A comparison of some shell theories used for the dynamic analysis of cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical panels

The free vibration problem of thin elastic cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical panels is considered. For this problem, a theoretical unification as well as a numerical comparison of the thin shell theories most commonly used (in engineering applications) is presented. In more detail, the problem is formulated in such a way that by using some tracers, which have the form of Kronecker's deltas, the stress-strain relations, constitutive equations and equations of motion obtained produce, as special cases, the corresponding relations and equations of Donnell's, Love's, Sanders' and Flugge's theories. By using a closed form solution, obtained for simply supported panels, a comparison of corresponding numerical results obtained on the basis of all of the aforementioned shell theories is attempted.     

Vibration of cylindrical shells of bimodulus composite materials

A theory is formulated for the small amplitude free vibration of thick, circular cylindrical shells laminated of bimodulus composite materials, which have different elastic properties depending upon whether the fiber-direction strain is tensile or compressive. The theory used is the dynamic, shear deformable (moderately thick shell) analog of the Sanders best first approximation thin shell theory. By means of tracers, the analysis can be reduced to that of various simpler shell theories, namely Love's first approximation, and Donnell's shallow shell theory. As an example of the application of the theory, a closed form solution is presented for a freely supported panel or complete shell. To validate the analysis, numerical results are compared with existing results for various special cases. Also, the effects of the various shell theories, thickness shear flexibility, and bimodulus action are investigated.     

STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE SHELLS SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADING: COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL METHODS

The results from a theoretical and experimental investigation of the dynamic response of cylindrically curved laminated composite shells subjected to normal blast loading are presented. The dynamic equations of motion for cylindrical laminated shells are derived using the assumptions of Love's theory of thin elastic shells. Kinematically admissible displacement functions are chosen to represent the motion of the clamped cylindrical shell and the governing equations are obtained in the time domain using the Galerkin method. The time-dependent equations of the cylindrically curved laminated shell are then solved by the Runge-Kutta-Verner method. Finite element modelling and analysis for the blast-loaded cylindrical shell are also presented. Experimental results for cylindrically curved laminated composite shells with clamped edges and subjected to blast loading are presented. The blast pressure and strain measurements are performed on the shell panels. The strain response frequencies of the clamped cylindrical shells subjected to blast load are obtained using the fast Fourier transformation technique. In addition, the effects of material properties on the dynamic behaviour are examined. The strain-time history curves show agreement between the experimental and analysis results in the longitudinal direction of the cylindrical panels. However, there is a discrepancy between the experimental and analysis results in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical panels. A good prediction is obtained for the response frequency of the cylindrical shell panels.     

A comparison of shell theories for large-amplitude vibrations of circular cylindrical shells: Lagrangian approach

Large-amplitude (geometrically non-linear) vibrations of circular cylindrical shells subjected to radial harmonic excitation in the spectral neighbourhood of the lowest resonances are investigated. The Lagrange equations of motion are obtained by an energy approach, retaining damping through Rayleigh's dissipation function. Four different non-linear thin shell theories, namely Donnell's, Sanders-Koiter, Flügge-Lur’e-Byrne and Novozhilov's theories, which neglect rotary inertia and shear deformation, are used to calculate the elastic strain energy. The formulation is also valid for orthotropic and symmetric cross-ply laminated composite shells. The large-amplitude response of perfect and imperfect, simply supported circular cylindrical shells to harmonic excitation in the spectral neighbourhood of the lowest natural frequency is computed for all these shell theories. Numerical responses obtained by using these four non-linear shell theories are also compared to results obtained by using the Donnell's non-linear shallow-shell equation of motion. A validation of calculations by comparison with experimental results is also performed. Both empty and fluid-filled shells are investigated by using a potential fluid model. The effects of radial pressure and axial load are also studied. Boundary conditions for simply supported shells are exactly satisfied. Different expansions involving from 14 to 48 generalized co-ordinates, associated with natural modes of simply supported shells, are used. The non-linear equations of motion are studied by using a code based on an arclength continuation method allowing bifurcation analysis.     

Free vibrations of laminated composite cylindrical shells with an interior rectangular plate

The free vibration analysis of a laminated composite cylindrical shell with an interior rectangular plate is performed by the analytical and experimental methods. The frequency equations of vibration of the shell including the plate are formulated by using the receptance method. To obtain the free vibration characteristics before the combination of two structures, the energy principle based on the classical plate theory and Love's thin shell theory is adopted. The numerical results are compared with the results from an experiment, as well as a finite element analysis, to validate the current formulation. The influences of the length-to-radius ratio (L_S/a) and radius-to-thickness ratio (a/h_S) of the shell and fiber orientation angles (Θ) of symmetric cross- and angle-ply composite materials on the natural frequencies of a cylindrical laminated combined shell are also discussed in details.     

