离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究 Ⅰ.PVC膜铬(Ⅵ)离子选择电极的研制和应用

铬(Ⅵ)离子选择电极已有报道。固膜电极用铬酸钡或铬酸铅为活性材料,流动载体电极多采用离子缔合型交换剂,如季铵盐、季鏻盐、结晶紫、四苯鉮和邻二氮菲等。ypycoB等用四辛铵等制成的PVC膜电极,线性响应下限为1×10~(-5)M。本文报道以三庚基十二烷基碘化铵为活性材料的铬(Ⅵ)离子选择电极,在氢氟酸体系中其线性响应下限为2×10~(-6)M,斜率为58mV(25℃),选择性优于ypycoB报道的电极。一、仪器     

五氯苯酚离子选择电极的研制

本文报道以三庚基十二烷基铵与三氯苯酚离子缔合物为电极活性物制备的PVC膜五氯苯酚离子选择电极。该电极具有Nernst响应范围宽2×10~(-5)M～1×10~(-1)M、灵敏度高.斜率S为60、检测下限低5×10~(-6)M、选择较好、响应时间短等特点、且电极连续工作电势读数稳定性好等优点。适用于自动监测及电位滴定分析。     

配合物吸附伏安法测定痕量铝

在PH7.6的10％三乙醇胺溶液中,用快速扫描伏安法,可获得茜素S以及铝-茜素S配合物的吸附还原峰,峰电位分别为-0.63V和-0.74V(vs.SCE)。起始电位置于-0.65V时,只出现配合物的还原峰,其导数峰的高度与铝的浓度在1.2×10~(-9)-1.0×10~(-7)M范围内呈良好的线性关系。最低检出限为6×10~(-10)M。电极反应是吸附于电极表面上的配位体由醌型还原为氢醌型。     

离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究Ⅱ——PVC膜ReO_4~-离子选择电极及其应用

高铼酸根离子选择电极国内外都有报道,活性材料采用四苯钟盐、季铵盐及亮绿等,线性下限一般为5×10~(-6)M,国产季铵盐三庚基十二烷基碘化铵已用于制备BF_4~-、TaF_6~-等电极,但尚未见制备ReO_4~-电极的报道。本文用此种季铵盐制成一种PVC膜ReO_4~-电极,线性下限为2×10~(-6)M。用于电位滴定法测定高铼酸钾产品中的铼,手续简便,相对标准偏差为0.2%。     

Ag_2S压片电极的试制、性能及应用

本文叙述了 Ag_2S 电极的试制,特别对不同的 Ag_2S沉淀方法作了比较。实验证明制备的电极能测定 Ag~ 的下限～1×10~(-7)M;S~=～5×10_(-6)M。Ag~ 的响应最低极限可达10~(-25)M。应用该电极直接测定纯 Pb 试样中 Ag,与原子吸收测定法结果一致(9.4×10~(-4)%),在电位滴定中可作 Cl~-(或 Br~-,I~-)的指示电极。由于硫化银是低阻抗的离子导电的晶体物质,有极低的溶解度,并且用通常的压片技术很容易获得致密、光洁的薄膜片,故可做成硫、银离子选择电极。根     

PVC膜硫氰酸根离子选择电极的研制

硫氰酸根离子选择电极在国内外均有报导。它用于电镀工业、环境监测等方面有着重要意义。但是,根据现有资料报导,硫氰酸根电极多是以AgSCN为电活性物质的固态膜电极,测量范围1M～5×10~(-6)M,斜率约为56mV,S~(2-)、I~-、CN~-、Br~-等均有很大干扰。我们采用三庚基十二烷基碘代季铵为活性物质制成的PVC膜硫氰酸根电极,其稳定性和重现性良好,线性响应下限为5×10~(-6)M,测量下限可达7.3×10~(-7)M,除了CIO_4~-、BF_4~-等少数离子有干扰外,S~(2-)、CN~-、Br~-等常见阴离子均无干扰。     

