Brittle fracture dynamics with arbitrary paths. II. Dynamic crack branching under general antiplane loading

The dynamic propagation of a bifurcated crack under antiplane loading is considered. The dependence of the stress intensity factor just after branching is given as a function of the stress intensity factor just before branching, the branching angle and the instantaneous velocity of the crack tip. The jump in the dynamic energy release rate due to the branching process is also computed. Similar to the single crack case, a growth criterion for a branched crack is applied. It is based on the equality between the energy flux into each propagating tip and the surface energy which is added as a result of this propagation. It is shown that the minimum speed of the initial single crack which allows branching is equal to 0.39c, where c is the shear wave speed. At the branching threshold, the corresponding bifurcated cracks start their propagation at a vanishing speed with a branching angle of approximately 40°.     

Dynamic anti-plane shear of a cracked piezoelectric ceramic

The dynamic theory of antiplane piezoelectricity is applied to solve the problem of a line crack subjected to horizontally polarized shear waves in an arbitrary direction. The problem is formulated by means of integral transforms and reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The path-independent integral G is extended here to include piezoelectric effects, and is evaluated at the crack tip to obtain the dynamic energy release rate. Numerical calculations are carried out for the dynamic stress intensity factor and energy release rate. The material is piezoelectric ceramic.     

Dynamic crack kinking from a PMMA/Homalite interface

The behavior of a pre-existing, dynamically loaded, interfacial crack kinking away from the interface separating two materials was experimentally investigated under dynamic loading conditions. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed on pre-cracked bimaterial panels of PMMA bonded with Homalite-100 impact loaded using a high-speed gas gun. By varying the location of impact, a large range of mixed mode loading at the crack tip was produced. Information about the stress state surrounding the crack tip was obtained through use of the lateral shearing interferometer of coherent gradient sensing in conjunction with high-speed photography. The high-speed interferogram corresponding, to the time of crack initiation was analyzed in each case to find the preinitiation mode mixity at the crack tip. Measurement of both the local initiation mode mixity and the crack kink angle allows for possible extension of existing quasi-static interface crack kinking criteria, such as maximum opening stress or maximum energy release rate, to the case of dynamic loading. It was found that for bimaterial systems with small material property mismatch, such as the PMMA/Homalite system, the maximum opening stress criterion accurately predicts the relation between crack tip mode mixity and resulting kink angle for small initial crack kinking speeds.     

压电材料反平面运动裂纹的能量释放率与分叉角

用复变函数方法,研究了压电材料中反平面运动裂纹的动态断裂问题,研究表明：介质内的耦合场与裂纹运动速度有关,在裂纹尖端有奇异。应力强度因子与裂纹运动速度无关,与纯弹性结构一致,沿裂纹延长线扩展的动态能量释放率可用应力强度因子表示,而与电载荷无关,裂纹运动的高速度具有止裂作用,在一定条件下,裂纹有扩展成曲线裂纹或分叉的趋势。     

Dynamic behaviors of mode III interfacial crack under a constant loading rate

In an earlier study on intersonic crack propagation, Gao et al. (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49: 2113–2132, 2001) described molecular dynamics simulations and continuum analysis of the dynamic behaviors of a mode II dominated crack moving along a weak plane under a constant loading rate. The crack was observed to initiate its motion at a critical time after the onset of loading, at which it is rapidly accelerated to the Rayleigh wave speed and propagates at this speed for a finite time interval until an intersonic daughter crack is nucleated at a peak stress at a finite distance ahead of the original crack tip. The present article aims to analyze this behavior for a mode III crack moving along a bi-material interface subject to a constant loading rate. We begin with a crack in an initially stress-free bi-material subject to a steadily increasing stress. The crack initiates its motion at a critical time governed by the Griffith criterion. After crack initiation, two scenarios of crack propagation are investigated: the first one is that the crack moves at a constant subsonic velocity; the second one is that the crack moves at the lower shear wave speed of the two materials. In the first scenario, the shear stress ahead of the crack tip is singular with exponent ?1/2, as expected; in the second scenario, the stress singularity vanishes but a peak stress is found to emerge at a distance ahead of the moving crack tip. In the latter case, a daughter crack supersonic with respect to the softer medium can be expected to emerge ahead of the initial crack once the peak stress reaches the cohesive strength of the interface.     