Free vibration of non-circular cylindrical shell panels

In the free vibration analysis of clamped non-circular cylindrical shell panels, a matrix method has been used to solve the governing differential equations, which have variable coefficients. The effect of the curvature, thickness ratio and aspect ratio on the natural frequencies has been studied. The results obtained for circular cylindrical panels are compared with other available results. The convergence of the solution is found to be good.     

Free vibration and parametric resonance of shear deformable functionally graded cylindrical panels

This paper investigates free vibration and dynamic instability of functionally graded cylindrical panels subjected to combined static and periodic axial forces and in thermal environment. Theoretical formulations are based on Reddy's higher order shear deformation shell theory to account for rotary inertia and the parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the panel thickness. Thermal effects due to steady temperature change are included in the analysis. Material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The panel under current consideration is clamped or simply supported on two straight edges and may be either free, simply supported or clamped on the curved edges. A semi-analytical approach, which takes the advantages of one-dimensional differential quadrature approximation, Galerkin technique and Bolotin's method, is employed to determine the natural frequencies and the unstable regions of the panel. Numerical results for silicon nitride/stainless-steel cylindrical panels are given in both dimensionless tabular and graphical forms. Effects of material composition, temperature rise, panel geometry parameters, and boundary conditions on free vibration and the parametric resonance are also studied.     

Circumferential waves for a cylindrical shell in smooth contact with a continuum

Dispersion relations are determined for circumferential waves propagating in a layered, circular cylinder by using shell equations to approximate the behavior of the outer layer. These equations include the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia. The cylinder consists of an elastic core in smooth contact with a hollow, circular cylinder of distinctly different elastic properties. Two distinct modes exist as the shell thickness reduces to zero. One mode is recognized to be surface waves on the convex cylindrical surface of the core; the second mode is associated with long longitudinal waves in the shell. The approximate dispersion curves for these modes are compared with curves obtained by employing elasticity equations for the layer. As the curvature increases, the agreement of the two theories becomes progressively poorer whether or not any disagreement exists for the case of no curvature. The agreement of the two theories is better when the layer is relatively stiff than when the layer is relatively soft. The shell equations simplify the calculations necessary to produce the dispersion curves.     

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A MODERATELY THICK ANTISYMMETRIC CROSS-PLY CYLINDRICAL PANEL USING MIXED TYPE OF FOURIER SOLUTION FUNCTIONS

A hitherto unavailable analytical solution to the boundary-value problem of the free vibration response of shear-flexible antisymmetric cross-ply laminated cylindrical panels is presented. The laminated shell theory formulation is based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) including rotatory and surface-parallel inertias. The governing equations of the panel are defined by five highly coupled partial differential equations in five unknowns—three displacements, and two rotations. The assumed solution functions for the eigen/boundary-value problem are selected in terms of mixed-type double Fourier series. Numerical results presented for parametric effects, such as length-to-thickness ratio and radius-to-thickness ratio, should serve as a bench mark for future comparison. A four-node shear-flexible finite element is selected to compare the results with the present solution.     

考虑铺层角的复合材料圆柱壳自由振动三维弹性准确解

为了获得任意角度铺层的多层复合材料圆柱壳的自由振动准确解,在三维弹性理论的基础上,结合分层理论和状态空间法,建立横向位移和应力的传递矩阵,轴向和环向位移采用双螺旋模式的位移函数,对任意角度铺层复合材料圆柱壳简支边界条件下的自由振动进行了理论推导,得到了自由振动方程的精确形式。与文献理论解和有限元计算结果对比,结果表明,关注频率在2倍的环频率以下时,薄壳的固有频率计算精度能控制在1%以内,厚壳的固有频率计算精度能控制在2%以内。对于厚壳的计算可将壳体沿厚度方向划分为多层来处理,这样能有效提高计算精度。计算分析了铺层角对壳体固有频率的影响,环向模态数较低时,固有频率随着铺层角的增加呈抛物线变化趋势;环向模态数较高时,固有频率随着铺层角的增大单调递增。该理论方法同样适用于均质各向同性壳和正交各向异性圆柱壳。      