铊(I)离子选择性电极的研制及性能测定

研制铊(Ⅰ)离子选择性电极以沉淀膜为多,但性能不理想。最近有报道以双冠醚为活性物质的 PVC 膜铊(Ⅰ)电极性能较好。本文报道了一些以冠醚材料,四苯硼化铊为活性物质的 PVC 膜铊(Ⅰ)电极的研制,其中以4-甲基-二苯并-30-C-10和四苯硼化铊混合物者最好,响应快,再现性好,在1×10~(-2)—5×10~(-6)M 范围内符合 Nernst 关系。从测得的各项电极性能指标看,与双冠醚电极相同或稍优。     

钪-茜素S络合物吸附波

姚修仁等发现,在氯化铵、铜铁试剂、二苯胍底液中,钪在单扫示波极谱上有灵敏的络合物吸附波。但钍、锆、铀及稀土等干扰严重。李南强等研究了钆-茜素S的络合物吸附波,由于介质为弱碱性,故所有稀土元素都能产生络合物吸附波。我们发现,在茜素S、邻苯二甲酸氢钾和氨基乙酸底液(pH3.6—4.1)中,钪在单扫示波极谱上有良好的络合物吸附波。用钛铁试剂可消除少量铁、稀土等的干扰,检测限达1×10~(-7)M,钪的浓度在2×10~(-7)—     

离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究 Ⅷ.PVC膜邻苯二酚紫电极的研制

离子缔合型的指示剂电极,已有铬天青S、茜素S、铬黑T等多种,但尚未见邻苯二酚紫电极的报导。邻苯二酚紫作为络合滴定的目视指示剂,由于终点不够明显,近年来使用较少。本文报导一种PVC膜邻苯二酚紫电极,可作指示电极用于以EDTA滴定一些金属离子。 1.活性膜成分的选择:以三种季铵盐以及乙基紫为活性材料制成电极。增塑剂皆为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。结果见表1的前四行。由于邻苯二酚紫阴离子的亲脂性不强,由这四种活性材料制成的电极性能相差较大,其中以四(十二烷基)铵制成电极的线性下限最低,但斜率不高;乙基紫制成电极的斜率较高,在低浓度时甚至有超Nernst响应,但线性范围不宽,     

四苯鏻盐离子选择电极的制备并作铌的电位滴定

以四苯鏻过氯酸盐、氟钽酸盐为电活性物质,对六种介体溶剂进行比较,选择苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯研制成四苯鏻盐PVC膜电极,线性响应下限可达5×10~(-8)M.以该电极为指示电极,提出四苯溴化鏻作滴定剂电位滴定铌的新方法。滴定5-10mg铌的变异系数为0.26％,大量Fe、Co、Ni、Al、Cu、Ti、Sn、Ge不干扰,可在硫酸、磷酸、盐酸介质中滴定。应用于超导及磁钢材料中铌的测定,不需分离共存元素,远较重量法简单快速,结果亦良好。     

Ion-selective electrodes based on siderophores: Salicylate response of a ferrimycobactin membrane

Siderophores are compounds which transport iron across cell membranes; mycobactins are hydrophobic siderophores and were expected to be suitable for inclusion in the organic membrane phase of a liquid ion-exchange electrode responsive to iron(III) ions. In practice, no iron(III) response was obtained from mycobactin membranes (in a variety of solvents), but they did respond to salicylate ion with a sensitivity of 27–29 mV/decade over the range 2 × 10^?3–3 × 10^?2 mol l^?1 at pH 7. The effects of pH and interference by other anions are described and the possible mechanisms of the electrode are discussed. The selectivity of the electrode for salicylate is better than that of quaternary ammonium liquid ion-exchange electrodes.     

Effect of the steric accessibility of the exchange site in long-chain quaternary ammonium salts on the anion-exchange extraction of divalent ions

The constants of anion-exchange extraction of divalent ions by quaternary ammonium salts of various structures were determined. The exchange constants depend significantly on steric accessibility of the exchange site. For the exchange of small-size anions, the affinity of the ion exchanger for divalent ions is higher than for monovalent ions. For large divalent anions, the exchange constant may increase or decrease, depending on the size of a monovalent anion. The obtained results are explained by the specifics of the ion-pair association of monovalent and divalent anions with quaternary ammonium cations.     

