High resolution COD image analysis for health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures through inverse analysis

Direct and inverse problems of a fracture mechanics based RC beam model are solved. Solution of the direct problem that maps crack bridging stresses into crack opening displacements (COD) is straightforward, but the inverse problem is ill-posed, and better solved by the theory of inverse problems. This paper exploits the Tikhonov regularization method to solve the inverse problem, and estimates the force and location of rebar in buried concrete from CODs. Bending tests are carried out on model RC beams in the laboratory to demonstrate the applicability of the method. During the tests, a microscopic camera snaps high resolution digital pictures of cracked concrete surface. The images are analyzed by a software to measure surface CODs that are input into the inverse problem. The practical CODs inevitably include noise due to experimental error, which makes the inverse problem ill-posed, and necessitates regularization. In the current inverse analysis by the Tikhonov regularization method, bridging stress profiles, i.e. variation of the crack bridging stress along the crack length, has been figured out. Results are compared with those from other theoretical methods of analysis as well as with the readings from strain gauges. The method is a suitable non-destructive means for existing structures in cases where the section information is inadequate, or damages/repairs have altered the designed cross-section.     

基于混合遗传算法的动力系统阻尼参数识别方法

将动力系统阻尼参数识别反问题转化为非线性优化问题处理，提出了基于遗传算法的动力系统阻尼参数识别方法。为了提高简单遗传算法的计算效率和处理早熟问题，将模拟退火算法与遗传算法相结合，建立了混合遗传算法。数值计算结果表明，本文所建立的方法对于求解参数识别反问题和非线性优化问题是非常有效的，并且具有良好的鲁棒性和全局收敛能力。     

基于遗传算法的爆炸冲击荷载参数识别方法

基于改进的遗传算法 ,建立了根据测试系统动力响应观测数据反演爆炸冲击荷载参数的数值方法。遗传算法为解决反问题的不适定性提供了强有力的手段。数值模拟结果表明 ,所提出的爆炸冲击荷载参数随机反演方法具有全局搜索能力 ,并且具有良好的抗观测噪音能力。当测试系统的观测相对误差为 10 %时 ,参数反演结果的误差小于 8% ,所建立的参数反演方法具有良好的鲁棒性。     

一个基于塑性的损伤本构模型的参数辨识

研究了一个用于混凝土的基于塑性的损伤模型本构参数辨识问题。把从实验获得的应力-应变曲线与数值计算中获得的应力-应变曲线的差别,作为局部水平上最小二乘法的目标函数。为了求解这个反问题,局部水平上求解损伤弹塑性正问题的子程序被嵌入到本文的反问题的迭代格式之中。灵敏度系数矩阵是通过有限差分方法近似计算得到的。给出的数值计算例子计算了单轴压缩试验结果的参数辨识问题。采用反分析得到的模型参数值,对单向拉伸及三种不同侧压作用下的压缩试验进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明:本文采用的应力反分析计算格式稳定,且具有合理的准确性,数值计算得到的应力-应变结果可以较准确地拟合实验曲线。     

二阶非定常多宗量热传导反问题的正则解

引入Bregman距离函数及其加权函数作为正则项，应用Tikhonov正则 化方法，对二阶非定常多宗量热传导反问题进行求解. 利用测量信息和计算信息构造最小二 乘函数，将多宗量反演识别问题转化为一个优化问题. 空间上采用8节点等参元进行离散， 时域上采用时域精细算法进行离散，建立了二阶非定常多宗量热传导问题的有限元正/反演数 值模型. 该模型不仅考虑了非均质和参数分布的影响，而且也便于正反演问题的敏度分析， 可对导热系数和边界条件等宗量进行有效的单一和组合识别. 给出了相关的数值验证，对信 息测量误差以及不同正则项的计算效率作了探讨. 数值结果表明，该方法能够对二阶非定常 多宗量热传导反问题进行有效的求解，并具有较高的计算精度.     

