Radioiodination and biodistribution of isolated lawsone compound from Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaves extract

Lawsonia inermis (henna) is one of the most effective medicinal plants and it has been using for treatment of wounds and burns for centuries. The using of Henna leaves is very popular for cosmetic as well as medicine in many countries. Henna leaves contain lots of different compounds and lawsone (LW) is the main one. In current study, extraction with bidistillated water of henna leaves was performed and LW was isolated by using high performance liquid chromatography system. Chemical structure of LW was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance method. LW was radiolabeled with iodine-131 (¹³¹I) radionuclide which is well known for nuclear imaging and therapy in nuclear medicine by utilizing iodogen method. The yield of radiolabeling of LW (¹³¹I-LW) was calculated as 92.70 ± 4.312 % (n = 10) by thin layer radio chromatography. Its in vivo biological activity was investigated by biodistribution studies which were performed by using healthy female and male Balb/C mice. According to results of biodistribution, uptake of ¹³¹I labeled LW compound in uterus, breast and ovary for female mice and prostate in male mice was higher than other organs in the body.     

SPME-GC-MS analysis of commercial henna samples (Lawsonia inermis L.)

The aim of this work was to provide a characterisation of volatile constituents from different commercial batches of henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves of different geographic origin. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for the purpose. A total of 72 components were identified by GC–MS in the headspace of different henna samples which proved to differ considerably from each other, because they were characterised by different classes of components, mainly aliphatic compounds (9.0–64.7%), terpenoids (5.8–45.5%) and aromatics (7.9–45.2%), with alkanes (0.9–18.5%), aldehydes (2.1–18.8%) and carboxylic acids (3.1–29.3%), monoterpenes (3.4–30.0%) and sesquiterpenes (0.8–23.7%) and phenyl propanoids (0.6–43.1%), being the most abundant, respectively. Major representatives of these groups were n-hexadecane (0.5–4.7%), (2E)-hexenal (0.5–11.7%) and acetic acid (2.8–24.5%), limonene (0.8–14.7%), carvol (3.8–7.1%), geranyl acetone (1.4–7.9%) and (E)-caryophyllene (3.3–8.4%), and (E)-anethole (0.6–35.0%), respectively. We assume that factors such as the manufacturing process, the storage conditions and the different geographic origin of the samples may contribute to such variability.     

Biochemical study for the effect of henna (Lawsonia inermis) on Escherichia coli

Leaf samples of Lawsonia inermis (Li) were examined for their antimicrobial potential. Broth extracts in different concentrations were prepared and bioassayed in vitro for the growth of Escherichia coli. The growth of E. coli pathogen was inhibited to various degrees by increasing the concentration of the herbal powder. In addition to the observed alterations which were detected electrophoretically in the protein pattern, were activities of the amylase enzyme and glycoprotein fractions. The protein pattern has one common band of Rf 0.47 and two characteristic bands of Rf 0.36 and Rf 0.42 for E. coli sample. The quantitative mutation was observed in the bacteria with different concentrations of L. inermis compared with the control. Some types of proteins in E. coli completely disappeared upon being S.I affected. The amylase pattern showed one common band with Rf 0.037 and two characteristic bands with Rf 0.18 and Rf 0.37 for E. coli sample. The obvious quantitative mutation observed in bacteria with different concentrations of L. inermis compared with E. coli. The glycoprotein pattern recorded one common band at R₁ with Rf 0.94 for E. coli sample and bacteria inoculated with different concentrations of L. inermis. These results confirmed the antibacterial activity of henna leaves and supported the traditional use of the plant in therapy of bacterial infections and disturbances that occurred at the biochemical level. The broth extract of the L. inermis leaves showed obvious antibacterial activity against E. coli.     