含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为研究

采用动态焦散线方法，对含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁承受横向冲击的弯曲断裂行为进行了一系列动态断裂力学实验研究，分析了无量纲量ａ／ｌ的改变（ａ——初始裂纹偏离梁中心线的距离；ｌ——梁长度的一半）对于裂纹动态扩展行为（裂纹起始状态、裂纹尖端的复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂纹扩展轨迹）的影响，并借助动态光弹性应力分析，对应力波与扩展裂纹的相互作用以及应力波传播规律进行探讨．给出了裂纹尖端复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度的变化、裂纹曲裂轨迹以及方向与梁中应力波传播的相互关系     

Energy release rate of small cracks in hyperelastic materials

The energy release rate of a small crack in an infinite hyperelastic medium, and subjected to large strain multiaxial loading conditions, is derived by considering the balance of configurational stresses acting on two planes: one cutting the center of the crack face, and the other at an infinite distance in front of the crack tip. The analysis establishes that the energy release rate of a small crack is always proportional to the size of the crack, irrespective of the loading conditions and the crack orientation. The balance of configurational stresses is illustrated for several benchmark cases including simple extension, pure shear and equibiaxial extension, and for perpendicular and inclined cracks.     

Permeable cracks between two dissimilar piezoelectric materials

An interfacial crack with electrically permeable surfaces between two dissimilar piezoelectric ceramics under electromechanical loading is investigated. An exact expression for singular stress and electric fields near the tip of a permeable crack between two dissimilar anisotropic piezoelectric media are obtained. The interfacial crack-tip fields are shown to consist of both an inverse square root singularity and a pair of oscillatory singularities. It is found that the singular fields near the permeable interfacial crack tip are uniquely characterized by the real valued stress intensity factors proposed in this paper. The energy release rate is obtained in terms of the stress intensity factors. The exact solution of stress and electric fields for a finite interfacial crack problem is also derived.     

Some dynamic problems for elastic materials with functional inhomogeneities: anti-plane deformations

The paper considers two dynamical problems for an isotropic elastic media with spatially varying functional inhomogeneity, the propagation of surface anti-plane shear SH waves, and the stress deformation state of an anti-plane vibrating medium with a semi-infinite crack. These problems are considered for five different types of inhomogeneity. It is shown that the propagation of surface anti-plane shear waves is possible in all these cases. The existence conditions and the speed of propagation of surface waves have been found. In the section devoted to the investigation of the stress deformation state of a vibrating medium with a semi-infinite crack, Fourier transforms along with the Wiener Hopf technique are employed to solve the equations of motion. The asymptotic expression for the stress near the crack tip is analyzed, which leads to a closed form solution of the dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF). Here also the problem is considered for five different functional inhomogeneities. From the formulae for DSIF thus obtained one can see that the inhomogeneity can have both a quantitative and qualitative impact on the character of the stress distribution near the crack.Received: 25 July 2002, Accepted: 3 April 2003, Published online: 27 June 2003PACS: 83.20.Lr, 83.50.Tq, 83.50.Vr, 46.30.Nz     

On the fracture toughness of ferroelastic materials

The toughness enhancement due to domain switching near a steadily growing crack in a ferroelastic material is analyzed. The constitutive response of the material is taken to be characteristic of a polycrystalline sample assembled from randomly oriented tetragonal single crystal grains. The constitutive law accounts for the strain saturation, asymmetry in tension versus compression, Bauschinger effects, reverse switching, and strain reorientation that can occur in these materials due to the non-proportional loading that arises near a propagating crack. Crack growth is assumed to proceed at a critical level of the crack tip energy release rate. Detailed finite element calculations are carried out to determine the stress and strain fields near the growing tip, and the ratio of the far field applied energy release rate to the crack tip energy release rate. The results of the finite element calculations are then compared to analytical models that assume the linear isotropic K-field solution holds for either the near tip stress or strain field. Ultimately, the model is able to account for the experimentally observed toughness enhancement in ferroelastic ceramics.     

