Nuclear resonance scattering studies on238U using a dense series of γ-ray photons

Using the¹⁸¹Ta(n, γ) and¹⁴¹Pr(n, γ) reactions to provide a dense series of intenseγ-rays, photoexcitation of the²³⁸U nucleus has been studied in the 4–7 MeV range. It is shown that most of the effective cross sections are in line with an average strength function as given by the GDR Lorentzian line superimposed by Porter-Thomas fluctuations. Resonances of nonstatistical strength are found close to 5.2 MeV.     

Nuclear excitation and prompt fission in muonic238U

A study of muonic²³⁸U has been performed in a combined (μ ^?,γ f) and (μ ^?,γγ) coincidence experiment to investigate the role of non-radiative transitions and their fission probabilities. An augmentation of the outer fission barrier ofΔE _b =(0.6±0.1) MeV due to the presence of the muon is deduced. A significant contribution to the prompt fission yield not only results from the (2p→1s) and (3d→1s) non-radiative transitions, but also from other radiationless transitions. Specifically, the measured fission probabilities of the transitions (2p→1s), (3d→1s), and (3p→1s) are (1.5±0.4)%, (5.7±1.7)%, and (5.3±1.9)%, respectively.     

Nuclear resonance fluorescence in121Sb

Usingγ quanta from a⁵⁶Co source, resonance fluorescence from a 3,452 keV level in¹²¹Sb was observed. Four deexcitingγ transitions were identified. The profile of theγ emission line, investigated by means of a high speed centrifuge, yields with a novel variety of Doppler shift analysis a lifetime of τ_4,298=(110±50)fs for theγ emitting 4,298 keV level in⁵⁶Fe. The lifetime of the 3,452 keV level was determined to beτ _3,452 =(200±100)fs.     

可控高速旋转的纳米线和纳米线微型电动机

文章报道了一种通过在微型电极上加交流电场，实现有控制地高速度转动纳米线的通用方法．纳米线的转动可以被瞬时启动或瞬时停止，转动速度（每分钟至少可达1800rpm），方向和总转动角度都可被精确控制．文章作者推导出了流体阻力在不同长度纳米线上施加的转矩，还用一根转动的纳米线作为微型电动机，推动灰尘颗粒做圆周运动．这种方法可以被用来转动磁性的或者非磁性的纳米线，甚至碳纳米管．这和微流机械，微搅动机，以及MEMS的关系显而易见．     

可控高速旋转的纳米线和纳米线微型电动机

文章报道了一种通过在微型电极上加交流电场,实现有控制地高速度转动纳米线的通用方法.纳米线的转动可以被瞬时启动或瞬时停止,转动速度（每分钟至少可达1800 rpm）,方向和总转动角度都可被精确控制.文章作者推导出了流体阻力在不同长度纳米线上施加的转矩,还用一根转动的纳米线作为微型电动机,推动灰尘颗粒做圆周运动.这种方法可以被用来转动磁性的或者非磁性的纳米线,甚至碳纳米管.这和微流机械,微搅动机,以及MEMS的关系显而易见.     

236U and 238U fission induced by linearly polarized photons in the region of a giant dipole resonance

The asymmetry Σ in ²³⁶U and ²³⁸U photofission induced by linearly polarized photons obtained by passing electrons through a silicon crystal under conditions close to the conditions of planar channeling is measured. This asymmetry is found to depend on the mass of the nucleus. The measured asymmetry is compared with data from other studies performed either with a polarized or an unpolarized photon beam. It is shown that the asymmetry value cannot be explained by a dominant role of any of the dipole fission channels, but that it is in accord with the currently prevalent idea that E1 transitions play the most important part in the energy region under investigation. It is assumed that the asymmetry Σ is sensitive to the relative height of the inner and the outer hump of the fission barrier, and this is manifested in the distinctions between the asymmetry values for nuclei having the same Z.     

Nuclear rotation for low and high spin values

It is shown that a rigorous application of the Peierls-Yoccoz angular momentum projection method leads, in the case ofK=0 rotational bands, to a simple exact expression for the projected energyE _I , which may be especially suitable for numerical calculations. On the basis of this energy law and without making any assumption for the overlapsn(Β) andh(Β), a finite expansion ofE _I in powers ofI( _I +1) is obtained and discussed. Using this finite series a microscopical variable moment of inertia model is presented.     

