分立式与分布式光纤传感关键技术研究进展

光纤传感技术已广泛应用于航空航天、石油化工、电子电力、土木工程、生物医药等领域,其技术形式主要体现为分立式和分布式.分立式光纤传感技术利用光纤敏感器件作为传感器来感知被测参量的变化,光纤作为光信号的传输通道连接光纤传感器及后端的解调装置;分布式光纤传感系统基于光纤瑞利散射、拉曼散射或布里渊散射等光学效应,利用光纤本身作为传感器,可对沿途的光信号进行大范围、长距离传感.本文介绍了分立式与分布式光纤传感中主要关键技术的研究进展,并对未来的研究和发展方向进行了探讨.     

Photonic Engineering Group of the University of Cantabria: Recent R&D Contributions in Photonic Sensing Technology

The recent research and development results of the Photonic Engineering Group in the photonic sensing field are reported. This article includes a sample of contributions in several of the ongoing R&D lines: fiber sensing using Bragg grating technology; gas sensing, high temperature monitoring; optoelectronic instrumentation for laser welding monitoring; fiber active devices; and, finally, on sensing technology using plastic optical fiber.     

Photonic Engineering Group of the University of Cantabria: Recent R&D Contributions in Photonic Sensing Technology

The recent research and development results of the Photonic Engineering Group in the photonic sensing field are reported. This article includes a sample of contributions in several of the ongoing R&D lines: fiber sensing using Bragg grating technology; gas sensing, high temperature monitoring; optoelectronic instrumentation for laser welding monitoring; fiber active devices; and, finally, on sensing technology using plastic optical fiber.     

Smart City Surveillance Through Low-Cost Fiber Sensors in Metropolitan Optical Networks

Abstract

A continuously growing number of municipalities has optical fiber networks supporting communications at their disposal. These fiber installations can also be utilized to convey low data optical signals from a large number of deployed sensing elements, usually positioned in critical infrastructure locations, providing a variety of useful information. Such information can be used in the context of a “smart city” to provide citizens with higher-level services or even to proactively ensure public security and safety. This work demonstrates a fiber sensing network based on low-cost fiber Bragg grating sensors that are able to appropriately oversee diverse monitoring parameters.     

非均匀光纤光栅响应特性的研究

光纤栅在未来光纤通信与光纤传感系统中将关键性作用。本文进行了不同线型光栅迹与喃啾 等波导结构参数下的非均匀光纤光栅响应特性的数值计算,并通过对光栅响应不对称性的研究讨论,提出了光栅响应对称性的两个一般条件。     

Investigation of cladding and coating stripping methods for specialty optical fibers

Fiber optic sensing technology is used extensively in several engineering fields, including smart structures, health and usage monitoring, non-destructive testing, minimum invasive sensing, safety monitoring, and other advanced measurement fields. A general optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and coating layers. Many sensing principles require that the cladding or coating layer should be removed or modified. In addition, since different sensing systems are needed for different types of optical fibers, it is very important to find and sort out the suitable cladding or coating removal method for a particular fiber. This study focuses on finding the cladding and coating stripping methods for four recent specialty optical fibers, namely: hard polymer-clad fiber, graded-index plastic optical fiber, copper/carbon-coated optical fiber, and aluminum-coated optical fiber. Several methods, including novel laser stripping and conventional chemical and mechanical stripping, were tried to determine the most suitable and efficient technique. Microscopic investigation of the fiber surfaces was used to visually evaluate the mechanical reliability. Optical time domain reflectometric signals of the successful removal cases were investigated to further examine the optical reliability. Based on our results, we describe and summarize the successful and unsuccessful methods.     

基于光谱吸收型光纤传感器的煤矿瓦斯测量技术

甲烷是瓦斯的主要成分,是易燃易爆的气体。介绍了瓦斯的光谱特性以及光谱吸收法测量甲烷气体浓度的原理,给出了光谱吸收型光纤瓦斯气体传感器的主要进展和技术路径,包括差分吸收测量法和谐波吸收测量法。通过分析可看出,光谱吸收型光纤瓦斯传感器以其优良的特性得到了广泛关注,其中差分吸收法的抗干扰能力强,系统可靠性高,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

基于光纤反射腔的高灵敏电流传感器方案

提出了一种基于平面Y分支波导与法拉第旋镜的高灵敏度光纤电流传感器结构方案。利用两个法拉第旋镜与平面Y分支波导构成一个光纤反射腔,通过光在腔中的多次反射来增加待测电流导致的传感光纤中的法拉第相移,从而实现对微弱电流的测量。该结构方案中首次采用了平面Y分支光波导,从而可降低光路系统损耗,增加灵敏度,为微弱电流测量的工程化提供了一种可行的方法。     

倏逝波型光纤气体传感器研究进展

介绍了倏逝波的概念和反映倏逝波光纤气体传感特性的穿透深度参数Z_m。讨论了D形、锥形、纤芯裸露形、纤芯失配型和微结构光纤等不同倏逝波型气体传感的原理和特点,评述了其最新研究进展,对比分析了各传感器的优缺点。对倏逝波型光纤气体传感器的发展趋势进行了展望。     

基于光纤微结构加工和敏感材料物理融合的光纤传感技术

将功能敏感材料与光纤在物理层面进行有机融合,充分发挥光纤传感器在结构集成、材料集成等方面的优势,将有望发展新型的光纤传感器件和系统.本文综述了飞秒激光光纤微加工技术分别在标准的单模光纤和光纤光栅上制备微结构,再结合敏感材料制备技术,实现在物理层面上光纤传感器材料和结构的集成和融合,探索实现新型高性能的光纤传感新技术.     

