论钱伟长的治学理念和学术风格

在庆贺钱伟长院士九秩华诞之际，本文通过回顾他的治学生涯才学术成就，大量引述他的有关论述，力图具体地探索他的学术思想和治学之道，着重阐明：钱伟长院士的爱国敬业，矢志不移的治学动力，勤奋进取，锐意创新的治学精神，面向实际，求真务实的治学态度，广闻博览，融合贯通的治学方法，群策群力，集思广益的治学谋略，从而指出：钱伟长院士60余年来在科学，教育领域叱咤风云，纵横捭阖，业绩辉煌并非偶然。分析表明，纵费他的治学经历的学术思想是：立足于社会实践，以高瞻远瞩，勇于探索的思路，根据经济，科技发展的需要来发现，提炼问题，经过充分调研，以广泛扎实的知识基础和独辟蹊径的创造性劳动，建立实际问题的数学模型，用独创的或先进的方法加以巧妙处理，将所得的成果经过实践的严格检验，并上升到新的理论高度加以认识或系统地发展成新的理论，事实证明，这种思想指导下的科研实践是卓有成效的。文中还指出，钱伟长院士创造性地继承了我国先哲深邃的学术思想和德国哥廷根学派优良的学术传统，并结合当今的实际情况加以发扬光大，他的探索所积累的经验是学术界的宝贵财富。     

板壳问题解的上边界与下边界

板壳问题解的上边界与下边界朱宝安（天津，天津大学分校，３００１９２）关键词加权残值法，数学规划，单调性１引言若微分方程问题存在解ｕ（；，ｘ。，…，ｘ．）及两个近似解ｗ；（ｘｌ，ｚ：，…，。）和ｗ（。。，。。，…，Ｘ．），关于。的凸集大一（Ｘ；，Ｘ。，...     

铝质材料的摩擦学表面改进

在工程应用中，铝质材料是一类重要性仅次于钢铁的金属材料，但是，铝质材料作为摩擦学材料，却存在着质软，摩擦系数高，磨损大，容易拉伤且难以润滑等严重弱点，为了总结科学工作者在铝质材料的摩擦学表面改性方面的研究成果，借以推动有关工作的深入开展，对材料的各种摩擦学表面改性技术的研究进及其发展现状作了概述，其中，重点综合介绍的是本世纪八十年代新发展起来的自润滑阳极氧化铝处理技术的基本原理，处理方法和应用等。     

面内和离面位移场的电子散斑（ESPI）自动检测技术研究

本文采用频域同态滤波技术，减少了电子散斑的噪声，得到高质量的条纹图，并介绍一种自行设计的新型相移器，它结构简单，性能稳定，测试精度高和操作方便，此外，应用以上两种技术，以承受均布载荷周边固定的圆板为例，实现了电子散斑三维位移场的自动测量，实验与理论值吻合良好。     

多层压电材料层合板的精确解

抛弃有关位移和应力的所有假设，直接从三维弹性力学理论的静电学理论，先导出正交各向异性压电材料板的状态方程，由此得到四边简支压电材料板的状态主程，再根据矩阵分析理论，建立了单层压电材料板的上下表面状态量之间的关系，进一步建立了多层压电板上，下表面状态量之间关系式，利用上下表面已知状态量，得到上表面未知状态的求解方程解。通过求解方程组，便得上表面未知状态量，最终可以得到任意位置处状态量，最后，同时给出了四边简支，两层不同压电材料组成，不同纵横比的层合板受正弦分布载荷作用下的精确解，其结果与现有解比较，吻合较好。     

环形液池内中等Pr数流体的浮力-热毛细对流

为了了解水平温度梯度作用时环形液池内的浮力-热毛细对流特性，利用 有限差分法进行了非稳态三维数值模拟，环形液池外壁被加热，半径为40 mm，内壁被冷却， 半径为20 mm，液池深度为3~17 mm，液池内流体为0.65cSt的硅油，其Pr数 为6.7. 模拟结果表明，当水平温度梯度较小时，流动为轴对称稳态流动，随着温度 梯度的增加，流动将会失去其稳定性，在浅的液池内(d=3mm)，转化成三维振荡 流动，在深的液池内(d≥6mm)，转化成三维稳定流动；模拟计算的 临界温差及表面温度分布图像与实验结果基本吻合.     

火烧油层驱油特征的参数敏感性分析

在火烧油层驱油机理的基础上，依据油气层渗流理论，燃烧理论，建立了火烧油层驱油数学模型。用数值解法对干式和湿式两种燃烧进行了比较，得出：湿式燃烧比干式燃烧的驱油效果好。针对湿式燃烧的特点，对火烧油层驱油过程中的参数进行了敏感性分析，取得了有关结论即1）蒸汽带驱油是火烧油层过程中的一个重要机理；2）随着湿式燃烧水气比的增加，发生氧化反应的区域长度扩大，蒸汽带的温度下降，对流前缘速度增加，加速了热对流的传导，驱油效率增大；3）在湿式燃烧过程中，随着氧气利用率的降低，发生氧化反应的区域长度扩大，蒸汽带的温度下降，燃烧1立方米油砂所需空气量增加，燃烧前缘速度减少，驱油效率几乎不变；4）在湿式燃烧过程中，随着注入空气量的增加，发生氧化反应的区域长度扩大，蒸汽带的温度升高，燃烧前缘速度增加，对流前缘速度增加，加速了热对流的传导，驱油效率增大。     