Electrochemical studies on lawsone and its determination in henna (Lawsonia inermis) extract using glassy carbon electrode

The electrochemical behaviour of lawsone at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated by using cyclic and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (DPASV) techniques. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the influence of pH on the peak current and peak potential. The Mcllavnie’s buffer of pH 3.0 was selected as a suitable analytical medium in which lawsone exhibited sensitive diffusion controlled redox peaks (vs. Ag/AgCl). The peak current varied linearly with lawsone concentration in the range between 0.60 and 1.40 μM with a detection limit of 6 nM. The applicability of the proposed method was illustrated by the determination of lawsone present in real samples. A mean recovery of lawsone in the leaf of Lawsonia inermis was 99.5% with a relative standard deviation of 1.15%.     

Effect of mercerization and gamma irradiation on the dyeing behaviour of cotton using stilbene based direct dye

The dyeing behaviour of mercerized and gamma irradiated cotton fabric using stilbene based direct dye has been investigated. The fabric was treated with different concentrations of alkali to optimize the mercerization. The optimum mercerized cotton fabric was irradiated to absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. Dyeing was performed using irradiated and un-irradiated cotton with dye solutions. The dyeing parameters such as temperature, time of dyeing, pH of dyeing solutions and salt concentration were optimized. The colour strength values of dyed fabrics were evaluated by comparing irradiated and un-irradiated cotton in CIE Lab system using Spectra flash SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organization (ISO) were employed to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the colourfastness properties of dyed fabric. It was found that mercerized and irradiated cotton have not only improved the colour strength but enhanced the rating of fastness properties also.     

Improvement of colour strength and colourfastness properties of gamma irradiated cotton using reactive black-5

The dyeing behaviour of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Black-5 dye powder has been investigated. The mercerized, bleached and plain weaved cotton fabric was irradiated to different absorbed doses of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 Gy using Co-60 gamma irradiator. Dyeing was performed using irradiated and un-irradiated cotton with dye solutions. The dyeing parameters such as temperature of dyeing, time of dyeing and pH of dyeing solutions were optimised. The colour strength values of dyed fabrics were evaluated by comparing irradiated and un-irradiated cotton in CIE Lab system using Spectra flash SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organisation (ISO) were employed to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the colourfastness properties of dyed fabric. It is found that gamma irradiated cotton dyed with Reactive Black-5 has not only improved the colour strength but also enhanced the rating of fastness properties.     

Influence of gamma radiation on the colour strength and fastness properties of fabric using turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) as natural dye

The effect of gamma radiation on the dyeing of cotton with extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder has been investigated. Cotton fabric and turmeric powder were irradiated to absorbed doses of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator. Dyeing parameters such as temperature, pH and mordant concentration were optimized. Dyeing was performed using un-irradiated and irradiated cotton with the extracts of un-irradiated and irradiated turmeric powder in order to investigate the effect of radiation treatment on the colour strength of dyed fabric. The reported data of un-irradiated and irradiated fabrics dyed with un-irradiated and irradiated dyes were obtained using the spectraflash SF-650. The colourfastness to light, rubbing- and washing-fastness properties showed that gamma irradiation has improved the dyeing characteristics from fair to good.     

Physical properties of gamma irradiated poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel preparations

Poly(vinyl alcohol) films from 15% w/w aqueous solutions and a thickness of 0.2 mm were selected for this study. The films were first humidified and then acetalized and/or gamma irradiated. Then, their physical properties were tested. Tensile strength of the hydrogel films reached its maximum value in samples irradiated with a 80 kGy dose, in the case of acetalized films the dose necessary for maximum tensile strength was only 40 kGy. The combination of acetalization with formaldehyde and gamma radiation produced an elastic hydrogel with good tackiness and excellent mechanical and thermal strength.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation essential oil extracted from Rumex Crispus leaves using definitive screening design

