Optical and dielectric studies of solution grown glycinium maleate single crystal

Bulk single crystals of glycinium maleate have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method by optimizing the growth parameters within a period of 15 days. From X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystal was found to crystallize in monoclinic structure (space group C_2/c) with a = 17.866 Å, b = 5.684 Å, c = 17.408 Å and β = 112.65°. Presence of characteristic functional groups was confirmed in FTIR analysis. UV–Vis spectral analysis has revealed the absence of any high absorbance region between the wavelengths ranging from 300 to 900 nm. The optical band gap was calculated and found to be 3.91 eV. The activation energy for conduction at different frequencies was calculated and found to decrease from 0.54 eV to 0.41 eV as frequency increased from 100 Hz to 2 MHz. The dielectric behavior, conduction mechanism and the optical characterization of the glycinium maleate single crystals are being reported for the first time.     

Spectral, thermal and hardness studies on unidirectional grown dichlorido diglycine zinc dihydrate single crystal

Bulk semi-organic single crystal of dichlorido diglycine zinc dihydrate has been grown by unidirectional crystal growth method from aqueous solution. The phase of the grown crystal was identified using single crystal XRD analysis. The functional groups present in the crystal were confirmed using FTIR and ¹H NMR analysis. Transmission study shows 70% of transmission in the entire visible region, which reveals the good optical quality of the grown crystal. A stable broad peak in the range of violet-green emission was observed in the emission spectrum, which is due to the existence of defects in the crystal. The thermal and mechanical properties of the grown crystal were studied using TG/DTA and the Vickers microhardness tester, respectively.     

EPR and optical absorption studies of Cu and VO impurities in diammonium d-tartarate single crystal grown in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer

The study is extended by growing the Cu²⁺ and VO²⁺ doped diammmonium d-tartarate single crystal in buffered solution with different pH values and the results are discussed referring to the color center forming property by means of transition metal impurities which are stable point defects. XRD study shows that the crystals grown in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer with pH value of 5.9 which is smaller than that of water, the monoclinic symmetry of the crystal changes to orthorhombic and the number of paramagnetic centers is doubled. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters are determined and the ground state wave functions of Cu²⁺ ions are constructed. The optical absorption spectrum of both Cu²⁺ and VO²⁺ doped single crystals show three absorption bands corresponding to the splitting of d orbitals of metal ions in octahedral environment with tetragonal distorsion. Two of the bands lie in visible range and third one lies in infrared region.     

双光子吸收对光子晶体定向耦合全光开关的影响

 利用时域有限差分方法,在非线性条件下,考虑双光子吸收效应的同时,建立了分析2维光子晶体定向耦合波导光开关的模型。数值计算结果表明,对于长度较短的波导耦合器件,在强控制光和非线性条件下,双光子吸收效应会对波导的耦合作用产生一定的影响,从而改变入射光的透射特性,使光开关控制的动态过程发生变化。故而在设计全光开关器件时,对强控制光条件下的非线性双光子吸收效应有必要作为影响因素考虑进去。     

双光子吸收对光子晶体定向耦合全光开关的影响

利用时域有限差分方法,在非线性条件下,考虑双光子吸收效应的同时,建立了分析2维光子晶体定向耦合波导光开关的模型。数值计算结果表明,对于长度较短的波导耦合器件,在强控制光和非线性条件下,双光子吸收效应会对波导的耦合作用产生一定的影响,从而改变入射光的透射特性,使光开关控制的动态过程发生变化。故而在设计全光开关器件时,对强控制光条件下的非线性双光子吸收效应有必要作为影响因素考虑进去。     

Spectral studies on erbium doped potassium lithium tantalate niobate single crystal grown by the step-cooling technique

An erbium doped K_0.603Li_0.397Ta_0.428Nb_0.572O₃ single crystal was grown by the step-cooling technique. The crystal has a tetragonal tungsten bronze-type structure at room temperature with a Curie temperature of 303°C. There are Er ions characteristic absorption bands around 449, 485, 521, 550, and 652 nm in the visible absorption spectrum. Upconversion fluorescence spectra and power dependence centered at 527 nm, 548 nm, and 660 nm under 975 nm excitation were measured at room temperature. Decay lifetimes of the 548 nm and 660 nm emission bands are 281 μs and 420 μs, respectively. The lifetime of the 548 nm emission corresponding to the transition of ?⁴ S _3/2→⁴ I _15/2 is ten times the lifetime of the same transition of Er³⁺ in LiNbO₃ crystal and twice in KYb(WO₄)₂ crystal. The crystal might become a promising upconversion laser material. The upconversion mechanism of Er³⁺ in the sample was discussed based on decay curves and pump power dependence analyses in this work.     