舰船组合导航系统发展评述

综述了舰船组合导航系统的现状，阐述了舰船组合导航系统的最新总线结构，扩展功能，指出了在21世纪初的前30年期间舰船组合导航系统的发展趋势；组合导航系统已成为现代船用导航系统的重要配套设备，而军用舰艇的导航系统更是离不开它，其设计日趋合理，各种不同类型的产品由国内外产业界相继推出，并涌现出大批适合组合导航系统需求的理论，技术，算法和设备，组合导航系统正朝着多功能，多模式，高精度，高可靠性的方向发展。     

双层滑片回转运动机构的力学特性

建立双层滑片运动机构的力学模型，并全面分析其力学特性，通过分析发现，与机械摩擦损失相比，双层滑片之间相对运动产生的粘性磨擦损失很小，可以忽略不计，采用双层滑片能够明显改善滑片端部的密封效果，减轻滑片的磨擦磨损，但滑片应力有所增加，强度有所降低，厚度比对双层滑片的受力及摩擦磨损影响很小，只对强度产生较大影响，从增加强度和便于加工的角度考虑，优化出双层滑片机构厚度的比的适宜值。     

小问题

３１３．如图１所示，３个相同的均质圆柱，重量为Ｑ，半径ｒ＝１０ｃｍ，搁置在水平倾角均为α的对称夹板ＯＡ，ＯＢ上，且ＯＡ＝ＯＢ＝１００ｃｍ，各接触处摩擦系数均为μ＝３／３，圆心Ｏ１，Ｏ２连线水平，α＝６０°，若不计夹板自重，试求维持系统平衡时，作用在板...     

Force Action of a Body with a Permeable Boundary on a Wall in a Fluid

The ideal fluid flow due to fluid penetration through the boundary of an infinitely long solid cylinder in contact with a solid wall is determined. A formula is derived according to which the force exerted by a finite-length part of the cylinder on the wall is directed into the wall and can thus have an arbitrarily large absolute value. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 82–84, January–February, 2006.     

Simulation by a source of a thin jet from a body

An exact analytic solution is found to the following plane hydrodynamic problem. An unbounded flow of an ideal incompressible fluid flows around a plate BB' placed at right angles to the velocity vector of the flow at infinity. The pressure on the free boundary P is equal to the pressure in the flow. From an opening in the center of the plate, a jet with flow rate Q from a cavity with pressure P₀ encounters the flow head-on. As a result of the solution, it is found that for fixed width of the opening the values of Q allowed by the scheme are limited. In the limiting case Q = 0 Chaplygin's flow is obtained with stagnation region at the front [1], and in the limiting case Q = Q_max a jet out of a cavity with pressure P₀ into a cavity with pressure P. As Q varies in this interval, the total drag, regarded as the drag of the plate and the chamber from which the jet emerges, takes a minimal value at a certain point. If the width of the opening tends to the length of the slab, the problem of the collision of two jets is obtained; if the width of the opening tends to zero (Q o), the problem of jet flow past a slab with a source is obtained. It is shown that the replacement of the jet by the source gives a good approximation in both the sense of the force characteristics and in the sense of the behavior of the free streamlines.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Hekhanika Shidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 47–54, September–October, 1979.We thank L. I. Sedov for his interest in the work and G. Yu. Stepanov for proposing the method of solution and for a helpful discussion.     

On a Paradox in the Motion of a Rigid Particle along a Wall in a Fluid

The results of an experimental investigation of spherical particles with different surface roughnesses rolling under their own weight down an inclined pipe wall in a Newtonian fluid at low Reynolds numbers, both with (friction should be taken into account) and without contact with the wall, are presented. It is shown that a fixed particle moves differently in different fluids with similar viscosities and densities. This fact, as well as the possibility of particle motion without contact with the wall, cannot be explained within the framework of the usual hydrodynamic theories. An example is the dependence of the particle motion on the static pressure.     

Unsteady-state filtration of a liquid in a fractured-porous stratum to a well with a hemispherical end-face

A study is made of the motion of a liquid toward a well with a hemispherical end-face with unsteady-state spherical-radial filtration in a fractured-porous stratum consisting of hemispherical regions with different values of the permeability of the system of cracks, superposed one on another. A Laplace transform is used to find exact solutions to the problem of the lowering of the stratum pressure as a function of time and distance as well as of the output of a well working with a constant end-face pressure. The article discusses partial cases corresponding to the exploitation of closed and bounded open fractured-porous strata by a central well with a hemispherical end-face. On the basis of numerical calculations, the effect of the parameters of fractured-porous strata on the change in the indices of the process of their exploitation is established. It is established that, with the exploitation of fractured-porous strata, the process of the lowering of the end-face pressure of the well and its output become stabilized with sufficiently large values of the time.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 115–123, November–December, 1973.     

Torsion problems for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack

Using the method of singular integral equation and the crack-cutting technique, the rigorous solutions are obtained for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack, which exactly satisfy the boundary conditions and the conditions at the corner points. After that the torsional rigidities and the stress intensity factors at the crack tip are determined. Next, for the doubly connected circular cylinder with a rectangular hole the expressions for the singular stresses around the concave corner points are derived and the generalized stress intensity factors are then defined. Since the crack-cutting technique is used in this paper, the solution of the matching rectangular cylinder is also obtained and its numerical results coincide with those in references. Thus the method proposed here is verified. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Interaction of a cylinder with a free surface and a jet

The problem of the asymmetric flow around a cylinder of a nonviscous jet is considered and, in particular, of flow with one free boundary. The problem of the choice of circulation is posed, based on a generalization of the Zhukovskii-Chaplygin postulate. Several possibilities are considered and the principle of the minimum of the maximum velocity on a contour is proposed, which qualitatively and quantitatively truly reflects certain aspects of the interaction of the cylinder with the flow.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 50–58, September–October, 1977.