基于信道传播理论的多基地远程海底混响研究

针对浅海多基地远程海底混响, 以声传播的线性信道近似理论为基础, 通过确定海底界面的不均匀起伏特性, 对入射声波的远距离异地混响脉冲响应函数进行求解. 对非水平分层介质的浅海波导, 利用绝热简正波求解信道的传输函数, 得出了小角度斜坡海底的远程海底混响强度, 以下坡海底为例, 分析对比了不同海底倾角斜坡海底对远程异地混响强度及其衰减规律的影响. 理论仿真表明, 波导的传输效应对多基地远程海底混响强度的影响不可忽略.     

AN OSCILLATION PHENOMENON OF REVERBERATION IN THE SHALLOW WATER WITH A THERMOCLINE

An oscillation phenomenon of the reverberation intensity was observed in a recent shallow water reverberation experiment. This phenomenon cannot be explained by the widely used incoherent reverberation theory. In this paper, to explain the observed oscillation phenomenon, the modal interference of reverberation in the shallow water with a thermocline is discussed on the basis of the ray-mode theory. The theoretical analysis and numerical results show that modal interference can cause the regular oscillation phenomenon of the reverberation intensity, and the oscillation phenomenon of the reverberation intensity can be used to test different reverberation models.     

Method of coupled mode for long-range bottom reverberation

The theory of coupled mode is used for modeling the long-range bottom reverberation in shallow water caused by bottom roughness. The distant bottom reverberation level and spatial coherence of impulsive source are both derived. The results agree with those from the classical reverberation model, and are compared with the experimental data. The influence of source bandwidth and the distance between sources and receivers on the intensity of bottom reverberation are particularly discussed. The method is shown to be available for both the monoand the bi-static cases.     

Numerical simulations and experiment ofreverberation loss in shallow water

I.IntroductionUndcrwatersoundrevcrberationhasrccentlybecomeatopicofgreatinterestlI-3l.Sincethcrcverberationincludescombincdeffcctsofsoundpropagahonandscattering,andthesoundpropagationinshallowwaterismuchmorecomplicatedthanthatinthedeepsea,itisnecessarytOstudycarefullybothintheoryandexperimcnt.Fortheshortrangereverberationinshal1owwatcrtheray-basedmodelisavai1ab1e,whilefOr1ongrangethewave-basedmodelmustbeusedbecauscofcomp1icatcdmu1tipaths,refractioneffcctsandfrequencydependence.Thenorma1-mode…     

浅海中的混响衰减

本文定义混响衰减作为描述浅海混响的基本物理量。对不同的声速剖面和海底散射模型，分别用射线方法和ＷＫＢＺ简正波方法（考虑和不考虑复本征值的影响）计算了混响衰减随时间（距离）的变化。数值模拟结果表明复本征值的影响不能忽略，在中等距离上按射线方法计算的混响衰减与考虑了复本征值影响的ＷＫＢＺ方法计算结果相一致。负跃层浅海中的实验结果表明混响衰减与源和接收器的深度有关，但与带宽无关。理论预示的混响强度的几何平均规律也从实验得到了证实。     

An oscillation phenomenon of low frequency reverberation in the shallow water and its physical explanation

~~An oscillation phenomenon of low frequency reverberation in the shallow water and its physical explanation1 Zhang, R.. Jin. G. Normal-mode theory of average reverberation intensity in shallow water, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1987 19(2):215-223 2. Ellis, D. D., A shallow-water normal-mode reverberation model, J. Acoust. Soc, Am., 1995, 97(5): 2804-2814. 3. McDaniel, S. T., Seafloor reverberation fluctuations, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1990, 88(3): 1530-1535. 4. Abraham, …     

Reverberation of Wideband Signals in Shallow Water when Using Sound Focusing

Within the framework of the normal mode approximation, expressions are obtained for calculating bottom reverberation signals recorded by a horizontal array in an inhomogeneous shallow-water waveguide in a wide frequency band. These expressions can be used to simulate bottom-scattered signals both for a monostatic and bistatic geometry, as well as in the case when sound focusing is applied. The constructed model is used to numerically study the structure of bottom reverberation in a waveguide with different parameters and characteristics of the receiver and source systems. The considered bottom inhomogeneities are the slope of the bottom, change in thermocline depth, and wind waves. The study demonstrates the promise of using sound focusing as time reversal using a single receiver–transmitter element to enhance the reverberation signal arriving from a given bottom area.     

