 19, 1994.     

Biologically active polysaccharides from medicinal plants of the Far East

In a search for biologically active polysaccharides, we have investigated ten species of plants from six families of the flora of the Far East. By successive extractions with water and solutions of ammonium oxalate and of sodium hydroxide we have isolated polysaccharides from the roots and epigeal parts and have determined their qualitative and quantitative monosaccharide compositions. The polysaccharides obtained have been studied for immunostimulating, antitumoral, and antiviral activities.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, fax 7(4232) 31 40 50. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 197–201, March–April, 1997.     

Lipids ofSilene brahuica

The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the lipid complex of the epigeal part ofSilene brahuica Boiss. (family Caryophyllaaceae) have been studied. The fatty acid composition of the acyl-containing lipids has been determined. Some differences have been found in the compositions of the fatty acids of the neutral lipids and the phospholipids.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 512–514, July–August, 1993.     

Polysaccharides ofPolygonatum II. A study of the dynamics of the accumulation of the polysaccharides ofPolygonatum sewerzowii

Summary The amounts of water-soluble polysaccharides in various organs ofPolygonatum sewerzowii in different vegetation periods have been determined and their polysaccharide compositions have been established.The maximum amount of water-soluble polysaccharides is present in the leaves and stems in the fruit-bearing period, in the roots at the time of budding, and in the rhizomes at the time of flowering. The quantitatively predominating component in the polysaccharides of the stems is galactose, and in the leaves, roots, and rhizomes, mannose. D-Mannose has been isolated from the rhizomes and leaves.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 3–5, January–February, 1979.     

Polysaccharides from the wastes of vegetable and melon-type crops

The water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances from the wastes of vegetable and melon-type crops have been studied and their monosaccharide compositions have been determined. High- and low-methoxyl pectins have been isolated, and the physicochemical characteristics are given.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 597–600, September–October, 1994.     

Carbohydrates ofAlium. VII. Characteristics of the polysaccharides of the skin ofAlium cepa

The polysaccharides in the skin of the garden onion have been investigated. Their qualitative and quantitative compositions have been determined. The physicochemical characteristics of the pectin substances are given and the water-soluble polysaccharide is characterized.Deceased.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Samarkand Cooperative Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 14–17, January–February, 1985.     

Asparagus polysaccharides. I. Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides ofA. neglectus: Glucomannans of the roots

Water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances have been isolated from various organs ofA. neglectus and their quantitative amounts and monosacchardie compositions have been determined. Native acetylated glucomannans (A, B, and C) containing 13, 15, and 20% of acetyl groups and being homogeneous according to the results of gel chromatography have been isolated from the roots. On the basis of the results of periodate oxidation, methylation, and IR spectroscopy it has been established that the neutral polysaccharides of the roots ofA. neglectus is a mixture of three glucomannans consisting of -14 linear-bound D-gluco- and D-mannopyranose residues.Deceased.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 702–706, November–December, 1981.     

Lipids ofHeracleum lehmannianum seeds

The lipid complex of the seeds ofHeracleum lehmannianum B. has been studied. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the neutral lipids and the phospho- and glycolipids, and the fatty acid compositions of the acyl-containing classes of lipids have been determined. It has been shown that the neutral and the polar lipids differ considerably from one another with respect to the level of certain fatty acids. The position-species compositions of the TAGS and of the main components of the phospholipids have been calculated from the results of lipolytic hydrolysis.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 10–14, January–February, 1996. Original article submitted June 12, 1995.     

Polysaccharides ofEremurus. X. Characteristics of the polysaccharides ofEremurus lactiflorus andE. luteus

Water-soluble polysaccharides have been isolated from two species ofEremurus — E. lactiflorus andE. luteus — with yields of 13.5% and 20.5%, respectively. They contained mainly glucose and mannose in ratios of 1:5 and 1:3.1. The polysaccharides ofE. lactiflorus were separated from a column of DEAE-cellulose. The yield of neutral fraction was 10.3%. Gel filtration of the polysaccharides on Sephadex G-200 showed their polydispersity. Homogeneous fractions were obtained by fractional precipitation with ethanol. They have been characterized with respect to monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and IR spectra.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 604–608, September–October, 1979.     