EPR and optical absorption studies of vanadyl impurity in lithium hydrogen oxalate single crystal

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption studies of vanadyl ions in lithium hydrogen oxalate monohydrate single crystal and powder are reported at room temperature. Single crystal rotations in each of the three mutually orthogonal crystalline planes, $a{b}^1$, $b^1{c}^1$ and $a{c}^1$ indicate four different vanadyl complexes. The detailed investigation of EPR spectra indicates that one of the VO^{2 +} sites (the intense one) may enter the lattice substitutionally and the other three occupy the interstitial positions. From the angular variation, the spin Hamiltonian parameters are evaluated and discussed. The optical absorption spectrum shows four bands. From the optical and EPR data, various bonding parameters are determined and the nature of bonding in the crystal is discussed.     

Influence of two-photon absorption on bistable switching in a silicon photonic crystal microcavity

By employing a simplified nonlinear coupled mode theory, we discuss the influence of two-photon absorption (TPA) on the characteristics of bistable switching. It is revealed that the critical value of frequency detuning for bistability rises linearly with increasing TPA coefficient k (when k is less than 30), and eventually access to a saturated value. It is also found that TPA effect will be enhanced for a greater frequency detuning, especially when transmission reaches its peak value. As a result, the peak transmission will decrease monotonously with the increasing frequency detuning. Based on this simplified model, the TPA-induced temperature rise in microcavity is also estimated. The theoretical predictions show good agreement with the simultaneous results, as well as the proposed experimental phenomena.     

X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption studies of Hf-silicate dielectric layers

Photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements have been performed on HfSi_xO_y and HfSi_xO_yN_z dielectric layers, which are potential candidates as high-k transistor gate dielectrics. The hafnium silicate layers, 3-4 nm thick, were formed by codepositing HfO₂ and SiO₂ (50%:50%) by MOCVD at 485 °C on a silicon substrate following an IMEC clean. Annealing the HfSi_xO_y layer in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 °C resulted in an increase in the Si⁴⁺ chemical shift from 3.5 to 3.9 eV with respect to the Si⁰ peak. Annealing the hafnium silicate layer in a NH₃ atmosphere at 800 °C resulted in the incorporation of 10% nitrogen and the decrease in the chemical shift between the Si⁴⁺ and the Si⁰ to 3.3 eV. The results suggest that the inclusion of nitrogen in the silicate layer restricts the tendency of the HfO₂ and the SiO₂ to segregate into separate phases during the annealing step. Synchrotron radiation valence band photoemission studies determined that the valence band offsets were of the order of 3 eV. X-ray absorption measurements show that the band gap of these layers is 4.6 eV and that the magnitude of the conduction band offset is as little as 0.5 eV.     

EPR and optical absorption studies of vanadyl impurity in zinc potassium phosphate hexahydrate single crystal

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of VO²⁺ doped zinc potassium phosphate hexahydrate single crystal is carried out. The angular variation of the spectra is studied in the three crystallographic planes. The principal value of spin Hamiltonian parameters g and A and the direction cosines which principal axes make with the crystallographic axes are determined. The observed values are site I: g_∥=1.9664±0.0002, g_⊥=1.9973±0.0002, A_∥=150±2×10⁻⁴, A_⊥=60±2×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹; site II: g_∥=1.9276±0.0002, g_⊥=1.9921±0.0002, A_∥=155±2×10⁻⁴ and A_⊥=62±2×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹. By comparison of direction cosines of g from EPR with the direction cosines of different bonds obtained from crystal structure data it is ascertained that the VO²⁺ ion occupies Zn²⁺ substitutional sites. The optical absorption study of the crystal at room temperature is also carried out. The bands observed in the optical absorption spectrum are attributed to d-d transitions. The EPR results together with the optical data are employed to estimate the molecular orbital (MO) coefficients. These MO coefficients (also called bonding coefficients) are further used to discuss the nature of bonding of VO²⁺ ion with different ligands in the crystal.     

蓝宝石衬底上异质外延生长碳化硅薄膜的研究

报道了在蓝宝石(αAl2O3)衬底上采用atmosphericpressurechemicalvapor(APCVD)技术异质外延碳化硅薄膜材料的研究.通过引入ⅢⅤ族氮化物为中间的缓冲层,在C(0001)蓝宝石上成功地生长出SiC薄膜,经过四晶衍射分析,分别在3549°和7502°发现了6HSiC(0006)面和(00012)晶面族的对称衍射峰,显示SiC薄膜的晶体取向与(0001)面的衬底是相同的.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的观察显示薄膜表面连续、光滑,不要利用二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)方法对生长膜层在纵 关键词： 碳化硅 外延生长 化学汽相淀积     

Theoretical studies on the one- and two-photon absorption properties of azulenylporphyrins and azulene-fused porphyrins

The electronic structures, one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of the azulenylporphyrins and azulene-fused porphyrins have been comparatively studied by using DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) and the ZINDO/SDCI method. With the number of azulenyl groups increasing, the OPA wavelengths of all molecules are red-shifted in 400--600~nm and the two-photon absorption cross section is gradually enlarged. The azulene-fused structures facilitate an expanding conjugated area and increasing TPA cross section. The origin of TPA properties of studied compounds is studied with a two-level model. In summary, the azulene-fused porphyrins exhibit strong two-photon absorption.     