Parameter identification for cracks in elastic plate structures based on remote strain fields

A method for the detection of cracks in plate structures is presented. In contrast to most of the common monitoring concepts taking advantage of the reflection of elastic waves at crack faces, the presented approach is based on the strain measured at different locations on the surface of the structure. This allows both the identification of crack position parameters, such as length, location and angles with respect to a reference coordinate system and the calculation of stress intensity factors (SIF). The solution of the direct problem is performed on the basis of the BFM (body force method). The inverse problem is solved applying the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The BFM is based on the principle of linear superposition which allows the calculation of the strain field in a cracked body. The strain at an arbitrary point in the structure is replaced by the strain provided by body force doublets in the uncracked structure. The doublets as well as external loads are parameters which have to be determined solving the inverse problem by minimizing a fitness function, which is defined by a square sum of residuals between measured strain distributions and computed ones for an assumed crack. The PSO algorithm applied to the fitness function operates on the basis of a swarm of candidate solutions. Once knowing loading and crack parameters, the SIF can be determined.     

Direct Extraction of Cohesive Fracture Properties from Digital Image Correlation: A Hybrid Inverse Technique

The accuracy of an adopted cohesive zone model (CZM) can affect the simulated fracture response significantly. The CZM has been usually obtained using global experimental response, e.g., load versus either crack opening displacement or load-line displacement. Apparently, deduction of a local material property from a global response does not provide full confidence of the adopted model. The difficulties are: (1) fundamentally, stress cannot be measured directly and the cohesive stress distribution is non-uniform; (2) accurate measurement of the full crack profile (crack opening displacement at every point) is experimentally difficult to obtain. An attractive feature of digital image correlation (DIC) is that it allows relatively accurate measurement of the whole displacement field on a flat surface. It has been utilized to measure the mode I traction-separation relation. A hybrid inverse method based on combined use of DIC and finite element method is used in this study to compute the cohesive properties of a ductile adhesive, Devcon Plastic Welder II, and a quasi-brittle plastic, G-10/FR4 Garolite. Fracture tests were conducted on single edge-notched beam specimens (SENB) under four-point bending. A full-field DIC algorithm was employed to compute the smooth and continuous displacement field, which is then used as input to a finite element model for inverse analysis through an optimization procedure. The unknown CZM is constructed using a flexible B-spline without any “a priori” assumption on the shape. The inversely computed CZMs for both materials yield consistent results. Finally, the computed CZMs are verified through fracture simulation, which shows good experimental agreement.     

多裂纹扩展的数值流形法

数值流形法的求解体系建立在两套覆盖(包括数学覆盖和物理覆盖) 和接触环路的基础之上,实现了对连续和非连续问题的统一求解. 在处理裂纹问题时,数学覆盖无需与裂纹重合,方便岩体破坏过程的模拟. 通过在裂纹尖端影响区域内的物理片上增加用于模拟应力奇异性的增强位移函数,发展了扩展的数值流形法. 在此基础上,提出一种多裂纹扩展的控制算法,并给出了裂纹扩展过程中材料体的整体响应. 针对典型的线弹性断裂力学问题, 给出的数值算例表明所建议的方法是正确有效的.      

An inversion integral for crack-scattering data

The inverse problem of determining the size, shape and orientation of a flat crack from high-frequency far-field elastic waves scattered by the crack is investigated. The results show that desired information on a crack can be obtained from the first arriving scattered longitudinal waves only. It is shown that an approximate high-frequency solution to the direct problem, based on physical elastodynamics, yields an expression for the scattered far-field of longitudinal motion which suggests a solution to the inverse problem by application of Fourier-type inversion integrals to scattering data. Two kinds of inversion integrals are examined. The inversion problem becomes relatively simple if some a-priori information is available, either on the orientation of the plane of the crack or on a plane of symmetry. The method of inversion is verified for a flat crack of elliptical shape. Some computational technicalities are discussed, and the method is also applied to experimental scattering data.     