空芯光纤气体传感气室的优化设计

波导式光学吸收腔在气体和液体浓度测量等领域有广泛的应用前景。空芯光纤作为光学吸收腔具有很多优点。空芯光纤的参数与传感系统的性能有直接的关系。提出了一种能同时考虑空芯光纤的损耗和系统信噪比的数学模型。从理论上分析了光纤的长度、内径、目标气体浓度以及输入光场能量分布等因素对传感系统信号输出强度和灵敏度的影响。给出的最优化参数为提高系统灵敏度和补偿系统误差提供了参考。     

一种准分布式光纤光栅漏油传感器

分别对两种结构的传感头组成的分布式光纤Bragg光栅漏油传感器进行实验后得出,具有限位装置的传感头组成的传感系统综合性能好于由另一种结构传感头组成的传感系统。具有限位装置的传感头不仅有较好的漏油检测响应性能,而且能防止相邻信号间的串扰,同时能很好保护光纤光栅不被拉断,更重要的是它受温度干扰较小。     

基于表面等离子体共振原理的空芯光纤传感器

设计了一种基于表面等离子体共振原理,使用空芯光纤作为光波导、外表面镀金属膜的光学材料圆柱体作为探头的新型折射率传感器。通过建立光学模型进行分析,在理论上推导出了这种传感器的传输光谱损耗公式,并针对该传感器在不同的光纤长度、探头材料、检测物质折射率等参数设置下的检测性能进行了分析,获得了各种参数对其性能的影响。由于该传感器可针对不同折射率的检测物质灵活地更换合适探头材料,相对于传统的表面等离子体共振光纤传感器,在易用性和性价比等方面具有更好的应用价值。     

基于光纤的溶解氧浓度荧光测定法

针对溶解氧浓度微量探测的现实需求,提出了一种基于荧光猝灭原理、利用多孔光纤实现的溶解氧浓度测定新方法。该方法将钌联吡啶[Ru（dpp）₃]Cl₂掺杂的凝胶薄膜修饰在多孔光纤的内壁上,制备了一种溶解氧测定探头并对其测试性能进行表征。光纤贯穿整个长度的孔洞结构既可以作为敏感膜的载体,也可以作为待测物流过的通道和反应场所。与传统测试方法相比,该测试探头的多孔道结构显著提高了比表面积,指示剂可以与溶解氧直接反应,提高了探头的敏感性并且具有微量探测的潜力。实验结果表明,在0~20 mg/L的浓度范围内,Stern-Volmer曲线近似线性,响应敏感度I₀/I为3.6,响应时间为200 ms。该测试方法在溶解氧微量探测领域具有重要用途。     

光纤振动传感器探头的设计

提出和论述了一种光纤振动传感器的原理和探头设计方法。使用悬臂梁来遮挡反射回光纤的光 ,用光强度调制来实现振动信号的测量。这种传感探头只需一根光纤引出 ,紧凑小巧 ,易于安装调试。结果表明 ,这种光纤振动传感器传感头是可靠而耐用的 ,长时间工作稳定 ,抗外界干扰强 ,易制作 ,易安装。     

Optical Fiber Sensor Technology in Portugal

A general overview of the R&D activity in fiber optic sensing developed over the last fifteen years in Portugal is given. Different topics are addressed, including interferometric, intensity and Bragg grating based fiber optic sensors, signal processing and multiplexing techniques, optical current sensors, together with some references to field trials and applications. Possible guidelines for present and future national R&D activity on this subject are outlined.     

线性双折射对光纤电流互感器影响的研究

应用琼斯矩阵理论分析传感光纤中残余线性双折射对光纤电流互感器测量精度的影响。根据干涉结果得到在传感光纤中加入大量圆双折射可以抑制残余线性双折射,并提出有效的减小线性双折射误差的方法。     

基于LabVIEW的多点串联光纤传感系统设计

设计了一种远程多点光纤传感系统用于大范围对象测量,其结构为一个本地控制节点通过双向光纤链路串联所有远端传感节点。在本地控制节点共享光源、光电检测器等光电器件,并结合虚拟仪器实现数据处理电路;而远端传感节点仅包含敏感元件、无源光器件构成的光路,并能直接实现时分复用。以3节点系统的甲烷气体检测为例进行实验和计算,结果证明该方案能够有效工作,通过循环检测可使首个传感节点的相对误差降至0．2％以下。     

基于光纤环形激光器和光放大的100 km光纤布拉格光栅传感系统

在基于掺铒光纤-拉曼混合放大的可调光纤环形激光器的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感系统结构基础上,提出了延长传感距离的新方法。该方法以环形掺铒光纤激光器作为光源,采用双波长拉曼放大的方法对信号进行低噪声的双向放大,系统中间的两段掺铒光纤再利用剩余的抽运功率产生自发辐射光和放大传感信号,使得整个系统能够在超长的传感距离上获得很高的信噪比。实验表明使用一只40 mW的掺铒光纤放大(EDFA)抽运源、一只170 mW的拉曼抽运源和一只2 W的拉曼抽运源,可以使整个系统的传感距离达到100km,并且传感系统的光纤布拉格光栅反射信号均能获得超过57 dB的优良信噪比,从而实现在超长距离上的光纤布拉格光栅传感。     

Optical Fiber Sensor Technology in Portugal

Abstract

A general overview of the R&D activity in fiber optic sensing developed over the last fifteen years in Portugal is given. Different topics are addressed, including interferometric, intensity and Bragg grating based fiber optic sensors, signal processing and multiplexing techniques, optical current sensors, together with some references to field trials and applications. Possible guidelines for present and future national R&D activity on this subject are outlined.