Electronic structure and related properties for quasi-binary (GaP)1−x (ZnSe) x crystals

The results of pseudopotential calculations of the band structure and related electronic and optical properties of quasi-binary (GaP)_1?x (ZnSe) _x crystals in the zinc blende structure are presented. Trends in bonding and ionicity are discussed in terms of electronic charge densities. Moreover, the composition dependence of the refractive index and dielectric constants are reported. The computed values are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The results suggest that for a proper choice of the composition x, (GaP)_1?x (ZnSe) _x could provide more diverse opportunities to achieve the desired electronic and optical properties of the crystals which would improve the performances of devices fabricated on them.     

Crystal structure and properties of the Na1−x Ru2O4 phase

Sodium ruthenium(III,IV) oxide Na_1−x Ru₂O₄ was synthesized by the solid state reaction of Na₂CO₃ and RuO₂ in inert atmosphere and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The compound crystallizes in the CaFe₂O₄-type structure (space group Pnma, Z = 4, a = 9.2641(7) Å, b = 2.8249(3) Å, c = 11.1496(7) Å). Double rutile-like chains of the RuO₆ octahedra form a three-dimensional framework, whose tunnels contain sodium cations. The structure contains two crystallographically independent sites of ruthenium atoms randomly occupied by the Ru^III and Ru^IV cations. The superstructure with the doubled b parameter found for one of the samples under study using electron diffraction is caused, probably, by ordering of the Ru cations in the rutile-like chains. The Na_{1− x} Ru₂O₄ compound exhibits temperature-independent paramagnetism with χ₀ = 1.9·10⁻⁴ cm³ (mole of Ru⁻¹). Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1655–1660, October, 2006.     

Bi7−xAs1+xMo3O21 (0⩽x⩽1) a new pillar structure type: synthesis,crystal structure and conductivity

An original structure of chemical formula Bi₁₃As₃Mo₆O₄₂ has been obtained in the system Bi₂O₃:MoO₃:As₂O₃ by chemical transport reaction in presence of As₂O₃. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/n with a=12.7770(11) Å, b=5.5890(4) Å, c=27.971(2) Å and β=101.009(7)°. The structure exhibits infinite [Bi₁₃As₃Mo₆O₄₂]_n complex pillars with a quite different organization compared with original [Bi₁₂O₁₄]_n⁸ⁿ⁺ columns surrounded by (MoO₄) tetrahedra in the Bi_2/3[Bi₁₂O₁₄](MoO₄)₅ prototype structure. Nevertheless, the heavy atoms design almost perfect fluorite subnetwork—a common structural feature of these pillar structures. The conditions of synthesis via solid-state chemistry using basic oxides Bi₂O₃, As₂O₃ and MoO₃ have been established and the phase identified by X-ray powder pattern. The indexing fits single crystal data as well as the values of volumic mass, ρ_exp=7.04(4) g cm⁻³ for ρ_X=7.096 g cm⁻³ for Z=4. This Bi₁₃As₃Mo₆O₄₂ phase shows also an interesting anionic conductivity around σ=7.98×10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 980 K and is compared with related phases.     

Synthesis and structure of a new halophosphate Sr3P3O10Cl with the flexible [P3O10]5− anions

A new halophosphate crystal Sr₃P₃O₁₀Cl was grown in molten chloride flux media. It crystallizes in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 10.617(2) Å, b = 10.736(2) Å, and c = 8.7354(17) Å. In the structure, the basic building unit is the [P₃O₁₀]⁵⁻ anion, which is consist of three PO₄ tetrahedra by sharing the corner oxygen atoms. The two Sr atoms and the Cl atom are linked to construct an infinite [Sr₃Cl]⁵⁺ chain. The [P₃O₁₀]⁵⁻ anions are interconnected with the [Sr₃Cl]⁵⁺ chains to form a three-dimensional frameworks. Additionally, the first-principle calculation was employed to obtain the band structures and densities of states.     