Aromatic sulphonate ion-selective electrode membrane with crystal violet as ion-exchange site

Four triphenylmethane derivatives (cations) and a high molecular-weight quaternary ammonium ion were used as the ion-exchange site in the liquid membranes of electrodes responsive to aromatic sulphonate ions, such as benzenesulphonate and alpha-naphthalenesulphonate. The nitrobenzene or 1,2-dichloroethane membrane containing the Crystal Violet-aromatic sulphonate pair had good sensitivity, showing an approximately Nernstian response down to 10(-4)M sulphonate. The potential of the Crystal Violet membrane was independent of pH variation from 2.5 to 12. Chloride and sulphate ions in the aqueous sample solution did not affect the electrode potential. 1,3,6-Naphthalenetrisulphonate exerted essentially no influence on the potential of the alpha-naphthalenesulphonate electrode. The interference of the nitrate ion was relatively large. The conductivity and association of the solute species in the membrane were estimated.     

Liquid-membrane dicyanoargentate-sensitive electrodes based on quaternary ammonium salts

Several quaternary ammonium salts have been synthesized and comparisons made of their efficiency as exchange substrates in dicyanoargentate-sensitive electrodes. The electrode prepared from hexadecyltrioctylammonium dicyanoargentate shows the best performance characteristics and has been studied in more detail. Its Nernstian response range is 10(-1)-10(-4)M, the optimum pH range is 10.6-12.6, and the detection limit is 3 x 10(-5)M. It is suggested that the detection limit of the electrode is controlled by interference from cyanide ions, and the difference between detection limits obtained with the various electrodes is discussed in the light of this. Selectivity coefficients for various interfering ions have been determined and related to the extractability of the ions. The electrode has been applied to determination of silver in cyanide-containing plating solutions.     

季铵盐结构与高氯酸根离子选择电极性能关系的研究

本文报道了由七种长链季铵盐制得的高氯酸根离子选择电极,测定了这些电极的Nernst响应范围和检测下限,并研究了各种阴离子的干扰。通过大量实验测得,随着季铵盐分子中取代烷基碳链的增长,电极电势响应范围增宽、检测下限降低、抗外部阴离子干扰能力增强。若取代烷基碳链过长,则季铵盐纯化困难,在膜相中溶解度降低,不适于电极的研制。根据用上述七种选择电极在相同水相条件下测得的数据表明,阴离子的干扰次序为:PA~->ClO_4~->BF_4~->SCN~->I~->ClO_3~->N_3~->N_3~->CN~-～Br~->H_2PO_4~->F~->Cl~-。这些数据对阴离子选择电极研制与相转移催化反应研究均有现实意义。     

Mixed ternary ion associate formation between xanthene dye, cinchona-alkaloid and quaternary ammonium ion and its application to the determination of trace amounts of quaternary ammonium salts in pharmaceuticals

Xanthene dyes such as eosin and tetraiodofluorescein form 1:2 ion associates with quaternary ammonium ions at pH 7-9; however, the development of color in the organic solvent is poor. When a quaternary ammonium salt is added in the extractable 1:2 associate formed between a xanthene dye and a cinchona-alkaloid in the neutral media, a mixed ternary ion associate (xanthene dye:cinchona-alkaloid:quaternary ammonium ion=1:1:1) is formed. Its extractability is enhanced due to the more bulky associate formation. The ion association caused by addition of cinchona-alkaloids is unique. Of the cinchona-alkaloids, quinidine and cinchonidine with tetraiodofluorescein show excellent effects on sensitivity and extractability. Eosin and tetraiodofluorescein are useful as ion association reagents in the ion associate formation. The apparent molar absorptivities are about 1×10⁵ l mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and the calibration range for quaternary ammonium salt is from 2.5×10⁻⁷ to 1.5×10⁻⁶ M. The proposed method is applicable to the selective and sensitive determination of cetylpyridinium chloride, berberine chloride and benzethonium chloride in pharmaceuticals.     