浅海低频本地海底混响的波导不变性结构及抑制方法研究

根据浅海混响的射线简正波相干混响理论和可分离的海底散射模型,从理论上推导了浅海低频本地海底混响信号中存在的稳定的距离-频率干涉结构(波导不变性结构),并在此基础上基于谱相减的思想提出了一种基于波导不变性的本地海底混响预测对消方法。针对某个检测距离,其对应的中心频率上的海底混响强度可以根据波导不变性通过频移的方法在另一个与之相邻的距离上估计得到,利用该估计的混响强度可以对消检测距离对应的回波信号中的海底混响强度分量,增强回波信混比,提高目标检测能力。针对典型水平分层浅海波导环境,通过计算机仿真实验分析了低频海底混响存在的稳定波导不变性结构,验证了本文提出的基于波导不变性的混响预测对消方法的有效性。      

浅海海底界面混响平均强度特性仿真

海底粗糙界面是产生混响的主要因素之一。本文通过理论分析和数值仿真的方法,根据浅海全波动混响模型对不同海底粗糙界面所引起浅海混响平均强度特性进行研究,主要考虑Goff-Jordan谱、Gauss谱和指数谱三种不同粗糙界面条件下的海底反向散射强度和混响平均强度特性。计算结果表明:海底粗糙界面会引起海底反向散射强度的频率特性的差异,进而导致海底平均混响强度的频率特性的差异,但随入射角度的变化不大。即使界面起伏的方差和相关长度相同,不同的粗糙度谱也会引起平均混响强度的差异。     

Waveguide invariance structure for low frequency monostatic bottom reverberation mitigation in shallow water

The stable range-frequency interference structure(waveguide invariance) of the low frequency monostatic bottom reverberation in shallow water is derived theoretically in this paper by using ray-normal mode coherent reverberation model and separable bottom scattering model.And combined the concept of spectral subtraction,a reverberation forecasting and mitigating method based on the waveguide invariance is presented.According to the waveguide invariance,the reverberation intensity for a detecting range can be estimated from the reverberation returns scattered from some other range cells nearby the detecting range with frequency shift.Then the reverberation component for the detecting range in the echo can be canceled mostly by using the estimated reverberation intensity,so as to enhance the echo-to-reverberation ratio and improve the detection capability of the active sonar.Simulations in typical horizontal layered shallow water environment show the stability of waveguide invariance structure in the low frequency monostatic bottom reverberation and the efficiency of the reverberation forecasting and mitigating method based on the waveguide invariance.     

非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型

研究了浅海非线性内波对远程混响场的影响。通过分析非线性内波活动引起声源到海底散射元以及散射元到接收点之间的声传播变化,给出了非线性内波引起远程混响强度变化的表示,建立了非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型,数值计算了非线性内波运动引起远程混响强度的变化。理论和数值计算表明,非线性内波的活动能够引起远程混响强度的变化,在某些情况下会导致远程混响强度增强。通过讨论非线性内波引声简正波的耦合效应,给出了其引起远程混响强度增强的原因。      

浅海近程混响的振荡现象*

研究浅海近程混响特性对于评估和提高主动声纳性能具有重要意义。多次浅海混响实验显示,近程混响强度存在稳定的振荡现象,脉宽基本对振荡的幅度和周期没有影响。为解释这一现象,本文基于射线理论和小斜率近似给出了浅海近程混响模型,仿真与实测数据结果基本吻合。数值仿真结果表明：海底反射声场对单站声纳接收到回声信号的贡献远小于海底近垂向大掠射角散射声场的作用;混响强度振荡现象是海底近程散射声场的多途现象造成的,并由此给出了振荡周期与海深及收发深度的关系。     

负梯度声速剖面的浅海混响平均强度的垂直结构

声速剖面是影响声场能量重新分配的主要参量。混响包含有双程传播和反向散射过程,文中根据全波动混响理论,从声速剖面对简正模态的垂直结构的影响出发,通过数值仿真和理论分析研究了负梯度声速剖面对双程传播损失和反向散射强度的垂直结构的影响,进而得到声速剖面对混响平均强度的垂直结构的影响。数值仿真结果表明,传播距离近的条件下,混响平均强度的垂直结构受声速剖面的影响在实际应用中可以忽略不计;传播距离足够远,并且相对声速梯度在10-4 m-1量级时,混响平均强度的垂直结构才会受声速剖面的影响有明显的变化。负声速梯度下的混响实验也表明,在有限的混响时间内,混响平均强度的垂直结构保持稳定。      

混响强度及其衰减规律与脉宽的关系

本文由短脉宽下混响强度的普遍表达式I_r(t,τ)=Kτt^-me^-βt出发,导出对应的可用于长脉宽的混响强度精确表达式,并给出了忽略脉宽尺度范围的指数衰减损失后相应的近似表达式。当指数衰减系数β足够小和脉宽大于有效脉宽τ_m=a_mt(a_m随m增大而减小,m是大于2的实数)时,近程混响强度趋向饱和且随时间t的(m-1)次幂衰减。实验结果与理论符合较好。     