地下水流并行有限层方法及同伦反演研究

根据有限层求解格式存在的解耦性,实现了地下水三维流问题的高效并行化计算。在此基础上,结合非线性同伦方法,提出了地下水参数反演分析的并行同伦算法,利用MATLAB编译了相应的正反演计算程序。与已有解析解和有限差分解的对比以及数值算例,验证了并行化正反演方法及程序的正确性,探讨了并行算法的计算效率。研究表明,并行方法可以有效提高计算速度,较串行方法具有明显优势,同时同伦反演方法具有大范围收敛的特点,不依赖于参数值的初始选取。     

一种弹性波反演的快速迭代解法

本文研究弹性波反演的数值解法,通过求低频响应值的残差最小和利用有限元及振型分解法计算弹性波正问题的低频响应值,给出了一种弹性波反演的快速迭代解法。该算法允许引入反演参数的约束条件,计算效率很高;尽管一般只能得到弹性波反问题的近似解,但收敛性很好,因此可应用于为其它弹性波反演解法提供较好的初始值。     

基于填充函数与DCD的全局优化算法及其反演

岩土工程中以监测位移为已知信息的反演问题可通过带未知变量约束空间的优化模型去求解.该模型中的优化函数常具有非线性、非凸性等特点,使得反演结果容易陷入局部最优的困境.为了应对在运用优化算法反演此类问题时存在的困境,并提高其算法效率,依据填充函数优化思想与DCD(Dynamic Canonical Descent)思想在反...     

NUMERICAL SCHEME OF MULTI-MATERIAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH SHARP INTERFACE ON EULERIAN GRIDS

可压缩多介质流动问题的数值模拟在国防和工业领域内均具有重要的研究价值,诸如武器设计、爆炸安全防护等,通常具有大变形、高度非线性等特点,是一项极具挑战性的研究课题. 本文提出了一种基于 Euler 坐标系的非结构网格、具有锐利相界面的二维和三维守恒型多介质流动数值方法,可用于模拟可压缩流体和弹塑性固体在极端物理条件下的大变形动力学行为. 利用分片线性的水平集函数重构出单纯形网格内分段线性的相界面,并在混合网格内构建出具有多种介质的相界面几何结构,理论上可以处理全局任意种介质、局部 3 种介质的多介质流动问题. 利用传统的有限体积格式来计算单元边界上同种介质间的数值通量,并通过在相界面法向上求解局部一维多介质 Riemann 问题的精确解来计算不同介质间的数值通量,保证了相界面上的通量守恒. 提出了一种非结构网格上的单元聚合算法,消除了由于网格被相界面分割成较小碎片、违反 CFL 条件,进而可能带来数值不稳定的问题. 针对一维多介质 Riemann 问题、激波与气泡相互作用问题、浅埋爆炸问题、空中强爆炸冲击波和典型坑道内冲击波传播问题开展了数值模拟研究,将计算结果与相关的理论、实验结果进行比对,验证了数值方法的正确性和可靠性.     

Finite element analysis of the fatigue crack growth rate in transformation toughening ceramics

The fatigue crack growth rate in the zirconia tetragonal polycrystal is analyzed through the finite element method. In order to achieve this purpose, a continuum based constitutive law for materials subjected to phase transformations has been suitably implemented into a commercial finite element code. The fatigue crack growth in a notched beam, subjected to a cyclic four points bending load, has been investigated through a sensitivity analyses with respect to the two most relevant constitutive parameters: one accounting for the amount of the transformation strain and one accounting for the activation energy threshold. The fatigue crack growth rate typical of transforming materials is characterized by two distinct stages: at the beginning of the crack propagation process, the crack growth rate exhibits a negative dependency on the applied stress intensity factor; thereafter, a linear positive dependency is observed. This two stage process is well caught by the finite element model presented in this paper. Moreover, the response of the computational analyses has shown that the strength of the transformation process is determinant for the crack growth process to be arrested.     

基于误差四元数的捷联惯导全姿态导航与控制

在舵偏控制回路中使用欧拉角姿态信息,是现有飞行器捷联惯导系统普遍采用的方法。为避免垂直状态时欧拉角姿态表示法的算法奇异问题,引入了四元数姿态表示法,但是最终形成偏差输入到舵机的仍旧是欧拉角姿态信息。对此问题,文中分析讨论了捷联惯导系统中,以欧拉角信号控制飞行器舵偏输出(推力矢量输出)的传统方法的两点不足之处:垂直状态时欧拉角姿态算法的物理奇异问题;控制路径过长问题。提出由误差四元数直接控制舵偏输出(推力矢量输出)的新的捷联导航方法。此方法控制路径最短,且克服了物理奇异问题,不局限于飞行器所处的姿态,因此,将其称之为全姿态导航方法。仿真结果表明了此方法的可行性与有效性。     