Free vibration study of layered cylindrical shells by collocation with splines

The free vibration of circular cylindrical thin shells, made up of uniform layers of isotropic or specially orthotropic materials, is studied using point collocation method and employing spline function approximations. The equations of motion for the shell are derived by extending Love's first approximation theory. Assuming the solution in a separable form a system of coupled differential equations, in the longitudinal, circumferential and transverse displacement functions, is obtained. These functions are approximated by Bickley-type splines of suitable orders. The process of point collocation with suitable boundary conditions results in a generalized eigenvalue problem from which the values of a frequency parameter and the corresponding mode shapes of vibration, for specified values of the other parameters, are obtained. Two types of boundary conditions and four types of layers are considered. The effect of neglecting the coupling between the flexural and extensional displacements is analysed. The influences of the relative layer thickness, a length parameter and a total thickness parameter on the frequencies are studied. Both axisymmetric and asymmetric vibrations are investigated. The effect of the circumferential node number on the vibrational behaviour of the shell is also analysed.     

Axially symmetric vibrations of fluid-filled poroelastic circular cylindrical shells

Employing Biot's theory of wave propagation in liquid saturated porous media, axially symmetric vibrations of fluid-filled and empty poroelastic circular cylindrical shells of infinite extent are investigated for different wall-thicknesses. Let the poroelastic cylindrical shells are homogeneous and isotropic. The frequency equation of axially symmetric vibrations each for a pervious and an impervious surface is derived. Particular cases when the fluid is absent are considered both for pervious and impervious surfaces. The frequency equation of axially symmetric vibrations propagating in a fluid-filled and an empty poroelastic bore, each for a pervious and an impervious surface is derived as a limiting case when ratio of thickness to inner radius tends to infinity as the outer radius tends to infinity. Cut-off frequencies when the wavenumber is zero are obtained for fluid-filled and empty poroelastic cylindrical shells both for pervious and impervious surfaces. When the wavenumber is zero, the frequency equation of axially symmetric shear vibrations is independent of nature of surface, i.e., pervious or impervious and also it is independent of presence of fluid in the poroelastic cylindrical shell. Non-dimensional phase velocity for propagating modes is computed as a function of ratio of thickness to wavelength in absence of dissipation. These results are presented graphically for two types of poroelastic materials and then discussed. In general, the phase velocity of an empty poroelastic cylindrical shell is higher than that of a fluid-filled poroelastic cylindrical shell.The phase velocity of a fluid-filled bore is higher than that of an empty poroelastic bore. Previous results are shown as a special case of present investigation. Results of purely elastic solid are obtained.     

Large deformation of liquid capsules enclosed by thin shells immersed in the fluid

The deformation of a liquid capsule enclosed by a thin shell in a simple shear flow is studied numerically using an implicit immersed boundary method. We present a thin-shell model for computing the forces acting on the shell middle surface during the deformation within the framework of the Kirchhoff–Love theory of thin shells. This thin-shell model takes full account of finite-deformation kinematics which allows thickness stretching as well as large deflections and bending strains. For hyperelastic materials, the plane-stress assumption is used to compute the hydrostatic pressure and the incompressibility condition yields the thickness strain component and the corresponding change in the thickness. The stresses developing over the cross-section of the shell are integrated over the thickness to yield the stress and moment resultants which are then used to compute the forces acting on the shell middle surface. The immersed boundary method is employed for calculating the hydrodynamics and fluid–structure interaction effects. The location of the thin shell is updated implicitly using the Newton–Krylov method. The present numerical technique has been validated by several examples including an inflation of a spherical shell and deformations of spherical and oblate spheroidal capsules in the shear flow.     

均匀流中剪切变形加筋层合板声与振动特性研究

基于一阶剪切变形理论, 建立了分析均匀流中周期加筋层合板声振特性的理论模型. 该模型应用对流波动方程及边界条件精确考虑了均匀流与层合板的耦合作用, 加强筋通过法向线力及扭矩与层合板相互作用, 利用傅里叶波数变换和稳相法, 得到了位移谱和辐射声压的解析表达式. 计算结果与已有公开数据符合良好, 验证了模型的有效性. 数值结果表明, 在高频段不能忽略剪切变形和加强筋扭转运动的影响; 增大均匀流速度可降低结构的辐射声压; 适当调整板厚和加强筋间距可有效避开结构的辐射声压波峰. 关键词： 均匀流 第一阶剪切变形理论 层合板 波数变换     

Internal resonance of axially moving laminated circular cylindrical shells

The nonlinear vibrations of a thin, elastic, laminated composite circular cylindrical shell, moving in axial direction and having an internal resonance, are investigated in this study. Nonlinearities due to large-amplitude shell motion are considered by using Donnell’s nonlinear shallow-shell theory, with consideration of the effect of viscous structure damping. Differently from conventional Donnell’s nonlinear shallow-shell equations, an improved nonlinear model without employing Airy stress function is developed to study the nonlinear dynamics of thin shells. The system is discretized by Galerkin’s method while a model involving four degrees of freedom, allowing for the traveling wave response of the shell, is adopted. The method of harmonic balance is applied to study the nonlinear dynamic responses of the multi-degrees-of-freedom system. When the structure is excited close to a resonant frequency, very intricate frequency–response curves are obtained, which show strong modal interactions and one-to-one-to-one-to-one internal resonance phenomenon. The effects of different parameters on the complex dynamic response are investigated in this study. The stability of steady-state solutions is also analyzed in detail.     