Fracture mechanics of plates and shells applied to fail-safe analysis of fuselage Part I: Theory

In this paper, a general theory on the asymptotic field near the crack tip for plates and shells with and without shear deformation effect is established. It is found that four stress intensity factors, two for symmetrical and antisymmetrical stretching and two for symmetrical and antisymmetrical bending, are required to describe arbitrary asymptotic fields near the crack tip for plates without shear deformation. An additional stress intensity factor is required for the transverse shearing force induced by antisymmetrical bending when the shear deformation is included in the analysis. It is also proven by means of the complex variable technique that for problems of plates with shear deformation, there exist similarities in the asymptotic expressions of moments and membrane forces and also in the asymptotic expressions of in-plane displacements and rotations of the mid-surface. The energy release rate associated with crack growth in the direction of the crack line can be expressed in terms of stress intensity factors by means of Irwin's method of work and energy associated with a virtual crack extension. A combined stress intensity factor can be defined through the total energy release rate. The theory of the fracture of plates is generalized and applied to the study of problems in the fracture of shells. An example of an infinitely long cylindrical shell with a circumferential crack subjected to remote axial tension is given to demonstrate the application of the theory and to test the accuracy of the numerical analysis used for the problem.     

石墨烯裂纹扩展行为研究

基于分子动力学方法对含预制裂纹石墨烯进行扶手椅向拉伸断裂模拟。使用连续介质理论结合分子动力学计算石墨烯能量释放率,确定石墨烯能量释放率GIC为10.25 J/m2;应力强度因子KIC为 3.33MPam^1/2。进一步对影响石墨烯裂纹扩展速率的因素-初始裂纹长度与加载速率进行讨论。结果表明：裂纹初始长度与加载率会在一定程度上影响石墨烯中裂纹扩展速率。裂纹扩展速率会随着初始裂纹长度的增加而降低;但随着初始裂纹长度的增加,裂纹扩展速率对其敏感度降低。裂纹扩展速率会随着加载率的升高而增大。 初始裂纹长度与加载率对裂纹扩展速率的影响有一定的关联性,加载率的升高会降低裂纹扩展速率对初始裂纹长度变化的敏感度。在此基础上确定了石墨烯中裂纹扩展极限速率为8350 m/s。关联性,加载率的升高会降低裂纹扩展速率对初始裂纹长度变化的敏感度。在此基础上确定了石墨烯中裂纹扩展极限速率为8350 m/s。     

Crack problem under shear loading in cubic quasicrystal

IntroductionQuasicrystalasanewstructureofsolidmatter[1,2 ]bringsprofoundnewideastothetraditionalcondensedmatterphysicsandencouragesconsiderabletheoreticalandexperimentalstudiesonthephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofthematerial,includingtheelasticitytheoryofthequasicrystal,manyvaluableresultsweregiven[3～ 5 ].Defectsinthematerialwereobservedsoonafterthediscoveryofthequasicrystal[6 ,7].Cracksareonetypeofdefects,theirexistencegreatlyinfluencesthephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofthequasicrystalinem…     

Interface crack between two shear deformable elastic layers

An improved method based on the first-order shear deformable plate theory is developed to calculate the energy release rate and stress intensity factor for a crack at the interface of a bi-layer structure. By modeling the uncracked region of the structure as two separate Reissner-Mindlin plates bonded perfectly along the interface, this method is able not only to take into account the shear deformation in the cracked region, but also to capture the shear deformation in the uncracked region of the structure. A closed form solution of energy release rate and mode decomposition at the interface crack is obtained for a general loading condition, and it indicates that the energy release rate and stress intensity factor are determined by two independent loading parameters. Compared to the approach based on the classical plate theory, the proposed method provides a more accurate prediction of energy release rate as well as mode decomposition. The computational procedures introduced are relatively straightforward, and the closed form solution can be used to predict crack growth along the layered structures.     

Opening and contact zones of an interface crack in a piezoelectric bimaterial under combined compressive-shear loading

A plane problem for a tunnel electrically permeable interface crack between two semi-infinite piezoelectric spaces is studied. A remote mechanical and electrical loading is applied. Elastic displacements and potential jumps as well as stresses and electrical displacement along the interface are presented using a sectionally holomorphic vector function. It is assumed that the interface crack includes zones of crack opening and frictionless contact. The problem is reduced to a combined Dirichlet–Riemann boundary value problem which is solved analytically. From the obtained solution, simple analytical expressions are derived for all mechanical and electrical characteristics at the interface. A quite simple transcendental equation, which determines the point of separation of open and close sections of the crack, is found. For the analysis of the obtained results, the main attention is devoted to the case of compressive-shear loading. The analytical analysis and numerical results show that, even if the applied normal stress is compressive, a certain crack opening zone exists for all considered loading values provided the shear field is present. It is found that the shear stress intensity factor at the closed crack tip and the energy release rates at the both crack tips depend very slightly on the magnitude of compressive loading.     