振动系统动力学设计迭代算法及解的存在性讨论

振动系统动力学设计被抽象为高维广义非线性特征值反问题。若系统构成以可变参数表示，则可构造一个非线性多元函数。基于多元函数极小原理，提出了一套求解这一特征值反问题的迭代算法。该算法不受系统给定阶数和给定方向的限制，也适用于具有重特征值的退化情况，系统或结构的构成材料可以是任意的。文中同时讨论了解的存在条件，且以显式表达，可方便地应用于工程实际。结合某直升机旋翼桨叶的动力学设计，给出了应用的数值算例。大量数值仿真结果及应用实践表明，本文算法具很好的收敛性，并有较高的计算精度。     

Finite element model updating using variable separation

In the field of structural dynamics, reliable finite element response predictions are becoming increasingly important to industry and there is a genuine interest to improve these in the light of measured frequency response functions. Unlike modal-based model updating formulations, response-based methods have been applied only with limited success due to incomplete measurements and numerical ill-conditioning problems. The least squares approximation method is one of the methods used but often poses a problem of pseudo inverse due to the number of incomplete measurements. The proposed algorithm is a modification and extension of a previously-developed nonlinear least squares method for damage detection and finite element model updating. The paper derives explicit expressions for the first and second order partial derivatives with respect to the correction parameters and for the Jacobian matrix used in the Newton–Raphson solution of the nonlinear set of equations in order to avoid the pseudo inverse and to build a symmetrical system. The proposed method, assigned to a frequency parameterization which considers the minimum distance to be minimized, shows a good numerical stability. The performance of the method in localizing structural damage and updating model is examined using simulated measurements.     

Wavelet-numerical method in crack analysis

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A conservative and shape-preserving semi-Lagrangian method for the solution of the shallow water equations

Semi-Lagrangian methods are now perhaps the most widely researched algorithms in connection with atmospheric flow simulation codes. In order to investigate their applicability to hydraulic problems, cubic Hermite polynomials are used as the interpolant technique. The main advantage of such an approach is the use of information from only two points. The derivatives are calculated and limited so as to produce a shape-preserving solution. The lack of conservation of semi-Lagrangian methods, however, is widely regarded as a serious disadvantage for hydraulic studies, where non-linear problems in which shocks may develop are often encountered. In this work we describe how to make the scheme conservative using an FCT approach. The method proposed does not guarantee an unconditional shock-capturing ability but is able to correctly reproduce the discontinuous flows common in open channel simulation without any shock-fitting algorithm. It is a cheap way to improve existing 1D semi-Lagrangian codes and allows stable calculations beyond the usual CFL limits. A basic semi-Lagrangian method is presented that provides excellent results for a linear problem: the new techniques allow us to tackle non-linear cases without unduly degrading the accuracy for the simpler problems. Two one-dimensional hydraulic problems are used as test cases, water hammer and dam break. In the latter case, because of the non-linearity, special care is needed with the low-order solution and we show the advantages of using Leveque's large-time step version of Roe's scheme for this purpose.     

DEM与FEM动态耦合算法研究

离散单元法作为一种有效的数值分析方法,能够模拟脆性材料的裂纹扩展及碎片飞散等破坏特性,但是无法从根本上克服计算效率低下的诟病;传统有限单元法具有计算高效稳定的优点,却难以描述脆性材料冲击破坏过程中连续体向非连续体的转化。本文首先提出一种基于罚函数法的改进型离散单元和有限单元耦合方法,以提高耦合分析精度。在此基础上提出了动态耦合算法:即在初始阶段,模型全部为有限单元,当局部即将发生破坏时,仅使即将发生破坏的有限单元及相邻单元自动转化为离散单元,在离散单元区域研究破坏问题。这种算法充分利用有限单元法计算高效的优点,同时最大限度克服了离散单元法计算效率的不足。最后,通过两个简单算例验证了改进型耦合算法和动态耦合算法的有效性。