Peculiarities of light propagation in optically active absorbing crystals of the orthorhombic system

Peculiarities of the manifestation of optical activity and absorption in crystals of the orthorhombic system of the 222 class are considered. The influence of each effect on the ellipticities of eigenwaves is analyzed. The dependences of the azimuth, ellipticity, and intensity of transmitted light in directions slightly and significantly deviating from the optical axes are considered in detail. Cases are indicated where the approximate relations obtained disregarding multiple reflections and nonorthogonality of eigenwaves in crystal hold true. The differences of the simulated conoscopic patterns of the biaxial absorbing optically active crystals from the patterns of inactive or nonabsorbing crystals are analyzed.     

Investigation on birefringence property in uniaxial crystal (Ca0.28Ba0.72)0.75(Sr0.60Ba0.40)Nb2O6

The birefringence of (Ca_0.28Ba_0.72)_0.75(Sr_0.60Ba_0.40)Nb₂O₆ crystal is measured basing on polarization‐ extinction method and conoscopic interference method. Experimental results show that the birefringence in this crystal is up to 10^‐5, the natural birefringence in this crystal is (n_o ‐n_e) = 5.89 x 10^‐5 with the He‐Ne laser wavelength at 632.8nm and the birefringence grads with wavelength at 532nm is 5.68 x 10^‐5, which indicate the good optical homogeneity of this crystal. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Smetic Polymorphism and the Phase Transitions in the Liquid Crystal 4, n-Hexyloxyphenyl-4, n′-Decyloxybenzoate

Three different methods — microscopical, depolarized light scattering and conoscopic have been used for the investigation of the polymorphism of 4, n-hexyloxyphenyl-4, n′-decyloxybenzoate (HOPDOB) at homeotropic orientation. A new textural transition is registered during cooling in smectic C phase connected with a change in the tilt (ω) and azimuthal (φ) angles of the molecular director. At cooling we found smectic E phase and by the conoscopic method we determined this phase as tilted smectic type (E_t) with 24° tilt angle. It is also found that B phase is a normal type smectic liquid crystal — B_N.     

GdVO4晶体的生长及其性能研究

采用提拉法沿a轴和c轴生长出无色透明的GdVO4单晶,质量均超过50g.用X射线荧光分析法测得两个主要元素Gd和V的分凝系数都接近1.室温下测量了GdVO4晶体的X射线粉末衍射图,确定所获GdVO4晶体属于四方晶系,D194h-I41/amd空间群.通过晶体的锥光干涉图确定GdVO4晶体为单轴晶,光轴方向平行于c轴且光学均匀性比较好.利用高分辨X射线衍射仪测量GdVO4晶体的摇摆曲线,结果表明生长的GdVO4晶体的晶格完整性较好.通过浮力法测得其室温下密度为5.478g/cm3.透过波谱表明透过波长大于340nm.     

The influence of optical activity on the intensity and polarization parameters of transmitted light in crystals

The ellipticity and azimuth of light transmitted through an optically active plate and the intensity of this light transmitted through an analyzer are theoretically investigated as functions of the rotation angle of the plate. Relationships describing these parameters are considered. It is demonstrated that, depending on the angle of inclination of the plate, the optical activity can affect the characteristics of the transmitted light differently. A technique for determining the optical activity parameters is proposed from analyzing the relationships for the light intensity. The conoscopic figures of uniaxial and biaxial optically active crystals are described.     

Optical Sign Determinations on Cholesteric Lyotropic Mesophases

Optical signs of type I and II micellar cholesteric lyotropic mesophases were for the first time determined. Lyomesophases were prepared from the following amphiphiles: potassium l-N-lauroyl-serinate, potassium laurate, sodium decylsulfate, cesium decylsulfate and decyl-ammonium chloride. Cholesterol was added to all mesophases in order to obtain the chevron pattern for magnetically oriented samples. The method involves the direct observation of the textures at the polarizing microscope. Using a quartz-wedge retardation plate the directions of the slow and fast light vibration components are determined. This method is simpler than the usual observation, under conoscopic illumination, of the basal interference figure which is hardly obtained in micellar lyotropic cholesteric mesophases. All type I cholesteric lyotropic mesophases here investigated exhibited a positive optical sign, whereas all type II cholesteric lyomesophases showed a negative birefringence.     

The comparative study of mosaic structure of ZnO crystals by γ-ray diffraction and conoscopic methods

It has been carried out the investigation of the mosaic structure of ZnO crystals by two methods providing the information on mosaic structure and inner stresses (γ-ray diffraction and conoscopic method). It has been observed a certain correlation between the results obtained by the two methods.     