低频混响信号中的简正波衰减系数提取方法

提出一种从低频混响信号中提取简正波衰减系数的方法。利用简正波过滤技术对垂直阵混响信号进行分析,获得单阶简正波混响声场。假设海底反向散射矩阵可分离,从单阶简正波平均混响强度中提取出有效海底反向散射矩阵元素,最后利用不同距离上的有效海底反向散射矩阵元素计算出简正波的衰减系数。利用该方法从混响信号中提取出的简正波衰减系数预报的声传播损失和相同海域实测声传播损失一致。该简正波衰减系数提取方法有效避免了海底散射衰减和简正波传播衰减耦合的问题,同时对海底参数反演和水声环境的快速评估也具有重要的意义。      

西北太平洋副热带模态水区域声传播特性*

西北太平洋副热带模态水(STMW)是在西北太平洋夏季出现的温跃层中温度、盐度和密度具有垂向均一性的水团。由于西北太平洋副热带模态水(STMW)的存在,深海声速剖面呈现出双跃层结构,对深海远程声传播产生较大的影响。本文对比分析了西北太平洋副热带模态水(STMW)区域夏冬两季典型声速剖面环境下的声传播规律。分析结果表明,夏季声速剖面环境下,声源位于浅层声道宽度内时,声传播为浅层声道的类深海声道传播与会聚区传播的复合形式。掠射角较小的声线被限制于浅层声道中,增加了会聚区内的到达结构,并且增强了在影区的声能量,在第二影区内的传播损失比冬季声速剖面环境下最多低近60dB。本文推导了浅层声道的截止频率的近似表达式,分析结果表明,截止频率主要由浅层声道的宽度和正梯度段的声速差值决定,夏季STMW区域浅层声道截止频率主要集中在100Hz左右。     

Interference structure of shallow water reverberation in time-frequency distribution

The striations of the reverberation spectrum in the time-frequency distribution were observed in a shallow water acoustic experiment in 2002. A model following the coherent reverberation model developed in 2002 is presented to explain the observed striations. To examine the consistency between the measured data and numerical predictions, we have used a method based on Radon transform for determining the slope of the striations to the measured reverberation data and numerical predictions. The results indicate that the previously developed coherent reverberation model can predict the interference structure of the reverberation intensity in the time-frequency distribution.     

A unified model for reverberation and submerged object scattering in a stratified ocean waveguide

A unified model for reverberation and submerged target scattering in a stratified medium is developed from wave theory. The advantage of the unified approach is that it enables quantitative predictions to be made of the target-echo-to-reverberation ratio in an ocean waveguide. Analytic expressions are derived for both deterministic and stochastic scattering from the seafloor and subseafloor. Asymptotic techniques are used to derive expressions for the scattering of broadband waveforms from distant objects or surfaces. Expressions are then obtained for the scattered field after beamforming with a horizontal line array. The model is applied to problems of active detection in shallow water. Sample calculations for narrow-band signals indicate that the detection of submerged target echoes above diffuse seafloor reverberation is highly dependent upon water column and sediment stratification as well as array aperture, source, receiver, and target locations, in addition to the scattering properties of the target and seafloor. The model is also applied to determine the conditions necessary for echo returns from discrete geomorphologic features of the seafloor and subseafloor to stand prominently above diffuse seafloor reverberation. This has great relevance to the geologic clutter problem encountered by active sonar systems operating in shallow water, as well as to the remote sensing of underwater geomorphology.     

浅海波导中水平接收阵被动时反混响抑制方法研究

使用基于射线简正波异地混响理论建立的水平接收阵接收海底混响模型,提出了水平阵被动时反混响抑制方法。以水平接收阵接收回波信号的某一时刻作为开始,分别对其前一时刻和后一时刻的回波信号做时反算子分解获得两个混响子空间,将这两个混响子空间的平均作为该时刻的混响子空间的一个估计,然后利用投影处理来抑制该时刻接收信号中的混响成分。该方法可以在一定程度上克服由于海底粗糙引起的局部时间(距离)段内接收回波信号的不平稳性,使得估计得到的混响子空间更加接近真实混响子空间。因此,利用其进行被动时反混响抑制可以增强回波信混比,提高对目标的检测和方位估计能力。针对典型浅海波导环境开展的仿真验证了本文方法的有效性。      

界面混响的耦合简正波理论研究

利用耦合简正波理论分析了粗糙界面散射引起的混响。引入了粗糙海底以及海面引起的各个模态间的耦合系数表述粗糙界面对声场的散射过程。结合风浪谱Pierson模型,仿真了不同海况下的海面混响,重点在于分析不同海况下海面起伏对海底混响的影响。利用耦合系数的求解从粗糙海面引起模态间能量耦合的角度对这种影响进行了机理性的探究。结果表明,尽管在浅海中海底混响占支配性地位,但随着海况等级的增加,海面散射对海底混响是有影响的,而这种影响可以从粗糙界面对声波模态间的耦合进行机理分析。