Cation distribution and related properties of MnxZn1−xFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles

Mn_xZn_1−xFe₂O₄ (x = 0.05…0.9) nanoparticles prepared via sol–gel hydrothermal process were investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and magnetic hysteresis measurements. XRPD measurements revealed a non-monotonic dependence of the cubic lattice parameter on the Mn concentration, which is interpreted as being the result of a corresponding variation in the inversion degree (concentration of Fe ions on the occupied tetrahedral lattice sites) of the studied spinels. XANES measurements indicated that the average oxidation state of Mn ions decreases with the applied Mn concentration, in contrast with Fe ions that were found to be exclusively in the 3+ oxidation state by MS measurements. EPR spectra recorded as a function of temperature enabled the determination of the characteristic anisotropy energy barrier of the superparamagnetic particles, and contributed to the clarification of peculiarities of the corresponding ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra. On the basis of the observed results the interdependences among the sample stoichiometry, the cubic cell parameter, the particle size, the inversion degree, the magnetic ordering temperature and the effective magnetic anisotropy are discussed.     

Structural and dynamical studies of δ-Bi2O3 oxide ion conductors: I. The structure of (Bi2O3)1−x(Y2O3)x as a function of x and temperature

We report the results of both Bragg and diffuse neutron scattering studies of the superionic solid solution, (Bi₂O₃)_1−x(Y₂O₃)_x. The Bragg data for polycrystalline samples show that the strutural features observed previously in (Bi₂O₃)_0.73(Y₂O₃)_0.27 are present across the entire range of the solid solution, 0.25 < x < 0.42. The number of 〈111〉-displaced anions in the defect fluorite structure decreases with increasing Y³⁺ content whereas the extent of short-range ordering on the anion sublattice increases. Both of these observations are consistent with the decrease in oxide ion conductivity which occurs as x increases. The basic crystal structure does not change between room temperature and 1023 K, although the unit cell volume increases by 3.78% for x = 0.27, and the number of 〈111〉-displaced anions increases, again consistent with the enhanced conductivity observed at high temperatures. It is suggested that Y³⁺ stabilizes the fluorite structure by ordering the vacancies on the oxygen sublattice in chains along the 〈111〉 and 〈110〉 directions.     

Synthesis and characterization of a NASICON phase of variable composition Na1 − x Ni1 − x Sc1 + x (MoO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)

Subsolidus phase ratios in the Na₂MoO₄-NiMoO₄-Sc₂(MoO₄)₃ system have been studied using X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and vibrational spectroscopy. A phase of variable composition Na_{1 ? x} Ni_{1 ? x} Sc_{1 + x} (MoO₄)₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) having NASICON structure (space group \(R\bar 3c\) ) and a triple molybdate crystallizing in triclinic system (space group \(P\bar 1\) ) have been obtained. The high conductivity of Na_{1 ? x} Ni_{1 ? x} Sc_{1 + x} (MoO₄)₃ allows the phase of variable composition to be regarded as a promising sodiumion-conductive solid electrolyte.     

Synthesis and phase structure of (Cs0.8−xBa0.4+x)(Al 1.6+ x 3+ Ti 6.4− x 4+ )O16 ceramics using sol-spray pyrolysis route for immobilizing radioactive cesium

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - In this paper, a sol-spray pyrolysis route was employed to fabricate (Cs, Ba)-hollandite ceramic waste forms. The high-phase purity...     