利用化学键方法寻找新型光学晶体

利用化学键的观点定量地研究了一些具有各种晶体结构实用材料的介电性质。采用已建立的化学键方法，分析了这些晶体的介电性质与其组成化学键之间的关系。更进一步，基于晶体的化学键方法提出了一个组合方法用于定量确定具有相似晶体结构材料的介电性质。从目前的工作中可以推导出光学晶体非线性起源的结构信息，因此可以在一定程度上帮助人们开展非线性光学晶体工程的研究工作。     

A novel organometallic nonlinear optical complex crystal: Cadmium mercury thiocyanate dimethyl-sulphoxide

A novel nonlinear optical organometallic complex crystal: cadmium mercury thiocyanate dimethylsulphoxide (CdHg(SCN)₄(H₆C₂OS)₂, CMTD) is reported for the first time. The single crystal has been grown by a temperature-lowering method, the crystal structure has been determined, and some physical properties arepresented. The relations between the crystal structure and nonlinear optical properties are also discussed.     

Birefringence simulation of annealed ingot of magnesium fluoride single crystal

We developed a method for simulating birefringence of an annealed ingot of MgF₂ single crystal for lithography optics. This method provides the optical path difference caused by crystal symmetry and residual stress existing in the crystal. The method consists of the heat conduction analysis, the residual stress analysis and the birefringence analysis. Because there exists no experimental data on the inelastic behavior of MgF₂ single crystal, the residual stress was estimated with the elastic thermal stress analysis using the finite element method by assuming a stress-free temperature. In this analysis, the temperature dependence of material properties and crystal anisotropy were taken into account. In the birefringence analysis, the distributions of optical path difference were calculated by an approximate method using the result of the residual stress analysis. This approximate method uses the average stress along the wave normal and is equivalent to the exact method in case of low stress dealt with the present study. In this analysis, it is possible to consider both the intrinsic birefringence and the stress birefringence in any crystal orientation. The distribution of the optical path difference in the annealed ingot obtained from the present calculation agrees qualitatively with that of the experiment. Its calculated value also agrees reasonably well with that of the experiment, when a stress-free temperature is adequately selected.     

8英寸氟化钙单晶生长

氟化钙(CaF2)晶体是一种性能优良的光学晶体材料.本研究用坩埚下降法生长了8英寸(20.32 cm)氟化钙单晶,晶体外观完整,无开裂及散射等宏观缺陷.定向切割后得到 ?40 mm×6 mm的透明圆柱形晶体毛坯,对毛坯样品进行二次退火处理后进行研磨抛光得到最终样品.对该系列样品进行紫外可见透过率、光学均匀性、应力双折射...     

Ⅰ类高氘DKDP晶片性能研究

受到晶体尺寸以及非线性光学性能的影响,目前可供选择的非线性晶体非常有限。DKDP晶体作为传统大尺寸光电材料,在光参量啁啾脉冲放大(OPCPA)装置中得到了应用。高氘化的DKDP晶体有更好的光学性能,然而生长出高氘化DKDP晶体对生长环境等有更加严格的要求。本文通过改良的原料合成罐以及生长槽,采用点籽晶快速生长法成功生长出高氘DKDP晶体。按照Ⅰ类(θ=37.23°, φ=45°)切割方式制备样品,并对其氘含量、透过率、光学均匀性以及晶体激光损伤阈值进行测试。实验结果表明,晶体的平均氘含量达到98.49%,在可见-近红外波段下具有较宽的透过波段和较高的透过性能。R-on-1的测试结果显示,在3 ns、527 nm条件下,DKDP晶体的激光损伤阈值达到了19.92 J/cm²。晶体光学均匀性均方根达到了1.833×10^-9,表明晶体具有良好的光学均匀性。     

Growth and characterization of tris allylthiourea mercuric chloride crystals

Single crystals of tris allylthiourea mercury chloride (ATMC), a semi‐organic nonlinear optical material, have been grown from a low‐temperature solution growth technique by slow cooling method. In the present work, we have grown ATMC crystal which is a new nonlinear optical material (NLO) having high optical quality and its second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency is thrice that of Urea. The grown crystals have also been subjected to various characterization studies like X‐ray diffraction, UV‐VIS, FT‐IR and TGA‐DTA. X‐ray powder diffraction study confirmed the crystal structure of ATMC, UV‐VIS /FT‐IR spectral analysis showed the crystal has good optical transmission in the entire visible region and TGA‐DTA studies showed the thermal properties and complex degradation of ATMC crystal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Growth and characterization of ferroelectric‐ferroelastic Tb2(MoO4)3 crystals