Heavy-ion potentials for ellipsoidally deformed nuclei and application to the system 238U + 238U

The nuclear potential between deformed nuclei is calculated within the framework of the double-folding model. An analytical expression for the potential is obtained on condition that the two-body interaction is of gaussian type and the nuclear densities have ellipsoidal equidensity surfaces. The computed potential values are used for a least-square fit of the radial potentials in a multipole expansion of the heavy-ion potential. The method is applied for the calculation of the ²³⁸U + ²³⁸U potential.     

238U photofission in the energy region of the giant dipole resonance

²³⁸U photofission is studied in the region of nuclear excitation energies that extends up to 20 MeV. Independent photofission-fragment yields and cumulative photofission-fragment yields after the emission of fast neutrons are measured by gamma-spectroscopy methods. The mass distributions of photofission fragments are obtained at the endpoint bremsstrahlung energies of 19.5, 29.1, 48.3, and 67.7 MeV. A comparative analysis of the behavior of the symmetric and asymmetric modes of photoninduced fission as a function of the average excitation energy of the fissioning nucleus is performed. The integrated yield of ²³⁸U photofission is calculated, and the evaluated cross sections for photofission and for photoneutron reactions are discussed.     

Potential pockets in the238U+238U system and their possible consequences

Within the double-folding model the separation, shape, and orientation dependence of the interaction potential is studied for two heavy ions. An effective nucleon-nucleon interaction (M3Y) derived fromG-matrix elements and based upon the Reid soft-core potential is used. Deformed Fermi-type matter densities with static quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations were utilized. The model is applied to the²³⁸U+²³⁸U system and shows dramatic dependence on the deformations and orientations.     

Cross sections for nuclear reactions in collisions of238U+238U and238U +197Au near and below the coulomb barrier

Cross sections for nuclear reactions at beam energies near and below the spherical Coulomb barrier V _c were measured in the very heavy collision systems²³⁸U +²³⁸U and²³⁸U +¹⁹⁷Au. The most probable reaction channel with mass transfer is the one-neutron transfer. Its excitation function is understood in terms of Rutherford trajectories together with the quantal process of neutron tunnelling over large distances. In addition, the exchange of up to 15 nucleons is observed down to 0.90 V _c . The excitation functions for the multi-nucleon transfer products have much steeper slopes than that for one-neutron transfer, and are steeper for²³⁸U +¹⁹⁷Au than for²³⁸U +²³⁸U, suggesting that nuclear contact is established in the associated collisions. The angular distribution for one selected multi-nucleon transfer product,²²⁷Th, shows that its formation occurs in more central collisions within contact times shorter than about 10^?21 s. There is no evidence for very longlived di-nuclear systems in the these reactions.     

Light charged particle emission and fission in238U+238U collisions at 1,740 MeV

Inclusive⁴He and⁴H energy spectra and heavy fragment coincidence correlations have been measured for reactions of 7.31 MeV/u²³⁸U with²³⁸U and^?197Au targets. The H/He production cross sections are in the range 15–26 mb, and their emission spectra are very similar for the two systems. The observed strong kinematic shifts with angle are reproduced in shape and magnitude by Monte Carlo simulations of particle evaporation from projectile-like and target-like fragments, indicating competition between charged particle emission and sequential fission. No evidence is found for high energy charged particle emission associated with ultra-highZ composite systems. Heavy fragment measurements indicate an abundance of quasielastic and deeply inelastic reaction fragments, as well as sequential fission of target and projectile nuclei. For²³⁸U nuclei, the fission occurs predominantly in an asymmetric mode, reminiscent of fission at low excitation energy. For²³⁸+²³⁸U reactions in the vicinity of the grazing angle, the frequency of single sequential fission (with survival of the partner fragment) is twice as large as double sequential fission in which both the target and projectile undergo fission. In²³⁸U+¹⁹⁷Au reactions, the survival probability of the heavy fragments is even greater. The surprisingly high survival probabilities of high-Z fragments imply a preponderance of very soft collisions in these very-heavy-ion reactions, at least at energies not very far over the Coulomb barrier.     