Electrochemical study of spinel oxide systems with nominal compositions Ni1− x Cu x Co2O4 and NiCo2− y Cu y O4

Studies on the electrochemical behaviour of Ni_{1− x} Cu _x Co₂O₄ (x ≤ 0.75) and NiCo_{2− y} Cu _y O₄ (y ≤ 0.30) electrodes in 5 mol dm⁻³ KOH aqueous solutions are presented. The oxide layers have been prepared by thermal decomposition of aqueous nitrate solutions on nickel supports at 623 K. Powder samples were also prepared by thermal decomposition under the same conditions. The powder samples and the oxide layers were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction. The influence of the copper content on the voltammetric response of the electrodes and activity towards oxygen evolution reaction is analysed and correlated with the surface composition of the electrodes by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The analysis of the results reveals that the presence of Cu affects the electrode behaviour and its influence depends on which cation has been replaced. Received: 22 February 1999 / Accepted: 26 October 1999     

Sintering, microstructures and dielectric properties of Ba1−xPbx(Ti1−xLix)O3−3xF3x ferroelectric ceramics

Various compositions (1−x)BaTiO₃ + xPbF2 + xLiF were prepared, shaped to pellets then sintered at 900°C for 2 h in gold sealed tubes. The purity and the symmetry of the obtained samples were checked by X-ray diffraction. A new solid solution with Ba_1−x Pb _x (Ti_1−x Li _x ) O_3−3x F_3x formula occurs in the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20. SEM observations were performed on polished and fractured ceramics. The complex permittivity was measured as a function of temperature (−120°C ≤ T ≤ 250°C) and frequency (50 Hz ≤ f ≤ 4 × 10⁷ Hz). The dielectric performances are the best for ceramic Ba_0.97Pb_0.03(Ti_0.97Li_0.03)O_2.91F_0.09. The real component ε′, exhibits a maximum of approximately 7500 at the ferroelectric Curie temperature T _C ≈ -18°C, the dielectric losses tan δ value being 0.012. At room temperature, the relaxation frequency f _r is around 40 MHz for this ceramic. This novel ferroelectric oxifluoride is a promising material for applications, in particular in the field of Z5U multilayer capacitors.      

Atom Exchange Versus Reconstruction: (GexAs4−x)x− (x=2, 3) as Building Blocks for the Supertetrahedral Zintl Cluster [Au6(Ge3As)(Ge2As2)3]3−

The Zintl anion (Ge₂As₂)²⁻ represents an isostructural and isoelectronic binary counterpart of yellow arsenic, yet without being studied with the same intensity so far. Upon introducing [(PPh₃)AuMe] into the 1,2-diaminoethane (en) solution of (Ge₂As₂)²⁻, the heterometallic cluster anion [Au₆(Ge₃As)(Ge₂As₂)₃]³⁻ is obtained as its salt [K(crypt-222)]₃[Au₆(Ge₃As)(Ge₂As₂)₃]⋅en⋅2 tol ( 1 ). The anion represents a rare example of a superpolyhedral Zintl cluster, and it comprises the largest number of Au atoms relative to main group (semi)metal atoms in such clusters. The overall supertetrahedral structure is based on a (non-bonding) octahedron of six Au atoms that is face-capped by four (Ge_xAs_4−x)^x− (x=2, 3) units. The Au atoms bind to four main group atoms in a rectangular manner, and this way hold the four units together to form this unprecedented architecture. The presence of one (Ge₃As)³⁻ unit besides three (Ge₂As₂)²⁻ units as a consequence of an exchange reaction in solution was verified by detailed quantum chemical (DFT) calculations, which ruled out all other compositions besides [Au₆(Ge₃As)(Ge₂As₂)₃]³⁻. Reactions of the heavier homologues (Tt₂Pn₂)²⁻ (Tt=Sn, Pb; Pn=Sb, Bi) did not yield clusters corresponding to that in 1 , but dimers of ternary nine-vertex clusters, {[AuTt₅Pn₃]₂}⁴⁻ (in 2 – 4 ; Tt/Pn=Sn/Sb, Sn/Bi, Pb/Sb), since the underlying pseudo-tetrahedral units comprising heavier atoms do not tend to undergo the said exchange reactions as readily as (Ge₂As₂)²⁻, according to the DFT calculations.     