Thiocyanate ion-selective PVC membrane electrode based on N,N'-ethylene-bis(4-methylsalicylidineiminato)nickel(II).

A highly selective poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode based on an N,N'-ethylene-bis(4-methyl-salicylidineiminato) nickel(II) [Ni(EBMSI)] complex as a carrier for a thiocyanate-selective electrode is reported. The influences of the membrane composition, pH and possible interfering anions were investigated based on the response properties of the electrode. The electrode exhibited a good Nernstian slope of -58.9 +/- 0.7 mV decade(-1), over a wide pH range of 3.5 - 8.5 and a linear range of 1.0 x 10(-6) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M for thiocyanate. The detection limit of electrode was 3.1 x 10(-7) M SCN(-). The selectivity coefficients determined by a fixed interference method (FIM) indicate that a good discriminating ability towards the SCN- ion compared to other anions. The proposed sensor had a fast response time of about 5 - 15 s and could be used for at least 3 months without any considerable divergence in the potential. It was applied as an indicator electrode in the titration of thiocyanate with Ag+ and in the potentiometric determination of thiocyanate in saliva and urine samples.     

A new sulfate-selective electrode and its use in analysis

The improvement of the steric accessibility of exchange centers of higher quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) by replacing several long-chain alkyl substituents at the nitrogen atom with methyl groups enhanced the selectivity of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on the specified ion exchangers for the SO ₄ ^2? ion up to six orders of magnitude in the presence of singly charged anions. This can be qualitatively explained by the specific features of ion pair formation between quaternary ammonium cations and singly and doubly charged anions. The effect of the steric accessibility of the QAS exchange center on the selectivity of ISEs is partially retained in the presence of a neutral anion carrier, hexyl p-trifluoroacetylbenzoate (HTFAB), which is used for enhancing the selectivity for the sulfate ion in the presence of singly charged anions. A sulfate-selective electrode with a reasonable selectivity for practical purposes was proposed. It is based on the HTFAB-higher QAS ion pair bearing three methyl substituents at the nitrogen atom. The ISE was used in the analysis of natural water.     

Electrochemical recognition of charged species using quaternary ammonium binaphthyl salts.

The effects of ionic analytes on the electrochemical properties of quaternary ammonium binaphthyl salts are described in this work. The stability of the binaphthyl radicals and hence the reversibility of the electrochemical response are discussed in terms of molecular structure. The ability of azacrown derivatised binaphthyl salts to act as amperometric receptors is ascribed to the strain imparted in the cyclic ammonium ring when Li+ ions complex with them. It is also shown that the redox properties of quaternary ammonium binaphthyl salts are pH dependent in aqueous solutions, but that reversible redox properties can be observed in extremely basic solutions. The effect of anions binding to the quaternary ammonium cation can be seen in the redox properties of the binaphthyl moiety and the use of a chiral binding site for enantiomeric recognition is also demonstrated.     

Ionic liquids based upon metal halide/substituted quaternary ammonium salt mixtures

The synthesis of ionic liquids based upon functionalized quaternary ammonium salts and metal salts of zinc, tin, or iron is demonstrated. The freezing point of these ionic liquids was studied as a function of the quaternary ammonium cation. The complex anions were identified and quantified using mass spectrometry and potentiometry. It is shown that the primary zinc anion is Zn(2)Cl(5)(-) with Zn(3)Cl(7)(-) becoming more abundant in more Lewis basic solutions. Similar results were observed for ionic liquids containing SnCl(2). The surface tension was also measured and was used to explain the high viscosity of the ionic liquids in terms of the large ion:hole size ratio and the small probability of finding a hole of suitable dimensions adjacent to a given ion to permit movement. The phase behavior of a variety of quaternary ammonium halides/ZnCl(2) mixtures is characterized and it is shown that the depression of freezing point is related to the increase in size of the component ions.