Nuclear resonance fluorescence in94Mo,95Mo and96Mo

Using gaseous sources of Tc₂O₇ containing the radioactive isotopes⁹⁴Tc,⁹⁵Tc and⁹⁶Tc, levels at 871.0keV (⁹⁴Mo), 765.8, 820.6, 947.8, 1074.0keV (⁹⁵Mo) and 778.3keV (⁹⁶Mo) have been excited. From the effective cross sections for nuclear resonance scattering and from the lifetimes of the 947.8, 1074.0 and 778.3keV levels known from Coulomb excitation experiments the profiles of theγ-lines have been determined. A broadening of theγ-lines due to Coulomb explosion of the molecules has been observed. Making use of the line profiles, lifetimes ofΤ=(6.4±1.0) ps andΤ=(0.90 ± 0.20) ps have been determined for the 765.8 and 820.6keV levels, respectively. The angular distribution of the resonantly scattered radiation yields an amplitude ratioδ for the mixed M1 E2 765.8keV transition ofδ=0.14 _?0.009 ^+0.08 . TheB(E2) from a Coulomb excitation experiment and the lifetimeΤ from the present experiment yield ¦δ¦=0.07±0.01 for the 820.6keV transition.     

Nuclear resonance fluorescence from the 58keV level in159Tb

The half-life of the 58keV level of¹⁵⁹Tb was determined by classical resonance absorption using the centrifuge technique and by Mössbauer spectroscopy measuring the natural line width and found to beτ _1/2=(58±10)ps. Mössbauer spectra for Tb and Tb₂O₃ absorbers and for Dy₂O₃ and GdFe₂ sources were investigated for temperatures between 9 and 385 K. Results for hyperfine interactions and Debye Waller factors are given. The Debye Waller factors are compared with predictions obtained from other experimental results.     

Nuclear acoustic resonance in tantalum at high magnetic fields

Nuclear acoustic resonance has been observed at much higher magnetic fields than previously reported for nonmagnetic materials. Marked differences between the Δm = 1 and the Δm = 2 line shapes in tantalum were noted.     

General collective model and its application to 92 238 U

A general collective model is presented that includes all possible cases, like vibrational, rotational andγ-unstable nuclei. Collective properties are illustrated by the Potential-Energy-Surface (PES), describing all deformation effects of the nucleus. The model is applied to the case of ₉₂ ²³⁸ U, where very high-spin states are known from experiment.     

Range and energy-loss measurement of238U in Makrofol-N using CR-39 track detector

A simple experimental technique has been described for measuring range and energy-loss of any heavy ion in any complex medium with the help of a sensitive solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). In this paper we present the results obtained from our measurements of ranges and energy-loss of 16.34 MeV/u²³⁸U in Makrofol-N using CR-39 track detector. Experimental ranges are compared with the corresponding theoretical values. The significance and scope of the present work are discussed.     

One- and two-photon resonance fluorescence of a three-level atom at high photon densities

We consider the possible physical processes that may arise in a three-level atom when only two of its levels interact with a strong electromagnetic field and when the atomic transition frequency is nearly equal to once and twice the frequency of the laser field, respectively. There have been found pronounced cooperative effects in the spectrum of the two-level system, which is in resonance with the laser field, arising from the presence of the third level. The excitation spectra describing the transitions from the first excited state into the second excited state and from that to the ground state consist, apart from the two central peaks, of two pairs of sidebands which are induced by the laser field of the neighbouring system. Detailed expressions of the spectral functions for the physical processes of one- and two-photon resonance fluorescence have been derived and discussed in the limit of high photon densities. The excitation spectrum of the low frequency modes has been considered and discussed in detail. It is found that quantum beats in spontaneous emission may appear in the spectra of the one- and two-photon resonance fluorescence arising from the interference between the two atomic transition frequencies and the frequency of the laser field. The importance of the low frequency modes that occur in the processes in question has been pointed out.