Vibrational spectra and electrophysical properties of a NASICON phase of variable composition Na1 − x Co1 − x Sc1 + x (MoO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)

Subsolidus phase ratios of the Na₂MoO₄-CoMoO₄-Sc₂(MoO₄)₃ system have been studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and vibrational spectroscopy. A phase of variable composition Na_{1 ? x} Co_{1 ? x} Sc_{1 + x} (MoO₄)₃, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 having NASICON structure (space group \(R\bar 3c\) ) and triple molybdate NaCo₃Sc(MoO₄)₅ crystallizing in triclinic system (space group \(P\bar 1\) ) have been obtained. The high conductivity of Na_{1 ? x} Co_{1 ? x} Sc_{1 + x} (MoO₄)₃ allows the phase of variable composition to be regarded as a promising sodium-ion conducting solid electrolyte.     

Crystal structure of Ag2TeS3 and Na(Na1−x Ag x )TeS3 (x≈0.5) and the geometry of Te(IV)S3 polyhedra

Summary Structural data determined by single crystal X-ray experiments (T=300 K) are reported for Ag₂TeS₃ (monoclinic, Cc-C _s ⁴ ;a=6.783(1),b=11.567(2),c=7.693(1) Å; =114.44(1)°;Z=4;R=0.044) and for Na(Na_1–x Ag _x )TeS₃ x0.5; monoclinic, P2₁/c-C _2h ⁵ ;a=5.761(9),b=12.171(8),c=8.342(4) Å; =92.26(6)°;Z=4;R=0.030). In both compounds the atomic arrangements are characterized by isolated trigonal pyramidal TeS₃ polyhedra, irregularly coordinated Ag and Na atoms forming AgS₄ and (Na, Ag)S₄ polyhedra, and slightly distorted NaS₆ octahedra. Crystals of both compounds were synthesized under moderate hydrothermal conditions from an equimolar mixture of the elements in concentrated aqueous ammonia and 5N NaOH solution, respectively.

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Kristallstruktur von Ag₂TeS₃ und Na(Na_1–x Ag _x )TeS₃ (x0.5) nebst einem Vergleich der Geometrie von TeS₃-Gruppen

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die mittels Röntgenbeugungsexperimenten an Einkristallen bei 300 K bestimmten Strukturen von Ag₂TeS₃ (monoklin Cc-C _s ⁴ ;a=6.783(1),b=11.567(2),c=7.693(1) Å; =114.44(1)°;Z=4;R=0.044) und Na(Na_1–x Ag _x )TeS₃ (x0.5; monoklin, P2₁/c-C _2h ⁵ ;a=5.761(9),b=12.171(8),c=8.342(4)Å; =92.26(6)°;Z=4;R=0.030) berichtet. In beiden Verbindungen ist die Atomanordnung durch isolierte trigonal-pyramidale TeS₃-Polyeder, unregelmäßig koordinierte Ag- und Na-Atome, AgS₄- und (Na, Ag)S₄-Polyeder bildend, sowie leicht verzerrte NaS₆-Oktaeder charakterisiert. Kristalle der beiden Verbindungen wurden unter moderaten Hydrothermalbedingungen aus einem equimolaren Gemenge der Elemente und konzentrierter wäßriger Ammoniaklösung bzw. 5N NaOH-Lösung gezüchtet.

     

Synthesis and crystal structure of a new paramagnetic complex salt of diprotonated dioxocyclam with PtCl 2− 4 and water (1:1:1)