Lipids and lipopolysaccharides of the genusFlavobacterium

The fatty acid compositions of the free lipids of three strains and the monosaccharide compositions of the lipopolysaccharides of four strains of new species of microorganisms of the genusFlavobacterium have been studied. The acidic nature of the polysaccharides of the LPSs of the microorganisms studied has been shown.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, and Institute of Microbiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 564–567, September–October, 1986.     

Optimization of the elimination of lipids from the microalgaChlorella vulgaris

Summary Using the microalgaChlorella vulgaris as an example, the possibility has been shown of eliminating the lipids and pigments by oxidizing it with hydrogen peroxide without changing the compositions of the protein-carbohydrate complex. The influence of the conditions of performing the oxidation of theChlorella biomass have been studied and it has been described mathematically. The optimum conditions for eliminating the lipids and pigments have been found and the general chemical properties of the protein product isolated have been determined.N. D. Barabash took part in the work.Siberian Technological Institute, Krasnoyarsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 426–430, July–August, 1976.     

Polysaccharides from the wastes of some fruit and berry,vegetable, and technical crops

The fractional isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances has been carried out from the wastes of fruit and berry and vegetable crops: apples, quinces, grapes, and tomatoes, and also the valves of cotton bolls. The qualitative and quantitative monosaccharide compositions of the carbohydrates isolated have been determined, and the characteristics of the pectin substances are given.Deceased.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 21–24, January–February, 1985.     

Capillary zone electrophoresis of aldoses,ketoses and uronic acids derivatized with ethylp-aminobenzoate

Summary A number of mono- and oligosaccharides derivatized with ethylp-aminobenzoate have been separated as their borate complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis, using a fused silica capillary containing 175 mM borate buffer, pH 10.5, as carrier. The derivatized carbohydrates were sufficiently separated within 17 min at an applied voltage of 25 kV. On-column UV monitoring allowed detection of these derivatives at the 10 fmol level, and quantification by the relative peak area method allowed reproducible determination of the saccharides at least in the concentration range of 0.5–20 mM in reaction solutions. This method has been applied to the determination of the monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharides extracted from Flos matricariae and Radix althaeae.     

Accumulation of polysaccharides under the influence of chlorocholine chloride inAronia melanocarpa

Water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPSs) have been isolated from the fruit and leaves ofAronia melanocarpa Elliot (black chokeberry) plants treated with chlorocholine chloride in various concentrations. It has been established that they are composed of galacturonic acid and the neutral monosaccharides galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose. In addition, another two unidentified spots of monosaccharides or their derivatives were found in the polysaccharides of the fruit, and one in those of the leaves. The ratios of the neutral monosaccharides in the WSPSs have been determined. Accumulation of the polysaccharides under the influence of various concentrations of chlorocholine chloride has been studied. It has been established that the retardant used (chlorocholine chloride) increases the accumulation of polysaccharides in the fruit by a factor of 1.5–2, but no appreciable accumulation of them was observed in the leaves.I. P. Pavlov Ryazan' Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 601–604, September–October, 1979.     

Preliminary investigation of the water-soluble polysaccharides from the leaves of the bambooSasamorpha chiisanensis

It has been shown that the water-soluble polysaccharides of the leaves of the bambooSasamorpha chiisanensis Nak., after the removal of starch, contain residues of D-galactose, D-glucose, mannose, arabinose, D-xylose, rhamnose, and glucuronic and galacturonic acids and form an involved polysaccharide complex. Eight polysaccharide fractions differing in their uronic acid contents and in the ratio of neutral sugars have been isolated with the aid of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 44–48, January–February, 1987.