Dynamic crack propagation in a magneto-electro-elastic solid subjected to mixed loads: Transient Mode-III problem

The transient response of a Mode-III crack propagating in a magneto-electro-elastic solid subjected to mixed loads is investigated through solving the corresponding boundary-initial-value problem in both the cracked solid region and the interior fluid region with treatment of electro-magnetically permeable and impermeable crack face conditions in a unified way. The closed-form results for the dynamic field intensity factors are used to evaluate the dynamic energy release rate through the crack-tip dynamic contour integral. The permeability of the interior fluid region relative to the cracked solid region significantly affects the magneto-electro-mechanical coupling coefficient in the Bleustein–Gulyaev wave function and, consequently, the horizontal shear surface wave speed, the dynamic field intensity factors and the dynamic energy release rate. It is revealed from dynamic fracture mechanics analysis that the dynamic energy release rate thus obtained has an odd dependence on the dynamic electric displacement intensity factor and the dynamic magnetic induction intensity factor. It is also found that the horizontal shear surface wave speed provides the limiting velocity for the propagation of a Mode-III crack in a magneto-electro-elastic solid when there is only applied traction loading.     

Subsonic and intersonic mode II crack propagation with a rate-dependent cohesive zone

A recent experimental study has demonstrated the attainability of intersonic shear crack growth along weak planes in otherwise homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic solids subjected to remote loading conditions (Rosakis et al., Science 284 (5418) (1999) 1337). The relevant experimental observations are summarized briefly here and the conditions governing the attainment of intersonic crack speeds are examined. Motivated by experimental observations, subsonic and intersonic mode II crack propagation with a rate-dependent cohesive zone is subsequently analyzed. A cohesive law is assumed, wherein the cohesive shear traction is either a constant or varies linearly with the local sliding rate. Complete decohesion is assumed to occur when the crack tip sliding displacement reaches a material-specific critical value. Closed form expressions are obtained for the near-tip fields. With a cohesive zone of finite size, it is found that the dynamic energy release rate is finite through out the intersonic regime. Crack tip stability issues are addressed and favorable speed regimes are identified. The influence of shear strength of the crack plane and of a rate parameter on crack propagation behavior is also investigated. The isochromatic fringe patterns predicted by the analytical solution are compared with the experimental observations of Rosakis et al. (1999) and comments are made on the validity of the proposed model.     

Mixed-mode fracture analysis of orthotropic functionally graded materials under mechanical and thermal loads

Mixed-mode fracture problems of orthotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs) are examined under mechanical and thermal loading conditions. In the case of mechanical loading, an embedded crack in an orthotropic FGM layer is considered. The crack is assumed to be loaded by arbitrary normal and shear tractions that are applied to its surfaces. An analytical solution based on the singular integral equations and a numerical approach based on the enriched finite elements are developed to evaluate the mixed-mode stress intensity factors and the energy release rate under the given mechanical loading conditions. The use of this dual approach methodology allowed the verifications of both methods leading to a highly accurate numerical predictive capability to assess the effects of material orthotropy and nonhomogeneity constants on the crack tip parameters. In the case of thermal loading, the response of periodic cracks in an orthotropic FGM layer subjected to transient thermal stresses is examined by means of the developed enriched finite element method. The results presented for the thermally loaded layer illustrate the influences of the material property gradation profiles and crack periodicity on the transient fracture mechanics parameters.     

动静荷载对邻近巷道裂纹缺陷扰动的模拟实验

为了探究动静组合应力场作用下邻近巷道背爆侧裂纹缺陷的扩展规律,采用动静加载透射式动态焦散线方法进行了模拟实验,并结合裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子和能量释放率进行了分析。实验结果表明:在动静荷载作用下,邻近巷道背爆侧裂纹缺陷处也成为巷道主要扰动区,且爆炸荷载对背爆侧预制裂纹的起裂起主导作用;p=0.2 MPa时的相同动静组合应力场中,背爆侧预制裂纹的扩展位移差异与裂纹的倾角有关,当θ=75°时,爆炸应力波无法驱动裂纹起裂;在相同爆炸荷载作用下,θ=30°时,较小竖向荷载对裂纹的扩展具有抑制作用,且抑制作用随所施加的竖向荷载增加而增大,当p=0.4 MPa时,裂纹无法起裂;裂纹最终扩展位移,与裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子在极大值上下振荡变化的持续时间,或在裂纹扩展阶段能量释放率积累量,呈正相关。