The paramagnetic complex salt of diprotonated dioxocyclam (1,11-dihydro-5,7-dioxo-1,4,8,11tetra-azacyclotetradecane), Pt(II) tetrachloride and water has been synthesized in strongly acidic medium and identified by X-ray structure analysis. The crystals of [(C₁₀H₂₂N₄O₂)²⁺(PtCl₄)^2–]·H₂O are monoclinic, space groupP2₁ c,M _r=585.23,a=9.516(1) Å,b=11.926(1) Å,c=16.622(2) Å,=102.88(2)°,V=1839(1)ų,Z=4,D _x=2.114 g cm^–3, (MoK )=0.70930 Å,=83.1 cm^–1,F(000)=1128,T=292 K,R=0.019 for 2808 observed reflections withI > 3(I). Alternating moieties of diprotonated dioxocyclam and a PtCl _2– ⁴ anion form columns running down the c axis. Water molecules are localized in the intercolumnar space and contribute to the extensive hydrogen bond network. The macrocycle conformation is characterized by two sequences of torsional angles, corresponding to two different subunits. The shorter sequence idealized as (-sc, ap, -ac, + ac, ap, +sc) [sc( ±60°), ac( ±120°), ap(180°)], describing the C pseudosymmetric part of the molecule, is centered on a -CH₂ group between the two peptide O-C-N-H fragments. The opposite C pseudosymmetric subunit has a nearly (-sc, ac, -SC, ap)₂ conformation. Pt is square planar coordinated by four Cl atoms, Pt-Cl_ve = 2.306(8) Å. The shortest Pt ... Pt distance is 7.200(1) Å.     

Phosphates M 0.5(1 + x) 2+ Cr x Ti2 − x (PO4)3: Synthesis, structure, and catalytic properties

Complex phosphates of titanium, chromium, and metals(2+) of the general formula M_{0.5(1 + x} )Cr _x Ti_{2 ? x} (PO₄)₃ (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Ni, Sr, Ba, and Pb) were synthesized. Their phase formation was studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, differential thermal analysis, and IR spectroscopy. Individual phases and solid solutions crystallizing in kosnarite and langbeinite structure types were identified; their crystallographic parameters were calculated. The catalytic properties of phosphates Ca_{0.5(1 + x} )Cr _x Ti_{2 ? x} (PO₄)₃ in methanol conversion were studied.     

Atoms state and interatomic interactions in perovskite-like oxides: XXXII. Formation of paramagnetic clusters in the La1−0.33x Ca0.33x Fe x Al1−x O3 and La1−0.33x Sr0.33x Fe x Al1−x O3 solid solutions

Calcium- and strontium-containing lanthanum orthoferrites have been studied using magnetic dilution method. It has been shown that the iron-atom clusters with competing ferro- and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions can exist. By using Mossbauer spectroscopy, Fe(IV) atoms have been found in the La_1?0.33x Ca_0.33x Fe_xAl_1?x O₃ solid solutions and Fe(III) atoms in two different surroundings have been found in the La_1?0.33x Sr_0.33x Fe _x Al_1?x O₃ solid solutions. The compositions of paramagnetic clusters stable at the infinite dilution have been proposed basing of the magnetic susceptibility and Mossbauer spectroscopy data.     

Novel red-emitting phosphors, (Mg(1−x−y)MnxDyy)Al2Si2O8 and (Mg(1−x−y)MnxTmy)Al2Si2O8

Mn⁴⁺ doped and Dy³⁺, Tm³⁺ co-doped MgAl₂Si₂O₈-based phosphors were prepared by conventional solid state reaction at 1,300 °C. They were characterized by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, photoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The luminescence mechanism of the phosphors, which showed broad red emission bands in the range of 600–715 nm and had a different maximum intensity when activated by UV illumination, was discussed. Such a red emission can be attributed to the ²E → ⁴A₂ transitions of Mn⁴⁺.     

Synthesis and phase formation in M 0.5(1+x) 2+ FexTi2−x (PO4)3 phosphate series

New complex phosphates of titanium, iron, and alkaline-earth metals have been synthesized. X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and IR spectroscopy are used to study phase formation in the series of M_0.5(1+x)Fe_xTi_2?x (PO₄)₃ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphates. Individual compounds and solid solutions are found to crystallize in the NaZr₂(PO₄)₃ and K₂Mg₂(SO₄)₃ structure types. Their crystal parameters are calculated. CaFeTi(PO₄)₃ is studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy. Its structure is refined by the Rietveld method: space group $R\bar 3$ c, Z = 6, a = 8.5172(1), Å, c = 21.7739(4) Å, V = 1367.91(4) ų.