Vibration and stability of a circular cylindrical shell subjected to a torque

An analysis is presented for the vibration and stability of a circular cylindrical shell subjected to a torque. The displacements of a circular shell are written in a series of beam eigenfunctions satisfying the boundary conditions. The kinetic and strain energies of the shell are evaluated analytically, and the frequency eauation of the shell is derived by the Ritz method. The method is applied to circular cylindrical shells under two types of boundary conditions at the edges; the natural frequencies and the divergence torques are calculated numerically, and the effects of the thickness ratio, length ratio and edge conditions on the vibration and stability are studied.     

VIBRATION OF TWISTED AND CURVED CYLINDRICAL PANELS WITH VARIABLE THICKNESS

A numerical procedure, with an exact strain-displacement relationship of twisted and curved cylindrical panels having variable thickness derived by considering the Green strain tensor on general shell theory, is presented using the principle of virtual work and the Rayleigh-Ritz method with algebraic polynomials as in-plane and transverse displacement functions. The accuracy and applicability of the procedure are verified by comparing the present results with previous experimental and theoretical results for several panels. The effects of variation ratio of thickness in chordwise and lengthwise directions, twist, and curvature both in two directions aforementioned on vibrations of cylindrical panels are studied in detail, and typical vibration mode shapes are plotted to demonstrate the effects.     

DYNAMICS BEHAVIOR OF AXISYMMETRIC AND BEAM-LIKE ANISOTROPIC CYLINDRICAL SHELLS CONVEYING FLUID

The flow-induced vibration characteristics of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells partially or completely filled with liquid or subjected to a flowing fluid are studied in this work for two cases of circumferential wave number, the axisymmetric, where n=0 and the beam-like, where n=1. The shear deformation effects are taken into account in this theory; therefore, the equations of motion are determined with displacements and transverse shear as independent variables. The present method is a combination of finite element analysis and refined shell theory in which the displacement functions are derived from the exact solution of refined shell equations based on orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates. Mass and stiffness matrices are determined by precise analytical integration. A finite element is defined for the liquid in cases of potential flow that yields three forces (inertial, centrifugal and Coriolis) of moving fluid. The mass, stiffness and damping matrices due to the fluid effect are obtained by an analytical integration of the fluid pressure over the liquid element. The available solution based on Sanders' theory can also be obtained from the present theory in the limiting case of infinite stiffness in transverse shear. The natural frequencies of isotropic and anisotropic cylindrical shells that are empty, partially or completely filled with liquid as well as subjected to a flowing fluid, are given. When these results are compared with corresponding results obtained using existing theories, very good agreement is obtained.     

An Efficient Model for Layer-by-Layer Analysis of Sandwich Irregular Cylindrical Shells of Revolution

Based on the approach of layer-by-layer analysis, we consider an algorithm for constructing finiteelement models of layers for a refined calculation of the stress-strain state of sandwich cylindrical shells with the application of efficient approximations that increase the rate of convergence of the numerical results and, consequently, allow the order of the systems of equations to be reduced, which is particularly topical in the layer-bylayer analysis of laminated inhomogeneous constructions. An example of applying the models considered to calculate the stress-strain state of a sandwich cylindrical shell with through and non-through cuts is given.     

Vibration of simply supported cylindrical shells with longitudinal stiffeners

The vibration of simply supported cylindrical shells stiffened by discrete longitudinal stiffeners is investigated by using an energy method. Vlasov's thin walled beam theory is used for stringers. Shell theories based on Donnell's approximate theory and Flügge's more exact theory are used for the skin and numerical results indicate that Donnell's approximate theory gives excellent results for the stiffened shells. Sinusoidal wave form is considered in the longitudinal direction, and mode shapes in the circumferential direction are represented by Fourier series. Numerical results on frequencies and mode shapes computed for a shell stiffened by various number of stiffeners are presented and compared favorably with existing experimental results and other analytical solutions.