Effect of zinc chloride on structural, optical and dielectric behavior of solution grown anthracene crystal

Pure and ZnCl₂ doped anthracene (AN & ANZ) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation method. In XRD studies a shift in peaks towards higher theta value and change in preferred orientation from (0 0 1) to (0 0 2) were observed as a result of doping. UV-vis spectra show a blueshift of various peaks in ANZ. Remarkable increases in dielectric constant and AC conductivity were observed along with a structure related phase transition at 40 °C in ANZ at atmospheric pressure itself. Good fluorescence properties with a strong green emission were observed in photoluminescence studies.     

Growth,structural, spectral and optical studies on 2,4-dinitrophenol organic single crystal

Single crystals of 2,4-dinitrophenol were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique in room temperature. Crystallinity of the grown crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction technique. UV transmission study shows the good optical transmission in the entire visible region. The dielectric loss is very low at high frequency which shows that the crystal contains low level defects. Photoconductivity reveals the positive nature of the photocurrent in these crystals. The powder second harmonic generation test was also carried out using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.     

Photoelastic studies on ammonium Rochelle salt single crystal

Elastooptic measurements at room temperature on single crystals of ammonium Rochelle salt (ARS) which belongs to the Class 222 (D₂) of orthorhombic system and is isomorphous with Rochelle salt in its non-polar phase, have been made at 5890 Å. The values of all the photoelastic tensors, q_ij and p_ij of (ARS) at 5890 Å are reported. These constants have been determined from the measurements of relative and absolute path retardations produced in crystal prisms of various orientations when subjected to linear stresses using the birefringent compensator method and a modified form of Rayleigh refractometer respectively. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the principal refractive indices and birefringences of (ARS) has also been deduced.     

Photoluminescence, optical absorption and XRD studies on X-ray irradiated terbium doped KBr crystals

This paper reports the optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL), XRD, SEM studies made on KBr:Tb³⁺ crystals. The integrated light intensity is enhanced by about two orders of magnitude as compared to the undoped samples in spite of some OH^- present in the samples. PL of these crystals exhibits characteristic Tb³⁺ emissions due to transitions from the ⁵D₃ to ⁵D₄ levels to various levels of the ⁷F septet on F-bleaching X-ray irradiated crystals Z₃ centers are observed. The bands observed in the emission spectra of Tb³⁺ doped KBr are found to be shifted to higher wavelength. The stokes-shift of KBr:Tb³⁺ is determined and it is found to have a large value. The XRD studies have been made to determine the crystalline structure of KBr and KBr:Tb³⁺ and also the Miller indices. The SEM studies made reveal the presence of microcrystalline structure.     

Structural, optical and dielectric studies of glycinium trifluoroacetate single crystal

An organic material glycinium trifluoroacetate (GTFA) has been re-synthesized and large single crystals have been grown by solution technique. Complete structure of GTFA has been redetermined from single crystal XRD data. FTIR confirmed the presence of various functional groups. Melting point (152.44 °C), thermal stability and specific heat were studied from TG/ DTA and DSC. In UV absorption spectra, a lower cutoff value as 220 nm and a wide band gap as 4.86 eV for GTFA were observed. The dielectric studies, dielectric constant and loss were measured at different temperatures (30-90 °C) in the frequency range 100 Hz-2 MHz.     

Stimulated emission and excited state absorption in neodymium-doped CaNb2O6 single crystal fibers grown by the LHPG technique

This work presents the structural and spectroscopic characterization of undoped and neodymium doped CaNb²O⁶ single crystal fibers grown by the low cost and versatile Laser Heated Pedestal Growth technique. To evaluate the potentialities of doped fibers, polarized absorption (^{GSA,max 809nm} = 5.85×10^–20cm² with FWHM = 18 nm), luminescence and lifetime (^exp = 145 s) measurements were taken, and radiative properties were also assessed by the Judd–Ofelt approach. The gain (^SE–^ESA) spectrum was measured using the pump-probe technique and stimulated emission was observed at 1.064 m with (^{SE, max 1.064 m} = 7.2× 10^–20 cm² and FWHM = 12 nm). The results are comparable to those of other well known niobate bulk laser crystals, but the easier, cheaper and faster growth of compact CaNb²O⁶:Nd³⁺ single crystal fibers makes them more attractive media for compact optical devices, such as diode laser pumped miniature lasers in the near infrared region.This revised version was published online in March 2005. In the previous version, the published online date was missing