Conversion of nonfood natural products to value-added products is an important work, which is going on worldwide. In addition, to obtain a product with better quality, a sufficient separation method is helpful to improve its utilization value by using effective, rapid and environmentally friendly techniques. Thus in this work, the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) process of essential oils from important natural plant Rumex Crispus leaves was investigated. The experimental design and extraction conditions were optimized using a definitive screening design. The yield of essential oils of 4.67 ± 0.02 % was investigated under the optimum conditions; 534.89 W of microwave power, 23.48 min of hydrodistillation time and 4.5 mL/g of the volume of water to plant mass ratio. Under these conditions, the essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results revealed that the essential oil extracted by MAHD possessed high quality as proved by its higher percentage of oxygenated compounds. In addition, α-santol (29.63 %) and β-santol (25.60 %) are the primary components of oxygenated compounds in essential oils. In conclusion, the MAHD was successfully employed to obtain mainly Oxygenated compounds-rich essential oil that may be used in several industrial applications. Subsequently, a definitive screening design may be regarded as an alternative and reliable method for the prediction of experimental parameters. It was concluded that the weeds plant (Rumex Crispus) contains a reliable quantity of oils that is extremely feasible to use and recommended as good feedstock for possible use in industrial applications.     

Thermal properties of cotton fabric modified with poly (propylene imine) dendrimers

For the first time, thermal stability and flame retardant properties of cotton fabrics modified with poly (propylene imine) dendrimer (PPI-dendrimer) using cross linking agents have been reported. The PPI-dendrimers can be considered as novel nitrogen flame retardant agents, because they contain a large number of nitrogen-containing groups (amine end groups), which may release nitrogen gas or ammonia. In this paper, the effect of the PPI-dendrimers on thermal behavior of cotton fabric is investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, flammability (in vertical configuration) and limiting oxygen index tests. Indeed, both thermal stability and flame retarancy of the modified fabrics have significantly enhanced. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs have been studied in order to evaluate morphology of the cotton samples. Crystallinity and physical properties including crease recovery angle, breaking strength, whiteness index and hygroscopicity of the samples have been also assessed.     

Rheological behaviour of irradiated wound dressing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogels

The use of hydrogels as biomaterials has increased lately. Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) is an example of polymer hydrogels applied for the synthesis of hydrogel to be used in different biomedical applications. This paper describes a study on rheological properties of PVP hydrogels obtained by gamma radiation techniques. PVP hydrogels were obtained by gamma radiation of PVP water solutions with different radiation doses. It was studied the influence of additives such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and glycerol on the rheological behaviour of the gel. The rheological behaviour of hydrogel samples was characterized by measuring the shear storage modulus (G′) under dynamic shear loading. Besides this, sterility and cytotoxicity tests were performed. The study on rheological behaviour of hydrogels showed that G′ of PVP gels change according to the additive used. Glycerol increases the fluidity of the gel. The influence of PEG depends on the amount and on its molecular mass. The increase on PEG amount and molecular mass cause a decrease of G′ and an increase in the crosslinking density of PVP hydrogel network. The use of high molecular weight PEO allows the increase of the elasticity of the PVP gels.     

Synthesis of antibacterial cotton fabric by radiation-induced grafting of [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MAETC) onto cotton

Gamma radiation has been used to covalently link polymer chains of [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MAETC) to cotton fabric by mutual radiation grafting. The grafted samples have been characterized for water uptake, surface morphology and thermal stability. Grafting extent was found to increase with the dose and monomer concentration. However high dose rate, O₂, inorganic salts and alcohols suppressed grafting. Radiation polymerized poly(MAETC) and MAETC-g-cotton samples were tested for their antibacterial efficacy against various bacteria and were found to possess significant antibacterial activity.     

Synthesis of citrophilus mealybug sex pheromone using chrysanthemol extracted from Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)

A commercial pyrethrum extract was used as a source of chrysanthemol for the synthesis of the citrophilus mealybug (Pseudococcus calceolariae) sex pheromone. The chrysanthemic acid esters (pyrethrins I) were isolated and subsequently reduced to obtain chrysanthemol, which was used for ester pheromone synthesis. Field tests showed that the pheromone synthesized using plant-derived chrysanthemol was as attractive to male P. calceolariae as the pheromone obtained using a commercial isomeric chrysanthemol mixture.     