Transparent and nearly colorless ferroelectric‐ferroelastic β′‐Tb₂(MoO₄)₃ (TMO) single crystals have been grown by the Czochralski (CZ) method. The single crystal structure was investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction and was shown to be a single phase with the structure similar as the β′‐Gd₂(MoO₄)₃ crystal. The optical transparency of the TMO crystal has been measured and the crystal is almost transparent in the visible and near infrared regions. The defects of TMO crystal were evaluated by etching technique and the ferroelectric domain structures were observed by an optical microscope. A high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrates that the as‐grown TMO crystal possesses relatively high optical quality. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

原料的均匀性对CsB3O5晶体光学性质的影响

本文是针对紫外非线性光学晶体CsB3O5的原料处理对晶体光学质量的影响的研究报道.利用液相法合成出高度分散的原料,生长出高光学质量的CBO单晶.消除了晶体内部的光散射颗粒,并测量了该晶体的透过光谱、光学均匀性和抗激光损伤阈值.     

减少ZnGeP2晶体1~2.5 μm光学吸收的研究

ZnGeP₂晶体在1~2.5 μm有几个吸收峰,此波段的吸收峰主要是由于点缺陷V_P、Ge_Zn和V_Zn引起的,这些光学吸收严重影响ZnGeP₂晶体在光参量振荡器中的应用性能。针对ZnGeP₂在此波段的光学吸收,基于电子-原子核散射理论,通过理论计算模拟电子辐照来寻找合适的辐照条件,对布里奇曼法生长出的ZnGeP₂单晶分别进行退火热处理和电子辐照处理,并采用红外光谱仪和综合物理性能测量系统测试不同条件下ZnGeP₂晶体的红外吸收光谱、霍尔系数和载流子浓度。结果表明退火热处理能有效减少ZnGeP₂晶体在1.2 μm和1.4 μm附近的光学吸收,而电子辐照处理有利于减少ZnGeP₂晶体在2.0 μm附近的光学吸收,实验结果与计算结果一致。     

Anomalous crystal optics of heterogeneous crystals

Various approaches to analysis of the characteristics of optically heterogeneous crystals (with the characteristic thicknesses of layering lamellae exceeding the light wavelength) are considered in the example of layered two-component heterogeneous structures. In the simplest cases, the quantitative information on the layering structure may be obtained from analysis of numerical characteristics such as the moments of the appearance of visible isogyres or the positions of isotropic compensation points. In more complicated cases, it may be reasonable to use the program specially written by the authors for constructing conoscopic figures of heterogeneous crystals. Finally, the heterogeneity of complex crystals may be characterized proceeding from the qualitative estimate of the degree of distortion of their conoscopic figures.     

2μm波段激光晶体Tm:YAP的生长缺陷

采用提拉法沿a、b、c轴方向生长了Tm:YAP晶体,研究了该晶体的几种常见缺陷.通过化学腐蚀,利用光学显微镜观察了Tm:YAP晶体主要晶面的位错腐蚀坑形貌,发现在沿b轴生长晶体的(010)面上存在位错蚀坑密度不同的区域,对其成因进行了分析.借助偏光显微镜研究了晶体中的孪晶及消光现象,分析了成因并提出了消除措施.用He-Ne激光对晶体内的散射颗粒分布进行了研究,在扫描电镜(SEM)下观察到形状不规则的散射颗粒夹杂.上述研究结果对获得优质Tm:YAP晶体具有重要意义.     

无氧气氛中生长K2Al2B2O7晶体及其性质的研究

本文采用助熔剂法在无氧气氛的条件下成功生长出了大块透明的紫外非线性光学晶体K2Al2B2O7.这种方法有效地克服了晶体在紫外区域产生的非本征光吸收,顺磁共振谱测试表明,晶体中Fe杂质已经降低到不影响紫外透过的水平.XRD物相鉴定证明得到了K2Al2B2O7纯相,但晶体生长过程中容易形成光散射颗粒,降低了晶体的激光损伤阈值.对晶体进行化学腐蚀,采用金相显微镜观察发现有光散射颗粒的KABO晶体表面有许多腐蚀坑,而无光散射颗粒的晶体没有腐蚀坑.最后讨论了KABO晶体中光散射颗粒形成的原因以及消除的办法.     

Conoscopic image of a biaxial nematic phase in a sodium decyl sulfate – decanol – D2O mixture

ABSTRACT

The nematic phases of a lyotropic system NadS/ decanol/ heavy water are investigated using optical conoscopy and image processing. The phase diagram obtained from these lyotropic materials predicts the occurrence of a direct phase transition, which does not present the biaxial nematic phase, between the discotic (N_D) and calamitic (N_C) nematic phases. A biaxial nematic (N_B) phase is optically characterized and confirmed through conoscopic image, inside the biaxial range, between the two uniaxial nematic phases. Also, their respective transition points are determined by means of image processing. The N_B phase observed here is discussed as part of the nature of the micellar configuration of lyotropic materials which exhibit uniaxial nematic phases.