核桃楸叶挥发油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取核桃楸叶中的挥发油,从核桃楸叶挥发油中分离了57种化合物,用气相色谱/质谱联用法鉴定了51种化合物,占被分离化合物的89.46%,其中烃类(33种,48.03%)、酮类(1种,0.55%)、醇类(5种,25.94%)、酯类(6种,8.43%)、酸类(1种,0.62%)、含氧杂环类(4种,2.62%)及甲酰类(1种,0.65%)等7大类化合物,有3类(27种,51.19%)为已知药用成分,这些数据为新药开发提供了科学信息.     

Characterization of gamma irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films loaded with metal salts and fertilizers

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films loaded with different metal ions and fertilizers have been successfully prepared by the solution casting technique. The prepared films were subjected to different doses of gamma radiation at room temperature. The preparation conditions such as effect of type of metals, fertilizers and radiation dose on gel fraction (%) and swelling (%) were investigated. The maximum value of gel fraction was obtained at 10 kGy radiation dose. The formation of CMC/metal complexes was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) which confirm the existence of possible interaction between CMC and metal ions. The loading of various metal ions to CMC films were found to enhance the mechanical properties of the prepared films. The results provided confirmation that metal coordination between the metal cation and the carboxylate group of CMC occurred.     

Facile preparation of regenerated cellulose film from cotton linter using organic electrolyte solution (OES)

Regenerated cellulose (RC) film is an important cellulose-based product with a wide range of applications in the packaging industry and drug delivery. In this study, RC film was prepared using an organic electrolyte solution (OES)/ionic liquid (IL) system consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dissolve cotton linter at room temperature. Results showed that OES with EmimAc molar fraction in the range from 0.2 to 0.4 could rapidly dissolve cotton linter at room temperature, in contrast to 80 °C for EmimAc solution (control). The cellulose degradation was therefore much less than for the control, resulting in significant improvement in the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the RC film. In addition, the presence of DMSO significantly decreased the viscosity of the cellulose/OES system, being advantageous for casting of the RC film.     

Chemical separation of cerium(III) fission nuclides from neutron irradiated uranium using N-oxides as solvents

Summary Radiochemical cerium has been separated from young fission products by extraction of uranium and fission product nuclides using tri-n-octylamine oxide and an anion exchange column for preconcentration followed by extraction of cerium(IV) with 0.25M xylene solution of 4-(5-nonyl) pyridine oxide from 0.1M nitric acid. Cerium is then back extracted by reduction with HCl-H₂O₂ mixture.

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Zusammenfassung Zur Abtrennung radioaktiven Cers werden Uran und Spaltproduktnuklide mittels Tri-n-oktylaminoxid extrahiert. Mit Hilfe einer Anionen-austauschersäule und nachfolgender Einengung des Effluenten wird angereichert, der Rückstand wird in 0,1-m Salpetersäure aufgenommen und das Cer(IV) daraus mit einer 0,25-m Lösung von 4-(5-Nonyl)pyridinoxid in Xylol extrahiert. Aus der organischen Phase wird das Cer mittels salzsaurem Wasserstoffperoxid rückextrahiert.

     

Nutritional,physiological, physicochemical and sensory stability of gamma irradiated Kimchi (Korean fermented vegetables)

Effects of gamma irradiation on nutritional, physiological, physicochemical and sensory properties of the Korean lactic acid fermented vegetable, Kimchi, were investigated. The composition of amino acids and organic acids in Kimchi were not influenced by gamma irradiation less than 10 kGy. Angiotensine converting enzyme inhibitory, xanthin oxidase inhibitory, electron donating and antimicrobial activity of Kimchi extract were stable up to 10 kGy. There were no significant changes in pH and texture at less than 10 kGy. Color values were influenced at 10 kGy of gamma irradiation, and resulted in the increase of L*- and reduction of a*-value. About 90% of panelists identified a sensory difference between non-irradiated and 10 kGy-irradiated sample, and Kimchi irradiated at 10 kGy had lower scores in acceptability than those of the control or irradiated at 2.5 and 5 kGy.